3-min All-out Test to Evaluate Aerobic and Anaerobic Indexes in Court Team Sports.

This study aimed to test the reproducibility of the 3-min all-out effort applied using shuttle running and compare its values to aerobic parameters. On the first day, 14 futsal players underwent an exhaustive test to determine the maximal incremental speed (MIS) and anaerobic threshold (AnT). On the second day, the participants performed the 3-min all-out effort (n=14), which was repeated after 48 h (third day) to test its reproducibility (n=11). Peak oxygen consumption (V̇ O2PEAK) and peak blood lactate concentrations ([La-]) were determined from 3-min all-out efforts performed through a 20-m shuttle run on the official court. The distance covered, mean speed, and critical speed (CS) during the 3-min all-out presented direct relationships with aerobic parameters determined through the incremental test (r>0.62). The distance covered above CS (D') presented a direct relationship with peak lactate concentrations induced by a 3-min all-out effort (r=0.81). Despite the acceptable levels of reproducibility observed for most of the 3-min all-out variables, the minimal detectable change for D' was high (72%). Our results demonstrated the potential use of mean speed to evaluate aerobic fitness. However, the applicability of the 3-min all-out shuttle run test to monitor training adaptations should be avoided, at least in nonexperienced athletes.

Metformin anticipates peak of lactate during high-intensity interval training but no changes performance or neuromuscular response in amateur swimmers.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Metformin demonstrated potential to improve metabolic efficiency in short-intense and prolonged-continuous efforts. The present study investigates the acute effects of metformin intake on performance, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), blood lactate, blood glucose and neuromuscular parameters related to swimming high-intensity interval series. METHODS: A double-blind, crossover, randomized and placebo-controlled study was carried out. Seven healthy swimmers ingested metformin (500 mg) or placebo capsules on different days and performed a typical high-intensity training series (10 bouts of 50 m with a 3-min interval). Performance, RPE, neuromuscular parameters (lower and upper limbs), blood lactate and glucose were analyzed by the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank and Friedman's tests between supplementation situations and moments, respectively (p > 0.05), the moment where glucose and blood lactate peak were found were analyzed by a Student t-test (p > 0.05) and a Bayesian repeated-measures ANOVA for effects analysis (BFincl). RESULTS: The anticipation of blood glucose and peak lactate was signaling by the interaction effect (metformin increased and placebo decreased) between the eighth and the last bout (BFincl: 4.230 and 5.188 respectively). The second interaction effect of blood glucose and lactate (metformin maintained and placebo increased) during recoveries between 5 min and 7 min (BFincl: 3.825 and 3.806 respectively) also signaling the anticipatory behavior of both physiological parameters. The anticipation of blood lactate peak concentration after metformin intake confirms the anticipatory behavior of blood lactate (p: 0.015). CONCLUSIONS: The anticipatory behavior of glucose was not confirmed. Although the anticipatory peak of blood lactate, metformin does not affect neuromuscular responses, RPE and performance. REGISTRATION OF CLINICAL TRIAL: RBR-67wxdw8 Effects of metformin during swimmer training performance.

Corrigendum: Proposal of a Conditioning Activity Model on Sprint Swimming Performance.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.580711.].

Influence of Side Uncertainty on Knee Kinematics of Female Handball Athletes During Sidestep Cutting Maneuvers.

Noncontact anterior cruciate ligament ruptures generally occur during unanticipated sidestep cutting maneuvers when athletes have their visual attention focused on the opponent. The authors investigated the influence of uncertainty related to the side to perform the sidestep cutting maneuver on knee kinematics of female handball athletes. A total of 31 female handball athletes performed the sidestep cutting maneuver during anticipated and uncertain conditions. During the uncertain condition, visual cues indicated the direction of the reactive sidestep cutting maneuver. Between-condition differences were compared using the Student t test for paired samples calculated with statistical parametric mapping. Lower knee flexion angle was detected during the uncertain condition compared with the anticipated condition for the nondominant limb (0%-8% of the sidestep cycle). Knee abduction was larger during the uncertain condition for both the dominant (15%-41% of the sidestep cycle) and nondominant (0%-18% of the sidestep cycle) limbs compared with the anticipated condition. The nondominant leg showed higher knee abduction (36%-68% of the sidestep cycle) during the uncertain condition compared with the anticipated condition. The athletes' approach velocity was slower during the uncertain condition. The uncertain condition impacted knee kinematics and potentially positioned the joint at greater risk of injury by decreasing the flexion angle in the nondominant leg and increasing the joint valgus bilaterally.

Determination of Maximum Accumulated Oxygen Deficit Using Backward Extrapolation.

