Asymmetric Synthesis of (-)-Cannabidiol (CBD), (-)-Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and Their cis Analogs Using an Enantioselective Organocatalyzed Diels-Alder Reaction.

Herein we describe an asymmetric synthesis of the pharmacologically relevant natural (-)-trans-CBD and psychoactive (-)-trans-Δ9-THC, as well as their synthetic cis diastereomers. The key step is an enantioselective Diels-Alder reaction catalyzed by a prolinol-based catalyst, which provides the cyclohexene carbaldehyde intermediate in good yield and high enantiomeric excess. Optimization of the substituted resorcinol protecting groups to avoid harsh and low-yield deprotection of the acid sensitive resorcinol moiety is also described.

Shared symptomatology between atopic dermatitis, ADHD and autism spectrum disorder: a protocol for a systematic scoping review.

INTRODUCTION: Children with atopic dermatitis (AD) are more at risk for the neurodevelopmental disorders attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) with parallel increases in global prevalences. Children afflicted with these conditions appear to share similar problems in sensory modulation but investigational studies on the underlying aetiology are scarce. This scoping review aims to find knowledge gaps, collate hypotheses and to summarise available evidence on the shared pathophysiology of AD, ADHD and ASD in children. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: Our study will follow the methodological manual published by the Joanna Briggs Methodology for Scoping Reviews and will be reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews. The following electronic databases will be searched for studies focused on children with AD and symptoms of ADHD and/or ASD: Medline ALL via Ovid, Embase, Web of Science Core Collection and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials via Wiley. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This review does not require ethics approval as it will not be conducted with human participants. We will only use published data. Our dissemination strategy includes peer review publication and conference reports.

All three MutL complexes are required for repeat expansion in a human stem cell model of CAG-repeat expansion mediated glutaminase deficiency.

The Repeat Expansion Diseases (REDs) arise from the expansion of a disease-specific short tandem repeat (STR). Different REDs differ with respect to the repeat involved, the cells that are most expansion prone and the extent of expansion. Furthermore, whether these diseases share a common expansion mechanism is unclear. To date, expansion has only been studied in a limited number of REDs. Here we report the first studies of the expansion mechanism in induced pluripotent stem cells derived from a patient with a form of the glutaminase deficiency disorder known as Global Developmental Delay, Progressive Ataxia, And Elevated Glutamine (GDPAG; OMIM# 618412) caused by the expansion of a CAG-STR in the 5' UTR of the glutaminase (GLS) gene. We show that alleles with as few as ~ 120 repeats show detectable expansions in culture despite relatively low levels of R-loops formed at this locus. Additionally, using a CRISPR-Cas9 knockout approach we show that PMS2 and MLH3, the constituents of MutLα and MutLγ, the 2 mammalian MutL complexes known to be involved in mismatch repair (MMR), are essential for expansion. Furthermore, PMS1, a component of a less well understood MutL complex, MutLß, is also important, if not essential, for repeat expansion in these cells. Our results provide insights into the factors important for expansion and lend weight to the idea that, despite some differences, the same mechanism is responsible for expansion in many, if not all, REDs.

Single-stranded DNA Gap Accumulation is a Functional Biomarker for USP1 Inhibitor Sensitivity.

Recent studies suggest that PARP inhibitors and POLQ inhibitors confer synthetic lethality in BRCA1-deficient tumors by accumulation of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) gaps at replication forks. Loss of USP1, a deubiquitinating enzyme, is also synthetic lethal with BRCA1 deficiency, and USP1 inhibitors are now undergoing clinical development for these cancers. Here, we show that USP1 inhibitors also promote the accumulation of ssDNA gaps during replication in BRCA1-deficient cells, and this phenotype correlates with the drug sensitivity. USP1 inhibition increased monoubiquitinated PCNA at replication forks, mediated by the ubiquitin ligase RAD18, and knockdown of RAD18 caused USP1 inhibitor resistance and suppression of ssDNA gaps. USP1 inhibition overcame PARP inhibitor resistance in a BRCA1-mutated xenograft model and induced ssDNA gaps. Furthermore, USP1 inhibition was synergistic with PARP and POLQ inhibition in BRCA1-mutant cells, with enhanced ssDNA gap accumulation. Finally, in patient-derived ovarian tumor organoids, sensitivity to USP1 inhibition alone or in combination correlated with the accumulation of ssDNA gaps. Assessment of ssDNA gaps in ovarian tumor organoids therefore represents a rapid approach for predicting response to USP1 inhibition in ongoing clinical trials.

