Smartphone addiction and postural alterations in the cervical region in adolescents / Dependência do smartphone e alteração postural da região cervical de adolescentes

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate smartphone addiction and postural alterations in the cervical region in adolescents. Methods: A cross-sectional study with 281 adolescents (15 to 19 years old), attending the 1st to the 3rd grades of High School, carried out between September and October 2019 in the city of Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. Data collection took place in two stages. In the first, they answered four self-administered questionnaires: sociodemographic questionnaire, health conditions and smartphone use, Nordic Musculoskeletal Symptom Questionnaire (NMQ), Self-Report Questionnaire (SRQ-20) and the Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI-BR). In the second stage, they were submitted to photogrammetry using the Postural Assessment Software (SAPO) and anthropometric assessment (weight and height). The software SPSS Statistics version 23.0 was used for data analysis. Results: Of the total number of adolescents, 63.3% (n=178) showed smartphone addiction, using it for 5.8 hours (±3.5) during the week and 8.7 (±4.0) hours on the weekend. When analyzing postural alignment in the anterior view, a significant reduction in the lateral head tilt was observed when typing on the smartphone (p=0.002) compared to the anatomical position (baseline). In the lateral view, an increase in head anteriorization was observed during smartphone use (p<0.05). There was an association between smartphone addiction and head anteriorization (p<0.05). Conclusions: The use of the smartphone in the typing position causes postural alterations in the cervical region, especially in adolescents with smartphone addiction. Therefore, health promotion measures that alert adolescents to the adverse effects caused by prolonged smartphone use are necessary.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a dependência do smartphone e a alteração postural da região cervical em adolescentes. Métodos: Estudo transversal, com 281 adolescentes (15 a 19 anos), que frequentavam da 1ᵃ à 3ᵃ série do ensino médio, realizado entre setembro e outubro de 2019 na cidade de Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil. A coleta dos dados ocorreu em duas etapas. Na primeira, eles responderam a quatro questionários autoaplicáveis: questionário sociodemográfico, condições de saúde e uso do smartphon e, Questionário Nórdico de Sintomas Musculoesqueléticos (NMQ), Self-Report Questi onnaire (SRQ-20) e o Smartphone A ddiction Inventory (SPAI-BR). Na segunda etapa, foram submetidos a fotogrametria pelo Software de Avaliação Postural (SAPO) e avaliação antropométrica (peso e altura). Para a análise dos dados, foi utilizado o SPSS Statistics versão 23.0. Resultados: Do total, 63,3% (n=178) dos adolescentes apresentaram dependência do smartphone, com o uso de 5,8 horas (±3,5) durante a semana e 8,7 (±4,0) no fim de semana. Ao analisar o alinhamento postural na visão anterior, observou-se redução significativa da inclinação lateral de cabeça ao digitar no smartphon e (p=0,002) comparado à posição anatômica (baseline). Na visão lateral foi constatado aumento da anteriorização de cabeça durante o uso do smartphon e (p<0,05). Houve associação da dependência do smartphone com a anteriorização de cabeça (p<0,05). Conclusões: O uso do smartphone na posição de digitação causa alteração postural na região cervical, destacadamente naqueles que apresentam dependência do dispositivo. Dessa forma, são necessárias medidas de promoção de saúde que alertem os adolescentes sobre os efeitos adversos causados pelo uso prolongado do smartphone.

Smartphone addiction and postural alterations in the cervical region in adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate smartphone addiction and postural alterations in the cervical region in adolescents. METHODS: A cross-sectional study with 281 adolescents (15 to 19 years old), attending the 1st to the 3rd grades of High School, carried out between September and October 2019 in the city of Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. Data collection took place in two stages. In the first, they answered four self-administered questionnaires: sociodemographic questionnaire, health conditions and smartphone use, Nordic Musculoskeletal Symptom Questionnaire (NMQ), Self-Report Questionnaire (SRQ-20) and the Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI-BR). In the second stage, they were submitted to photogrammetry using the Postural Assessment Software (SAPO) and anthropometric assessment (weight and height). The software SPSS Statistics version 23.0 was used for data analysis. RESULTS: Of the total number of adolescents, 63.3% (n=178) showed smartphone addiction, using it for 5.8 hours (±3.5) during the week and 8.7 (±4.0) hours on the weekend. When analyzing postural alignment in the anterior view, a significant reduction in the lateral head tilt was observed when typing on the smartphone (p=0.002) compared to the anatomical position (baseline). In the lateral view, an increase in head anteriorization was observed during smartphone use (p<0.05). There was an association between smartphone addiction and head anteriorization (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The use of the smartphone in the typing position causes postural alterations in the cervical region, especially in adolescents with smartphone addiction. Therefore, health promotion measures that alert adolescents to the adverse effects caused by prolonged smartphone use are necessary.