This study aimed to compare the Maximum Accumulated Oxygen Deficit determined by the conventional method (MAODC) with that determined by the backward extrapolation technique (MAODEXTR) in runners. Fourteen runners underwent a maximal incremental test for determination of iVO2MAX, ten submaximal efforts (50-95% of iVO2MAX for 7 min). During the submaximal efforts oxygen consumption (VO2) values were obtained conventionally and through the backward extrapolation technique (~ 3 s after the end of each effort). A supramaximal effort (110% of iVO2MAX) (tLimC) and five supramaximal bouts (tLimEXTR) were performed. MAODC and MAODEXTR were determined from the difference between the VO2 accumulated during tLimC and tLimEXTR and the predicted values. The tLimC was lower than tLimEXTR (164.06±36.32 s, 200.23±63.78 s, p<0.05). No significant differences were found between absolute and relative MAODC and MAODEXTR values, however, low intraclass correlations (0.26 and 0.24), high typical errors (2.03 L and 24 mL∙kg-1) were observed, and coefficients of variation (46 and 48%), respectively. The graphical analysis of the differences showed agreement and correlation between the methods (r=0.86 and 0.85). Thus, it can be concluded that the MAODEXTR is not a valid method for estimating the anaerobic capacity of runners, moreover, unreliable.

Proposal of a Conditioning Activity Model on Sprint Swimming Performance.

This study aimed to propose a conditioning activity (CA) model to stimulate improvement on neuromuscular responses, mechanical parameters and for the 50-m freestyle swimming. Thirteen male swimmers (19 ± 3 years and performances of 77% in relation to World Championship records) performed four CA protocols followed by a maximum performance in the 50-m freestyle. In the first protocol (P1) swimmers performed a standard warm-up (∼15 min); in the second protocol (P2) lunges (3 × 85% of the one-repetition maximum); in the third (P3) pull-ups (3 maximum repetitions) and box jumps 40 cm high and 60 cm deep (1 × 5 with 10% of the corporal weight); and in the fourth protocol (P4) a combination of exercises from the second and third protocols. CA protocols had no effect on the standard warm-up. However, P2 performance (27.01 ± 1.25 s) was similar to P1 (27.01 ± 1.18 s) and presented higher positive effects in mechanical parameters for the swim start performance in comparison to other protocols, contributing to improvements in the 50-m freestyle. In addition, turnaround time also had a negative effect, mainly in P3 (3.12 ± 0.28 s), signaling the improvement of this variable in all protocols (P1: 3.30 ± 0.38 s; P2: 3.17 ± 0.30 s; P4: 3.17 ± 0.34 s). P2 (after: 80 ± 11%; before: 82.7 ± 9.9%) and P3 (after: 82.7 ± 9.9%; before: 85.1 ± 9.7%) presented a possible positive effect on the percentage of voluntary activation in relation to P1 (after: 79.3 ± 10.7%; before: 76.3 ± 12%). In conclusion, the proposed conditioning activity protocols were not efficient for performance improvement in the 50-m freestyle compared to the standard model and seem to specifically influence each phase of the event.

Comparison of the Kinematic Patterns of Kick Between Brazilian and Japanese Young Soccer Players.

BACKGROUND: Kicking performance is the most studied technical action in soccer and lower limbs kinematics is closely related to success in kicking, mainly because they are essential in imparting high velocity to the ball. Previous studies demonstrated that soccer leagues in different countries exhibit different physical demands and technical requirements during the matches. However, evidencewhether nationality has any influence in the kinematics of soccer-related skills has not yet been reported. The nationality of the players is an aspect that might be also relevant to the performance in kicking. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare the lower limbs kinematic patterns during kicking, between Brazilian and Japanese young top soccer players. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Seven Brazilian (GA) and seven Japanese (GB) U-17 players performed 15 side-foot kicks each, with a distance of 20 m away from the goal, aiming a target of 1 × 1 m in upper corner, constrained by a defensive wall (1.8 × 2 m). Four digital video cameras (120 Hz) recorded the performance for further 3D reconstruction of thigh, shank and foot segments of both kicking and support limbs. The selected kicking cycle was characterized by the toe-off of the kicking limb to the end of the kicking foot when it came in contact with the ball. Stereographical projection of each segment was applied to obtain the representative curves of kicking as function of time for each participant in each trial. Cluster analysis was performed to identify the mean GA and GB curves for each segment. Silhouette coefficient (SC) was calculated, in order to determine the degree of separation between the two groups' curves. RESULTS: Comparison between the median confidence intervals of the SC showed no differences between groups as regards lower limb patterns of movements. Task accuracy was determined by the relative frequency that the ball reached the target for all attempts and no differences were found (GA: 10.48 ± 14.33%; GB: 9.52 ± 6.51%; P = 0.88). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that lower limb kinematic patterns, in support and ball contact phases, are similar in young Brazilian and Japanese soccer players during free kicks when adopting the side-foot kick style.