Improved Outcome of Allogeneic Transplantation in Older Patients Treated for Myeloid Malignancies Using Post-Transplantation Cyclophosphamide and Reduced Duration of Immune Suppression.

Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT) offers curative potential for older patients with myeloid malignancies. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of alloSCT using post-transplantation cyclophosphamide (PTCy) in combination with a very short duration of immune suppression (IS) in this population. We retrospectively analyzed 92 consecutive patients aged 65 years and older who underwent an alloSCT for myeloid malignancies between February 2018 and December 2022 at our institution. Data on patient characteristics, treatment modalities, and outcomes were collected. Ninety-two patients received an alloSCT with PTCy-based graft versus host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis. The majority had minimal comorbidities and were diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia. Patients mostly received conditioning regimens with low to intermediate transplant conditioning intensity scores. In 43% of patients, IS could be permanently stopped at day +90, resulting in a median time of IS of 2.93 months in high-risk patients. At a median follow-up of 21.3 months, the 1- and 2-year overall survival rates were 89% and 87%, respectively. Relapse-free survival rates were 88% and 84% at 1 and 2 years, respectively. The 1- and 2-year cumulative incidences of relapse were 8% and 13%, while treatment-related mortality (TRM) estimates were 9% at both time points. Acute GVHD grade 3 to 4 occurred in 7% within the first 180 days and severe chronic GVHD in 6% of patients. This all resulted in a 1- and 2-year graft versus host and relapse-free survival of 74% and 70%, respectively. AlloSCT using PTCy in combination with a short duration of IS in older patients with myeloid malignancies demonstrates favorable survival outcomes due to low relapse rates and a low TRM. The low incidence of relapse and acceptable rates of graft-versus-host disease suggest the efficacy and safety of this approach. Further studies are warranted to validate these findings and optimize transplant strategies for older patients with myeloid malignancies.

Lethal Capecitabine Toxicity in Patients With Complete Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase Deficiency Due to Ultra-Rare DPYD Variants.

A DPD deficiency should be considered in case of severe toxicity even in the absence of common risk variants in DPYD.

Analysis of microscopy techniques to measure segregation in continuous-cast steel slabs.

The accurate characterisation of centreline segregation requires precise measurements of composition variations over large length scales (10 - 1 $^{-1}$ m ${\rm {m}}$ ) across the centreline of the cast product, while having high resolution, sufficient to quantify the significant composition variations between dendrites due to microsegregation at very small length scales (10 - 5 m $^{-5}{\rm {m}}$ ). This study investigates the potential of a novel microscopy technique, named Synchrotron Micro X-ray Flurorescence (SMXRF), to generate large-scale high-resolution segregation maps from a steel sample taken from a thin slab caster. Two methods, Point Analysis and Regression Analysis, are proposed for SMXRF data calibration. By comparing with the traditional Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), and Electron Probe Micro Analyser (EPMA) techniques, we show that SMXRF is successful in quantitative characterisation of centreline segregation. Over large areas (e.g. 12 × $\times$ 16 mm 2 ${\rm {mm}}^2$ ) and at high resolution (10-50 µ m $\mu\text{m}$ pixel size) various techniques yield comparable outcomes in terms of composition maps and solute profiles. The findings also highlight the importance of both high spatial resolution and large field of view to have a quantitative, accurate, and efficient measurement tool to investigate segregation phenomena.

CLOCK gene circannual expression in cluster headache.