Occupational health among primary care workers: situational diagnosis.

Introduction: The field of workers' health within the scope of the Brazilian Unified Health System needs to revitalize its space in terms of coordinating care in primary health care based on social determinants of health. Objectives: To contextualize and describe the health-related situational diagnosis of primary care workers from the metropolitan region of Fortaleza, state of Ceará, Brazil. Methods: This was a descriptive, quantitative, and exploratory study conducted at a primary care unit in the metropolitan region of Fortaleza, Ceará, from January to March 2019. The study population was composed of 38 health care professionals from the primary care unit. The following questionnaires were applied to obtain the situational diagnosis: the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule and the Occupational Health Questionnaire. Results: Most participants were women (89.47%) and community health agents (18,42%). There were negative impacts on health conditions, such as work-related physical and mental discomfort, which was evidenced by sleep problems, sedentary lifestyle, poor access to health care services, and type of physical activity, which difer in terms of function and hierarchical levels in the field of work. Conclusions: This study showed that the questionnaires provide useful inputs regarding occupational health through the situational diagnosis and adequately address the health-disease process, as seen in primary care workers. Comprehensive care, comprehensive worker health surveillance, and participatory administration of health services should be optimized.

Introdução: O campo da saúde do trabalhador no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde suscita a necessidade de revitalizar seu espaço no que condiz a coordenação do cuidado na Atenção Primária com base nos determinantes sociais em saúde. Objetivos: Contextualizar e descrever o diagnóstico situacional em saúde dos trabalhadores da atenção primária da região metropolitana de Fortaleza, Ceará. Métodos: Pesquisa descritiva, quantitativa e exploratória realizada em uma Unidade Básica de Saúde na região metropolitana de Fortaleza, Ceará, entre o período de janeiro a março de 2019. A população constituiu-se de 38 profissionais de saúde da referida unidade, através da aplicação de dois questionários para subsidiar o diagnóstico situacional: o World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule e o Questionário de Saúde Ocupacional. Resultados: Mediante a contextualização dos trabalhadores, foi identificado um maior número de mulheres trabalhadoras (89,47%), destacando-se, principalmente, as agentes comunitárias de saúde (18,42%), evidenciando-se impactos nas condições de saúde, como desconfortos físicos e mentais associados ao trabalho, expressos em problemas de sono, sedentarismo, pouco acesso aos serviços de autocuidado em saúde e modalidades de atividade física, que divergem quanto a função e níveis hierárquicos no campo do trabalho. Conclusões: Esta pesquisa demonstrou que os inquéritos utilizados resultam em subsídios à saúde ocupacional, por intermédio do diagnóstico situacional, além de dialogar com a problemática do processo saúde/doença, como percebidos nos trabalhadores da atenção primária. Observa-se a necessidade de otimizar a integralidade da assistência, a vigilância em saúde do trabalhador de caráter ampliado e a gestão participativa dos serviços de saúde.

Burnout and quality of life among correctional officers in a women's correctional facility.

INTRODUCTION: The correctional officer career is considered a stressful and risky occupation that can affect the mental health of workers due to stress and burnout; this syndrome presents itself with physical, psychological, behavioral, and defensive symptoms, ultimately affecting quality of life. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the sociodemographic profile, burnout levels, and quality of life of female correctional officers in a women's correctional facility, as well as to verify possible correlations between these variables. METHODS: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study performed in a women's correctional facility located in Aquiraz, in the state of Ceará, through the use of 3 evaluation instruments: the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey, the abbreviated version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life instrument, and a general information questionnaire. RESULTS: Most of the correctional officers were married or cohabiting, aged between 31 and 40 years old, with complete or partial undergraduate education, and at least 1 child. In the burnout investigation, mean scores were 1.9±1.43, indicating a moderate level of burnout. Regarding quality of life, the environment domain presented the lowest scores (57.34%). We observed a correlation between burnout and quality of life, in which the higher the burnout scores, the lower the quality of life reported by correctional officers. CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrate that correctional officers face a risk of developing burnout, thus affecting their quality of life; therefore, preventive health care measures are required for these professionals.

Sugarcane biopolymer as a guide tube in the regeneration of peripheral nerves in rats / Biopolímero de caña de azúcar como tubo guía en la regeneración de nervios periféricos en ratones

SUMMARY: Peripheral nerve regeneration is a serious clinical problem. The goal of this work was to evaluate comparatively a biopolymer tube of sugarcane with an expanded polyethylene tube as a tube guide in peripheral nerve regeneration. Fourteen male albino Wistar rats were used, separated into three different groups: control (CG), lesion + polyethylene tube (PG) and lesion + sugarcane biopolymer (SBG). At 60 days old, animals from the PG and SBG underwent surgery for tubulization of the sciatic nerve, and 60 days after the injury they were sacrificed for collection of the nerve. In the analysis of the number of nerve fibers, a smaller number was seen in the PG and SBG groups compared to the CG, no difference was seen between the PG and SBG groups (p<0.05). With regard to the number of blood vessels, the SBG group had a larger number than the CG and PG groups (p<0.05). The SBG also presented increase on axonal diameter and G -ratio compared to PG (p<0.05). Taken together these data revealed that biopolymer tube favors a suitable environment for peripheral nerve regeneration.