Kicking Performance and Muscular Strength Parameters with Dominant and Nondominant Lower Limbs in Brazilian Elite Professional Futsal Players.

The aims of the current study were to analyze a kick from 10 m in a futsal context and the parameters of muscular strength using an isokinetic dynamometer in a laboratory environment, performed with the dominant (DL) and nondominant lower limbs (NDL). Seventeen professional elite players participated. Kicking performance was evaluated from the second penalty mark. Next, athletes completed a strength evaluation with an isokinetic dynamometer at speeds of 60°â‹…s-1, 180°â‹…s-1, and 300°â‹…s-1. Significant differences were observed for hip (15.64 ± 3.44; 13.97 ± 2.62), ankle (63.19 ± 8.90; 52.55 ± 8.72), foot (82.31 ± 7.93; 68.41 ± 7.85), and ball (99.74 ± 8.45; 88.31 ± 7.93) speeds (km⋅h-1), and average power at 180°â‹…s-1 (325.59 ± 40.47; 315.79 ± 39.49 W), but not for accuracy (1.33 ± 0.57; 1.66 ± 0.77 m) between the DL and NDL, respectively. Few moderate correlations were observed in the DL (r = .54-.64) or NDL (r = .53-.55) between the kinematic variables of kick and muscular strength parameters (P < .05). We conclude that highly trained players present asymmetries in kicking motion; however, the imbalance in muscular strength is very small. We recommend that specific court tests be conducted to reliably characterize kicking performance in futsal. Success in kicking seems to be too variable and complex to be totally predicted only by joints, foot and ball speed, and lower limb muscular strength parameters.

Preliminary results on organization on the court, physical and technical performance of Brazilian professional futsal players: comparison between friendly pre-season and official match

The main aim of this study was to verify possible differences between a friendly pre-season match (FM) and an official in-season match (OM) regarding physical, technical, and organizational performances of a professional Brazilian futsal team. Ten professional futsal athletes participated in this study. The matches were monitored with video cameras (30 Hz) and athlete trajectories obtained with automatic tracking. The values obtained for distance covered per minute, percentage of distance covered at moderate intensity, team coverage area, spread, passes, possessions, ball touches and successful passes per minute were greater for the OM than FM. On the contrary, percentage of distance covered, standing and walking was greater for the FM than OM. We concluded that physical, technical, and tactical performances are different between a FM and an OM in futsal and also these parameters mutually influenced each other distinctly. Future studies should verify whether pre-season tournaments reproduce similar demands to a regular season official match

Efeito do treino neuromuscular na rotação do joelho durante a aterrissagem em mulheres / Neuromuscular training effect on knee rotation during drop landing in women / Efecto del entrenamiento neuromuscular en la rotación de la rodilla durante el aterrizaje en las mujeres

Introdução: O grande índice de lesões do ligamento cruzado anterior sem envolver contato em mulheres é motivo de curiosidade entre os cientistas, pois avaliações de aterrissagem podem sugerir a predisposição ao risco dessa lesão. Neste sentido, vários protocolos de treinamento foram utilizados como intervenção e obtiveram resultados diversificados na alteração desse fator de risco. Objetivo: O objetivo deste projeto foi avaliar as possíveis alterações de rotação do joelho na aterrissagem unipodal após a intervenção de um programa de treinamento neuromuscular. Métodos: Participaram do estudo 18 mulheres com idade entre 18 e 51 anos, que foram distribuídas em dois grupos: grupo de treinamento neuromuscular de oito semanas (GTN) (n = 11) e grupo controle (GC) (n = 7). Além disso, não apresentavam lesão musculoesquelética ou dores nos membros inferiores. Cada participante realizou cinco aterrissagens unipodais válidas de uma plataforma de 40 cm de altura. O processo de captura de movimento foi realizado com 12 câmeras infravermelho do sistema OptiTrack(tm) para obter as coordenadas tridimensionais de marcadores fixados nos pontos anatômicos de interesse. Os sistemas de coordenadas locais da coxa e da perna foram definidos por meio dos respectivos marcadores fixados nos pontos anatômicos. Dessa forma, foram calculados os ângulos de rotação do joelho nos planos sagital, frontal e transverso através das sequências dos ângulos de Euler e as velocidades angulares através das formulações dos quatérnions. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram que houve um aumento na velocidade de rotação do joelho após o treinamento neuromuscular. Conclusão: Conclui-se que o treinamento neuromuscular resultou em maior velocidade de rotação no joelho nos 40 milissegundos que sucedem a aterrissagem unipodal.