BACKGROUND: Cluster headache is a primary headache disorder characterized by bouts with circadian and circannual patterns. The CLOCK gene has a central role in regulating circadian rhythms. Here, we investigate the circannual CLOCK expression in a population of cluster headache patients in comparison to matched controls. METHODS: Patients with cluster headache were sampled two to four times over at least one year, both in or outside bouts, one week after each solstice and equinox. The expression of CLOCK was measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in the peripheral blood. RESULTS: This study included 50 patients and 58 matched controls. Among the patient population, composed of 42/50 males (84%) with an average age of 44.6 years, 45/50 (90%) suffered from episodic cluster headache. Two to four samples were collected from each patient adding up to 161 samples, 36 (22.3%) of which were collected within a bout. CLOCK expression for cluster headache patients was considerably different from that of the control population in winter (p-value mean = 0.006283), spring (p-value mean = 0.000006) and summer (p-value mean = 0.000064), but not in autumn (p-value mean = 0.262272). For each season transition, the variations in CLOCK expression were more pronounced in the control group than in the cluster headache population. No statistically significant differences were found between bout and non-bout samples. No individual factors (age, sex, circadian chronotype, smoking and coffee habits or history of migraine) were related to CLOCK expression. CONCLUSIONS: We observed that CLOCK expression in cluster headache patients fluctuates less throughout the year than in the control population. Bout activity and lifestyle factors do not seem to influence CLOCK expression.

Randomized Phase II Study of Gemcitabine With or Without ATR Inhibitor Berzosertib in Platinum-Resistant Ovarian Cancer: Final Overall Survival and Biomarker Analyses.

PURPOSE: The multicenter, open-label, randomized phase 2 NCI-9944 study (NCT02595892) demonstrated that addition of ATR inhibitor (ATRi) berzosertib to gemcitabine increased progression-free survival (PFS) compared to gemcitabine alone (hazard ratio [HR]=0.57, one-sided log-rank P = .044, which met the one-sided significance level of 0.1 used for sample size calculation). METHODS: We report here the final overall survival (OS) analysis and biomarker correlations (ATM expression by immunohistochemistry, mutational signature 3 and a genomic biomarker of replication stress) along with post-hoc exploratory analyses to adjust for crossover from gemcitabine to gemcitabine/berzosertib. RESULTS: At the data cutoff of January 27, 2023 (>30 months of additional follow-up from the primary analysis), median OS was 59.4 weeks with gemcitabine/berzosertib versus 43.0 weeks with gemcitabine alone (HR 0.79, 90% CI 0.52 to 1.2, one-sided log-rank P = .18). An OS benefit with addition of berzosertib to gemcitabine was suggested in patients stratified into the platinum-free interval ≤3 months (N = 26) subgroup (HR, 0.48, 90% CI 0.22 to 1.01, one-sided log-rank P =.04) and in patients with ATM-negative/low (N = 24) tumors (HR, 0.50, 90% CI 0.23 to 1.08, one-sided log-rank P = .06). CONCLUSION: The results of this follow-up analysis continue to support the promise of combined gemcitabine/ATRi therapy in platinum resistant ovarian cancer, an active area of investigation with several ongoing clinical trials.

Bone-marrow mononuclear cells and acellular human amniotic membrane improve global cardiac function without inhibition of the NLRP3 Inflammasome in a rat model of heart failure.

Recent studies have suggested that therapies with stem cells and amniotic membrane can modulate the inflammation following an ischemic injury in the heart. This study evaluated the effects of bone-marrow mononuclear cells (BMMC) and acellular human amniotic membrane (AHAM) on cardiac function and NLRP3 complex in a rat model of heart failure.On the 30th day,the echocardiographic showed improvements on ejection fraction and decreased pathological ventricular remodeling on BMMC and AHAM groups.Oxidative stress analysis was similar between the three groups,and the NLRP3 inflammasome activity were not decreased with the therapeutic use of both BMMC and AHAM,in comparison to the control group.

Comparing Video Analysis to Computerized Detection of Limb Position for the Diagnosis of Movement Control during Back Squat Exercise with Overload.