RESUMEN: La regeneración nerviosa periférica es un problema clínico grave. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar comparativamente un tubo de biopolímero de caña de azúcar con un tubo de polietileno expandido, como guía de tubo en la regeneración de nervios periféricos. Se utilizaron dieciocho ratas Wistar albinas macho, separadas en tres grupos: control (CG), lesión + tubo de polietileno (PG) y lesión + biopolímero de caña de azúcar (SBG). A los 60 días de edad, los animales del PG y SBG fueron sometidos a una cirugía para la tubulización del nervio ciático, y 60 días después de la lesión fueron sacrificados para la recolección del nervio. En el análisis del número de fibras nerviosas, se observó un número menor en los grupos PG y SBG en comparación con el CG; no se observaron diferencias entre los grupos PG y SBG (p <0,05). Con respecto al número de vasos sanguíneos, el grupo SBG tuvo un número mayor que los grupos CG y PG (p <0,05). El SBG también presentó un aumento en el diámetro axonal y la proporción G en comparación con PG (p <0,05). En conjunto, estos datos revelaron que el tubo de biopolímero favorece un entorno adecuado para la regeneración de nervios periféricos.

Regenerative capacity and histomorphometric changes in rat sciatic nerve following experimental neurotmesis / Capacidad regenerativa y cambios histomorfométricos en el nervio ciático de ratas luego de una neurotmesis experimental

Through a wide range of cellular and molecular events, the peripheral nervous system is endowed with great regenerative capacity, responding immediately to injuries that occur along the length of the nerve. The aim of this study was to histomorphometrically assess the degree of maturity of the nervous tissue and possible microscopic changes in newly formed nerve segments 60 days after experimental neurotmesis of the sciatic nerve in rats. Control Group (CG) and an Injury Group (IG) were used. IG underwent neurotmesis of the sciatic nerve of the right foot, with immediate surgical repair using the tubulization technique. 60 days following experimental surgery, animals from both groups had their sciatic nerves collected for histomorphometric analysis. Statistical analysis was performed, using the Student t-test for independent samples, expressed as mean ± standard deviation, with 5% significance. In the event of injury, peripheral nerve tissue is mobilized in an intrinsic self-healing process. 60 days following of nerve regeneration in neurotmesis injury, the peripheral nerve presents a segment joining the newly formed neural stump. The new stump has a number of regenerated axons compatible with an intact nerve, but which still show great immaturity in the axonal structural layers of the nerve.

Mediante diversos procesos celulares y moleculares, el sistema nervioso periférico tiene una gran capacidad regenerativa, respondiendo inmediatamente a las lesiones ocurridas a lo largo de su extensión. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar histomorfométricamente el grado de madurez del tejido nervioso y los posibles cambios microscópicos en los segmentos nerviosos recién formados 60 días después de la neurotmesis experimental en el nervio ciático de ratas. Se utilizaron 9 ratas (Wistar) separadas en grupo control (GC, n= 4) y Grupo lesión (GL, n= 5). A los 60 días de vida, el grupo GL fue sometido a neurotmesis del nervio ciático de la miembro posterior derecho, con inmediata corección quirúrgica con la técnica de tubolización. Completados 60 días luego de la cirugía experimental, los animales de ambos grupos fueron anestesiados y sus nervios ciáticos seccionados para el análisis histomorfométrico. Se realizó un análisis estadístico utilizando la prueba t de Student para muestras independientes, expresado como media ± desviación estándar, con un 5% de significancia. A los 60 días de la lesión por neurotmesis, el nervio ciático del GL presentó alteraciones histomorfométricas significativas para las variables: número de vasa nevorum, densidad de fibras mielínicas, diámetro axonal y de fibras mielínicas, espesor de la vaina de mielina y razón G, con similitud solamente para los números absolutos de fibras mielínicas regeneradas. El nervio periférico durante su proceso regenerativo, pasa por grandes alteraciones estructurales, siguiendo una secuencia coordinada de acciones, que dependiendo de las condiciones del microambiente donde ocurre esta regeneración, podrá ser clave para el nivel de regenerecion nerviosa periférica.