Introduction: The high rate of injuries of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) without involving contact in women is a source of curiosity among scientists, because drop landing assessments may suggest a predisposition to the risk of this injury. In these sense, several training protocols have been used as an intervention and achieved mixed results in the change of this risk factor. Objective: The aim of this project was to evaluate the possible changes of rotation knee in single-leg drop landing after the intervention of a neuromuscular training program. Methods: The study included 18 women aged between 18 and 51 years, who were divided into two groups: neuromuscular training group (NTG) (n=11) and control group (CG) (n=7). In addition, they did not have musculoskeletal injury or pain in the lower limbs. Each participant completed five valid single-leg drop landings from a platform of 40 cm. The motion capture process was carried out with 12 infrared cameras of the OptiTrack(tm) system to obtain three-dimensional coordinates of markers fixed in the anatomical points of interest. The local coordinate systems of the thigh and leg were defined by means of the respective markers set in the anatomical points. Thus, the knee rotation angles in the sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes were calculated through the sequence of Euler angles and the angular velocities were calculated using the formulations of quaternions. Results: The results showed an increase in the knee rotation speed after the neuromuscular training. Conclusion: We conclude that neuromuscular training resulted in faster rotation at the knee in the 40 milliseconds succeeding the single-leg landing.

Introducción: El gran número de lesiones del ligamento cruzado anterior sin que implique un contacto en las mujeres es motivo de curiosidad entre los científicos porque las evaluaciones de aterrizaje pueden sugerir predisposición al riesgo de esta lesión. En este sentido, varios protocolos de entrenamiento se han utilizado como intervención y lograron resultados mixtos en el cambio de este factor de riesgo. Objetivo: El objetivo de este proyecto fue evaluar los posibles cambios de rotación de la rodilla en el aterrizaje unipodal después de la intervención de un programa de entrenamiento neuromuscular. Métodos: El estudio incluyó a 18 mujeres de edades comprendidas entre 18 y 51 años, que fueron divididas en dos grupos: grupo de entrenamiento neuromuscular de ocho semanas (GEN) (n = 11) y grupo control (GC) (n = 7). Además, no tenían lesión musculoesquelética o dolor en las extremidades inferiores. Cada participante realizó cinco aterrizajes unipodales válidos desde una plataforma de 40 cm. El proceso de captura de movimiento se llevó a cabo con 12 cámaras infrarrojas del sistema OptiTrack(tm) para obtener las coordenadas tridimensionales de los marcadores fijados a los puntos anatómicos de interés. Los sistemas de coordenadas locales del muslo y la pierna se definieron por medio de los respectivos marcadores establecidos en los puntos anatómicos. De esa manera, fueron calculados los ángulos de rotación de la rodilla en los planos sagital, frontal y transversal utilizando las secuencias de los ángulos de Euler, y las velocidades angulares utilizando las formulaciones de cuaterniones. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron un aumento en la velocidad de rotación de la rodilla después del entrenamiento neuromuscular. Conclusión: Se concluye que el entrenamiento neuromuscular resultó en mayor velocidad de rotación en la rodilla en los 40 milisegundos posteriores al aterrizaje unipodal.

Velocidade da bola no chute no futsal: comparação entre garotos com diferentes níveis de desempenho e correlação de variáveis preditoras do desempenho / Ball velocity on the kick in futsal: comparison between youth with different performance levels and correlation of the predictive variables of performance

O estudo objetivou comparar e verificar as possíveis correlações entre a velocidade da bola com a velocidade do pé, ângulo relativo do joelho e comprimento do último passo durante o chute entre garotos Praticantes e Não Praticantes do futsal. Participaram do estudo 14 garotos com idade entre 13 e 15 anos divididos em dois grupos, Praticantes (G1) e Não Praticantes (G2) de acordo com seu tempo de prática estruturada semanal na modalidade. Para a análise cinemática duas câmeras ajustadas a uma frequência de 120 Hz, foram fixadas lateralmente ao movimento realizado e focalizando os marcadores fixados no membro inferior do chute. Cada participante executou 10 chutes simulando uma cobrança de tiro livre no futsal. Os dados tridimensionais do membro inferior de chute foram obtidos pelo "software" DVIDEOW e tratados em ambiente Matlab, para obtenção das variáveis cinemáticas de interesse: velocidade da bola (VELBOLA), velocidade do pé (VELPÉ), ângulo de joelho (ANGJOELHO) e comprimento do último passo (CP). Todas as variáveis exibiram índices estatisticamente maiores em G1 se comparado a G2 e, além disso, não foram encontradas diferenças intertentativas na tarefa (p < 0,05). No G1 uma análise de regressão múltipla somente revelou influência na VELBOLA em 17% causada pelo CP. Além disso, no G2 nenhuma variável influenciou na VELBOLA. Pode-se concluir que as variáveis estudadas são diferentes entre praticantes e não praticantes de futsal com idade entre 13 - 15, e que a VELBOLA pode ser ligeiramente influenciada pelo CP nesta faixa etária. Recomenda-se que treinadores monitorem periodicamente o desenvolvimento desta característica do movimento, principalmente em jogadores novatos, como forma de identificar jogadores com diferentes níveis de desempenho no chute em um contexto de futsal.