Incorrect limb position while lifting heavy weights might compromise athlete success during weightlifting performance, similar to the way that it increases the risk of muscle injuries during resistance exercises, regardless of the individual's level of experience. However, practitioners might not have the necessary background knowledge for self-supervision of limb position and adjustment of the lifting position when improper movement occurs. Therefore, the computerized analysis of movement patterns might assist people in detecting changes in limb position during exercises with different loads or enhance the analysis of an observer with expertise in weightlifting exercises. In this study, hidden Markov models (HMMs) were employed to automate the detection of joint position and barbell trajectory during back squat exercises. Ten volunteers performed three lift movements each with a 0, 50, and 75% load based on body weight. A smartphone was used to record the movements in the sagittal plane, providing information for the analysis of variance and identifying significant position changes by video analysis (p < 0.05). Data from individuals performing the same movements with no added weight load were used to train the HMMs to identify changes in the pattern. A comparison of HMMs and human experts revealed between 40% and 90% agreement, indicating the reliability of HMMs for identifying changes in the control of movements with added weight load. In addition, the results highlighted that HMMs can detect changes imperceptible to the human visual analysis.

The interaction of InvF-RNAP is mediated by the chaperone SicA in Salmonella sp: an in silico prediction.

In this work we carried out an in silico analysis to understand the interaction between InvF-SicA and RNAP in the bacterium Salmonella Typhimurium strain LT2. Structural analysis of InvF allowed the identification of three possible potential cavities for interaction with SicA. This interaction could occur with the structural motif known as tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) 1 and 2 in the two cavities located in the interface of the InvF and α-CTD of RNAP. Indeed, molecular dynamics simulations showed that SicA stabilizes the Helix-turn-Helix DNA-binding motifs, i.e., maintaining their proper conformation, mainly in the DNA Binding Domain (DBD). Finally, to evaluate the role of amino acids that contribute to protein-protein affinity, an alanine scanning mutagenesis approach, indicated that R177 and R181, located in the DBD motif, caused the greatest changes in binding affinity with α-CTD, suggesting a central role in the stabilization of the complex. However, it seems that the N-terminal region also plays a key role in the protein-protein interaction, especially the amino acid R40, since we observed conformational flexibility in this region allowing it to interact with interface residues. We consider that this analysis opens the possibility to validate experimentally the amino acids involved in protein-protein interactions and explore other regulatory complexes where chaperones are involved.

High life satisfaction reported among small-scale societies with low incomes.

Global polls have shown that people in high-income countries generally report being more satisfied with their lives than people in low-income countries. The persistence of this correlation, and its similarity to correlations between income and life satisfaction within countries, could lead to the impression that high levels of life satisfaction can only be achieved in wealthy societies. However, global polls have typically overlooked small-scale, nonindustrialized societies, which can provide an alternative test of the consistency of this relationship. Here, we present results from a survey of 2,966 members of Indigenous Peoples and local communities among 19 globally distributed sites. We find that high average levels of life satisfaction, comparable to those of wealthy countries, are reported for numerous populations that have very low monetary incomes. Our results are consistent with the notion that human societies can support very satisfying lives for their members without necessarily requiring high degrees of monetary wealth.

CIAO1 and MMS19 deficiency: A lethal neurodegenerative phenotype caused by cytosolic Fe-S cluster protein assembly disorders.

PURPOSE: The functionality of many cellular proteins depends on cofactors; yet, they have only been implicated in a minority of Mendelian diseases. Here, we describe the first 2 inherited disorders of the cytosolic iron-sulfur protein assembly system. METHODS: Genetic testing via genome sequencing was applied to identify the underlying disease cause in 3 patients with microcephaly, congenital brain malformations, progressive developmental and neurologic impairments, recurrent infections, and a fatal outcome. Studies in patient-derived skin fibroblasts and zebrafish models were performed to investigate the biochemical and cellular consequences. RESULTS: Metabolic analysis showed elevated uracil and thymine levels in body fluids but no pathogenic variants in DPYD, encoding dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase. Genome sequencing identified compound heterozygosity in 2 patients for missense variants in CIAO1, encoding cytosolic iron-sulfur assembly component 1, and homozygosity for an in-frame 3-nucleotide deletion in MMS19, encoding the MMS19 homolog, cytosolic iron-sulfur assembly component, in the third patient. Profound alterations in the proteome, metabolome, and lipidome were observed in patient-derived fibroblasts. We confirmed the detrimental effect of deficiencies in CIAO1 and MMS19 in zebrafish models. CONCLUSION: A general failure of cytosolic and nuclear iron-sulfur protein maturation caused pleiotropic effects. The critical function of the cytosolic iron-sulfur protein assembly machinery for antiviral host defense may well explain the recurrent severe infections occurring in our patients.