Morfometria del Acromion y sus Implicancias Clínicas / Morphometry of Acromion and its Clinical Implications

Estudios previos demostraron que la morfología del acromion y sus respectivas relaciones con el tubérculo supraglenoideo y el proceso coracoides, son de fundamental importancia en la determinación del espacio subacromial. Las variaciones de estas estructuras pueden provocar el principio del síndrome del impacto, también conocido como síndrome del pinzamiento del espacio subacromial. Sin embargo, se observa la falta de relatos en la literatura sobre los diferentes padrones morfométricos del acromion. El objetivo de este estudio fue establecer un padrón morfométrico del acromion, a través de la determinación de su largo, grosor y proyección anterior, además de determinar su relación con el proceso coracoides y el tubérculo supraglenoideo. Fueron analizadas 60 escápulas (37 derechas y 23 izquierdas) de individuos adultos, de la colección de piezas óseas del Departamento de Anatomía de la Universidad Federal de Pernambuco, Brasil. Con la ayuda de un paquímetro y una cinta métrica de perimetría fueron realizadas medidas del largo, grosor y proyección anterior del acromion y también de las distancias del acromion al tubérculo supraglenoideo y al proceso coracoides. Los resultados obtenidos fueron: largo del acromion: 4,96cm + 0,46 (74%); grosor: 0,72cm + 0,1 (72%); proyección anterior: 4,llcm + 0,42 (67%); distancia entre el acromion y el tubérculo supraglenoideo: 2,95cm + 0,35 (67%); distancia entre el acromion y el proceso coracoides: 3,8cm + 0,52 (64%). No observamos variaciones entre las escápulas derechas e izquierdas. El análisis morfométrico del acromion debe ser utilizado como base auxiliar para los estudios, procurando un mejor conocimiento de las patologías que existen en esa región.

Previous studies demonstrated that the morphology of the acromion and its respective relations with the uppermost point of the glenoid and the coracoid process is very important in the determination of subacromial space. The variations of these structures can predispose the beginning of the Impingement Syndrome. However, there is a shortage of reports on hterature about the different acromion's morphometric samples. The purpose of this study was to determine a morphologic pattern of the acromion, through the determination of its length, thickness, front projection, and its relation with the uppermost point of the glenoid and the coracoid process. We used 60 scapulae (37 right and 23 left) of adults from Departamento de Anatomia da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Brazil. To measure the length, thickness and front projection of acromion, and the distances from acromion to the uppermost point of the glenoid and to the coracoid process were used a calipers and a tape measure. We found these results: acromion length: 4.96cm + 0.46 (74%); thickness: 0.72cm + 0.1 (72%); front projection: 4.11cm + 0.42 (67%); distance between acromion and the uppermost point of the glenoid: 2.95cm + 0.35 (67%); distance between acromion and coracoid process: 3.8cm + 0.52 (64%). We did not find differences between right and left scapulaes. The morphometric analysis of the acromion should be used like an auxiliary basis to studies that promote a better knowledge about the disease that appear in this area.

Efeito de campos eletromagnéticos sobre o potencial microbicida de macrófagos alveolares de ratos eutróficos ou desnutridos, infectados, in vitro, com Candida albicans / Effect of eletromagnetic fields on the potential microbicid effect over the alveolar macrophages in nourished and malnourished rats, infected, in vitro, with Candid albicans

Objetivo: Avaliar em ratos eutróficos ou desnutridos precocemente, o efeito da radiação não ionizante sobre o efeito microbicida dos macrófagos alveolares (MA), infectados por C. a. Métodos: Foram utilizados 12 ratos machos, Wistar, idade entre 60 a 120 dias, separados nos grupos: nutrido (n=6) e desnutrido (n=60. MA foram recuperados e as células foram isoladas, contadas e separadas na proporção de 10 células/ml em meio RPMI 1640 e colocadas em tubos Eppendorf (1ml/tubo). Parte foi submetida à presença de CEM senoidal de freqüência ultra baixa (60Hz) com densidade de fluxo de 0,16mt, 1h, enquanto que a outra não. 200µl do sobrenadante foram coletados após a irradiação e adicionados a 2,800µl de meio BHI E 10 fungos (C. a)/ml. Após 30 min de incubação, estuda a 37°; atmosfera úmida, retirou-se 1µl da mistura e semeou-se em placa de Petri com meio ágar-sabouraud. Após 24h na estufa foram contadas as Unidades Formadoras de Colônias. Os dados foram expressos em média ± erro padrão. Utilizou-se teste t de Student com significância estatística para p < 0,05. Resultados/Conclusão: Houve redução no peso corpóreo dos animais desnutridos em relação aos nutridos. No grupo nutrido, verificou-se aumento do potencial microbicida dos macrófagos nos ratos irradiados em relação aos não irradiados e esse dado não foi verificado no grupo de animais desnutridos.