The aim of this study was to compare and verify the possible correlations between ball velocity with foot velocity, knee angle and length of last stride between practitioners and non-practitioners of futsal game. Fourteen young males with aged between 13 and 15 years old divided into two groups: practitioners (G1) and non-practitioners (G2), according with the time of futsal structured practice. For the kinematic analysis we had used two cameras at a sampling frequency of 120 Hz, fixed laterally to the movement performed in order to focus the markers in the limb of kick. Each participant has performed ten kicks simulating a kick of ten meters in futsal. Three-dimensional data of the lower limb of kick were obtained in DVIDEOW software and treated in Matlab environment in order to obtain the variables of interest: ball velocity (VELBALL), foot velocity (VELFOOT), knee angle (ANGKNEE) and length of last stride (LLS). Statistically all data displayed higher levels in G1 compared to G2. In addition, no significant differences were found between trials in each group (p < 0.05). In G1 a multiple regression analysis revealed only influence on VELBALL 17% caused by LLS. Moreover, in G2 any variable have influenced VELBALL. However, we conclude that the variables are different between practitioners and non-practitioners of futsal game with aged between 13 and 15 years old, and the variable VELBALL could be little influenced by the LLS in this age band. Thus, we suggested that coaches maintain focus on development and monitoring this characteristic of movement, especially in novices, in order to identify players with different levels of performance of kicking in a futsal context.

The response of the lactate minimum test to a 12-week swimming training / La respuesta del test de lactato mínimo de 12 semanas de entrenamiento de natación / Resposta do teste de lactato mínimo à 12 semanas de treinamento de natação

Despite the utilization of lactate minimum test (LMT) in training, its intensity response to training remains controversial. The aim of the present study was to verify alterations of LMT intensity in swimmers during a 12-week training protocol. Eight swimmers were submitted to three LMT assessments: beginning of the season, T0; after four, T4; and twelve weeks, T12. The LMT consisted of a 200m maximal effort and, after eight minutes of passive rest, five incremental stages of 200m swimming. The intensities of the incremental stages were defined subjectively ("very light," "light," "moderate," "hard," and "all-out"). The training was divided in two blocks of periodization: endurance training period (ETP, T0 - T4), and quality plus taper period (QTP, T4 - T12). The LMT intensity of T4 and T12 were significantly higher than T0. We conclude that LMT is modified due to swimming training and can be used for training prescription and detection of aerobic capacity alterations during a season...

"Resposta do teste de lactato mínimo à 12 semanas de treinamento de natação." Apesar da comum utilização do teste de lactate mínimo (LMT) no treinamento, a sensibilidade da sua intensidade permanece controversa. O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar alterações da intensidade do LMT em nadadores durante 12 semanas de treinamento. Oito nadadores foram submetidos à três avaliações LMT: começo da temporada, T0; após quatro, T4; e doze semanas, T12. O LMT consistiu em nadar 200m em esforço máximo, e após oito minutos de repouso passivo, cinco estágios incrementais de 200m. As intensidades dos estágios incrementais foram definidas subjetivamente ("muito fraco," "fraco," "moderado," "forte" e "máximo"). O treinamento foi dividido em dois blocos de periodização: período de treinamento de endurance (ETP, T0 - T4), e período específico mais polimento (QTP, T4 - T12). A intensidade do LMT em T4 e T12 foi significantemente maior que T0. Concluímos que o LMT é modificado com o treinamento de natação e pode ser usado na prescrição de treinamento e detecção de alterações da capacidade aeróbia durante a temporada...

"La respuesta del test de lactato mínimo de 12 semanas de entrenamiento de natación." A pesar de la utilización de lo test de lactato mínimo (LMT) en el entrenamiento, la respuesta de su intensidad sigue siendo controvertido. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar los cambios en la intensidad de LMT en nadadores durante 12 semanas de entrenamiento. Ocho nadadores fueron sometidos a tres evaluaciones LMT: comienzo de la temporada, T0; después de las cuatro, T4; y doce semanas T12. El LMT consistió en 200m natación de máximo esfuerzo, y después de ocho minutos de descanso pasivo, cinco etapas incrementales de 200m. Las intensidades de las fases incrementales fueron definidos subjetivamente ("muy débil," "débil," "moderada," "fuerte" y "máxima"). La formación se dividió en dos bloques de periodización: período de entrenamiento de endurance (ETP, T0 - T4), y período específico más pulido (QTP, T4 - T12). La intensidad del LMT en T4 y T12 fue significativamente mayor que T0. Concluimos que el LMT es modificado con el entrenamiento de natación y puede ser utilizado en la prescripción de al entrenamiento y la detección de cambios en la capacidad aeróbica durante la temporada...

The nursing staff opinion about the continuous quality improvement program of a university hospital.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the nursing staff opinion about the continuous quality improvement program at a University Hospital. METHODS: A descriptive study designed as a case study, analyzing the quality program at a University Hospital, with the opinion of a sample stratified by nursing team category through a self-administered questionnaire, from May to July 2012. The answers were submitted to factor analysis, having the dialectical and historical materialism as the theoretical-methodological reference. RESULTS: The factor analysis grouped the variables in six factors: working conditions, approval, belongingness, tranquility, interpersonal relations, and private life. With the exception of the factor interpersonal relations, the answers revealed that workers do not have opinion about the proposed questions. Four of the six factors had a predominance of positive answers. CONCLUSION: A high percentage of respondents was not aware of the implications of a quality program. The majority believed that the program influenced positively in their working conditions and in the interpersonal relationships at work and agree with the program; however, they did not feel part of the program, and were not at ease to develop these activities. They did not acknowledge the program interfering in their personal life.

The nursing staff opinion about the continuous quality improvement program of a university hospital / Opinião dos trabalhadores de enfermagem sobre um programa de melhoria contínua da qualidade de um hospital universitário

Objective To analyze the nursing staff opinion about the continuous quality improvement program at a University Hospital. Methods A descriptive study designed as a case study, analyzing the quality program at a University Hospital, with the opinion of a sample stratified by nursing team category through a self-administered questionnaire, from May to July 2012. The answers were submitted to factor analysis, having the dialectical and historical materialism as the theoretical-methodological reference. Results The factor analysis grouped the variables in six factors: working conditions, approval, belongingness, tranquility, interpersonal relations, and private life. With the exception of the factor interpersonal relations, the answers revealed that workers do not have opinion about the proposed questions. Four of the six factors had a predominance of positive answers. Conclusion A high percentage of respondents was not aware of the implications of a quality program. The majority believed that the program influenced positively in their working conditions and in the interpersonal relationships at work and agree with the program; however, they did not feel part of the program, and were not at ease to develop these activities. They did not acknowledge the program interfering in their personal life. .

Objetivo Analisar a opinião dos trabalhadores de enfermagem sobre o programa de melhoria contínua da qualidade em um Hospital Universitário. Métodos Estudo descritivo delineado como estudo de caso, cujo objeto de análise foi o programa de qualidade de um Hospital Universitário, com levantamento da opinião de amostra estratificada por categoria da equipe de enfermagem, por meio de questionário autoaplicável, no período de maio a julho de 2012. As respostas foram submetidas à análise fatorial, tendo por referencial teórico-metodológico o materialismo histórico-dialético. Resultados A análise fatorial agrupou as variáveis em seis fatores: condições de trabalho, anuência, pertencimento, tranquilidade, relações interpessoais e vida pessoal. Com exceção do fator relações interpessoais, as respostas revelaram que os trabalhadores não têm opinião a respeito das questões propostas. Quatro, entre os seis fatores, tiveram predominância de respostas positivas. Conclusão Expressivo percentual dos respondentes não conhecia as implicações de um programa de qualidade. A maioria dos trabalhadores acredita que o programa influencia positivamente em suas condições e nas relações interpessoais no trabalho, e dá anuência ao programa, porém, não se sentiam parte do programa e não tinham tranquilidade para desenvolver suas atividades. Eles também não viam interferência do programa em sua vida pessoal. .

Influência da aptidão aeróbia no running anaerobic sprint test (RAST) / Influence of aerobic fitness in running anaerobic sprint test (RAST) / Influencia de la condición aeróbica en el funcionamiento de la prueba de sprint anaeróbico (RAST)

O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a possível influência de diferentes níveis de aptidão aeróbia (VO2MAX) sobre os parâmetros do running anaerobic sprint test (RAST). Para isso, 38 indivíduos (Idade = 18,1±2,5 anos, Estatura = 173±1 cm e Massa corporal = 65,1±6,5 kg) foram classificados em dois grupos, baixa e elevada aptidão aeróbias (GBA: n=22 e GEA: n=16). O VO2MAX foi determinado por um esforço incremental em esteira rolante até a exaustão voluntária. O RAST foi composto de seis esforços máximos de 35m separados por 10s de intervalo passivo. O VO2MAX foi significativamente diferente entre os grupos (GBA = 51,7±1,9 mL.kg-1.min-1; GEA = 58,6±3,1 mL.kg-1.min-1). A potência média (PM) foi significativamente superior no grupo GBA (552,7±132,1 W) em relação ao grupo GEA (463,6±132,8 W). O impulso (ImP) foi significativamente correlacionado com o VO2MAX no GEA. Pode-se concluir que há um indicativo que o metabolismo aeróbio exerce uma influência na realização do RAST.

The aim of this study was to investigate the possible influence of different levels of aerobic fitness (VO2MAX) on the parameters of the running anaerobic sprint test (RAST). Thirty-eight subjects (Age = 18.1 ± 2.5 years, Height = 173 ± 1 cm and Body mass = 65.1 ± 6.5 kg) were classified into two groups, low and high aerobic fitness (LAF: n = 22 and HAF: n = 16). The VO2MAX was determined by an incremental exercise performed until exhaustion. The RAST was composed of six maximal efforts of 35m separated by 10s passive recovery. The VO2MAX was significantly different between groups (LAF = 51.7 ± 1.9 mL.kg-1.min-1; HAF = 58.6 ± 3.1 mL.kg-1.min-1). The mean power (MP) was significantly higher in the LAF (552.7 ± 132.1 W) in relation to the HAF group (463.6 ± 132.8 W). The impulse (ImP) was significantly correlated with the VO2MAX in HAF. It can be concluded that there is an indication that the aerobic metabolism exerts an influence on the completion of RAST.

El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la posible influencia de los diferentes niveles de aptitud aeróbica (VO2MAX) en los parámetros del running anaerobic sprint test (RAST). Trinta y ocho pacientes (edad = 18,1 ± 2,5 años, altura = 173 ± 1 cm y masa corporal = 65,1 ± 6,5 kg) fueron clasificados en dos grupos, de baja y alta potência aeróbica (BPA: n = 22 y APA: n = 16). El VO2MAX se determinó mediante un test de ejercicio progresivo realizado hasta el agotamiento. El RAST se compone de seis esfuerzos máximos de 35m separadas por 10s de recuperación pasiva. El VO2MAX fue significativamente diferente entre los grupos (BPA = 51,7 ± 1,9 mL.kg-1.min-1; APA = 58,6 ± 3,1 mL.kg¹.min-1). La potencia media (MP) fue significativamente mayor en el BPA (552.7 ± 132.1 W) en relación con el grupo APA (463.6 ± 132.8 W). El impulso (ImP) se correlacionó significativamente con el VO2MAX en APA. Se puede concluir que no hay una indicación de que el metabolismo aeróbico ejerce una influencia sobre la finalización de RAST.

Relação entre índices fisiológicos aeróbios e desempenho em provas de curta e média duração em ciclistas de elite / Relationship between physiological indices and aerobic performance tests in short and medium term of elite cyclists

Poucos são os estudos que possibilitam verificar quais as respostas fisiológicas são associadas ao desempenho em uma amostra de ciclistas de elite nacional. Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar e relacionar diferentes índices fisiológicos aeróbios com o desempenho em testes contra relógio de 4 e 20km em ciclistas de alto nível. A amostra foi composta por 14 ciclistas profissionais de elite nacional do sexo masculino (28,5 ± 4,7 anos, 73,47 ± 8,29 kg, 176 ± 6,76 cm), que realizaram um teste progressivo em laboratório para a determinação do consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2max: 62,23 ± 8,28 ml·kg·min-1), intensidade relativa ao VO2max (iVO2max: 500,83 ± 58,65 w), economia de movimento (EM: 0,1166 ± 0,0362 ml·kg·min·w-1) e 1º e 2º limiares ventilatórios (LV1: 348,21 ± 43,26 w; LV2: 417,86 ± 60,79 w, respectivamente). Também foram submetidos a duas provas de 4 e 20km contra relógio. Para correlação entre os índices fisiológicos e desempenho, foi utilizado o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson (p< 0,05). Não foi encontrada correlação entre os índices fisiológicos (VO2max absoluto e relativo, iVO2max, EM, LV1 e LV2) e o desempenho de 4km (r= 0.38; 0.16; -0.33; 0.20; -0.50; -0.20, respectivamente) e 20km (r= 0.24; 0.01; -0.13; -0.12; -0.48; -0.19, respectivamente) contra relógio em atletas de alto nível. Estes resultados sugerem que tais variáveis não apresentam capacidade de explicar o desempenho em provas de contra relógio nas respectivas distâncias, provavelmente, devido à homogeneidade entre os sujeitos.

Few studies allow us to verify which physiological responses are associated with performance in a national elite cycling group. Therefore, this study aimed to determine and correlate various physiological and aerobic indices with performance in 4 and 20 km time trials in high-level cyclists. The sample consisted of 14 male professional cyclists of the national elite group (28.5 ± 4.7 years old, 73.47 ± 8.29 kg, 176 ± 6.76 cm), who performed a progressive test in laboratory to determine maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max: 62.23 ± 8.28 ml•kg-1•min-1), intensity relative to VO2max (iVO2max: 500.83 ± 58.65w), movement economy (EM: 0.1166 ± 0.0362 ml•kg•min•w-1), and the first and second ventilatory threshold (LV1: 348.21 ± 43.26 w; LV2: 417.86 ± 60.79 w, respectively). They also performed two time trial performance tests of 4 and 20km. For the correlation between physiological indices and trial performance, Pearson correlation coefficient (p< 0.05) was used. No correlation was found between the physiological indices (VO2max absolute and relative, iVO2max, EM, LV1 and LV2) and performance in 4 km (r= 0.38; 0.16; -0.33; 0.20; -0.50; -0.20, respectively) and 20 km (r= 0.24; 0.01; -0.13; -0.12; -0.48; -0.19, respectively) time trial in high level athletes. These results suggest that these variables are not able to explain the performance in time trials in the respective lengths, probably due to the subjects' homogeneity.

Efeito das cargas de treinamento sobre parâmetros fisiológicos de futebolistas / Effect of training loads on physiological parameters of soccer players

O objetivo desse estudo foi verificar os efeitos de três semanas de treinamentos com intensidades monitoradas sobre a capacidade aeróbia de futebolistas profissionais. Quatorze futebolistas integrantes de equipe da primeira divisão do Campeonato Brasileiro de 2010, foram avaliados pré e pós três semanas de treinamento. O limiar anaeróbio (LAn) foi determinado pelo método bi-segmentado, para isso quatro esforços submáximos de 800 metros com intensidades de 10, 12, 14 e 16 km/h foram aplicados. Trinta três sessões de treinamentos foram quantificadas em zonas de acordo com frequência cardíaca referente ao LAn (FC LAn): Z1 - 10% abaixo, Z2 - 90-100% e Z3 - acima da FC LAn. Durante os treinamentos os jogadores permaneceram 31,17±14,86%, 42,96±14,90% e 25,87±16,67% em Z1, Z2 e Z3, respectivamente. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas no LAn (pré = 13,29 ± 0,71 km∙h-1; pós=12,85 ± 0,90 km∙h-1), percepção subjetiva de esforço correspondente ao LAn (pré = 11,53 ± 1,45 u.a; pós=11,23 ± 1,53 u.a) e FC LAn (pré = 166,64 ± 10,69 bpm; pós = 174,50 ± 10,89 bpm), indicando que três semanas de treinamento são insuficiente para gerar adaptações positivas no LAn de futebolistas.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of three weeks of training with intensity monitored on the aerobic capacity of professional soccer players. Fourteen players, members of a first division Brazilian Championship team in 2010, aged 22.78 ± 3.06 years were evaluated pre and post three weeks of training. The anaerobic threshold intensity LAn was determined by bi-segmented method, for this four submaximal efforts of 800 meters with intensities 10, 12, 14 and 16 km/h were applied. Thirty three training sessions were quantified in zones according to heart rate related to the LAn (FC LAn): Z1 - 10% below, Z2 - 90-100% and Z3 - above the FC LAn. During training participants remained 31.17 ± 14.86%, 42.96% and 25.87 ± 14.90 ± 16.67% in Z1, Z2, and Z3 respectively. There were no significant differences in the LAn (pre = 13,29 ± 0,71 km∙h-1; post = 12,85 ± 0,90 km∙h-1), perceived exertion (pre = 11,53 ± 1,45 u.a; post = 11,23 ± 1,53 u.a) and FC LAn (pre = 166,64 ± 10,69 bpm; post = 174,50 ± 10,89 bpm) between conditions before and after training, indicating that three weeks of training are insufficient to generate positive changes in soccer players LAn.