Resting-state fMRI is associated with trauma experiences, mood and psychosis in Afro-descendants with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND: Bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia (SCZ) may exhibit functional abnormalities in several brain areas, including the medial temporal and prefrontal cortex and hippocampus; however, a less explored topic is how brain connectivity is linked to premorbid trauma experiences and clinical features in non-Caucasian samples of SCZ and BD. METHODS: Sixty-two individuals with SCZ (n = 20), BD (n = 21), and healthy controls (HC, n = 21) from indigenous and African ethnicity were submitted to clinical screening (Di-PAD), traumata experiences (ETISR-SF), cognitive and functional MRI assessment. The item psychosis/hallucinations in SCZ patients showed a negative correlation with the global efficiency (GE) in the right dorsal attention network. The items mania, irritable mood, and racing thoughts in the Di-PAD scale had a significant negative correlation with the GE in the parietal right default mode network. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in the activation of specific networks were associated with earlier disease onset, history of physical abuse, and more severe psychotic and mood symptoms in SCZ and BD subjects of indigenous and black ethnicity. Findings provide further evidence on SZ and BD's brain connectivity disturbances, and their clinical significance, in non-Caucasian samples.

Anchors Aweigh! The History of Women Surgeons at Sea.

Throughout history, the maritime nations of the world have employed surgeons in sea-going service. The history of women in surgery and the military is well described, but no previous report exists describing the gender breakdown of past and current sea-going US Navy general surgeons. Using literature review, primary sources, personal interviews, and correspondence with Navy Medicine administrative leaders, this historical review describes the evolution of women providing surgical care at sea. During the 1800s and early 1900s, some of the earliest women surgeons in England, America, and Russia began their surgical careers in military service or providing combat casualty care. Women at sea served unpaid nursing roles in the 1700s and provided informal medical care in the 1800s. In 1913 and 1941, 2 different women held medical leadership roles aboard sea-going vessels. Four years after Congress allowed women to serve aboard combatant vessels, Dr Beth Jaklic became the first woman to serve as Ship's Surgeon aboard a US Navy warship in 1997. From 1997 to 2020, 19% of surgeons serving on aircraft carriers were women and one-half of the 20 general surgeons assigned to maritime surgical billets were women in 2022. War and the military environment historically have offered opportunities for women to break boundaries in the world of surgery. Navy Medicine's experience with women surgeons at sea serves as a positive example to the broader surgical community, especially "austere" practices and subspecialties with limited female representation.

Minimally invasive surgical approach in children treated for oesophageal atresia is associated with attention problems at school age: a prospective cohort study.

The long-term neurodevelopment of children born with oesophageal atresia (OA) is unclear. Therefore, we assessed the neurocognitive domains and their predictors. Patients born with OA between February 2006 and December 2014, who were routinely seen at eight years as part of a structured prospective longitudinal follow-up program, were included. Main outcome measures were need for school support, performance in various neurocognitive domains and potential predictors of neurocognitive problems. We analysed data of 65 children with a mean (SD) age of 8.1 (0.2) years, of whom 89% with OA type C. Thirty-five (54%) surgical corrections were minimally invasive; the median (interquartile range) duration of exposure to anaesthetics in the first 24 months was 398 (296 - 710) minutes. Forty-four (68%) attended regular education without extra support and intelligence was within normal range (99-108). More than 50% had z-scores ≤ -2 on one or more neurocognitive domains, of which attention was the most frequently affected domain. The speed on the sustained attention task was significantly below normal (z-score -1.48 (2.12), p < .001), as was fluctuation of sustained attention (z-score -3.19 (3.80), p < .001). The minimally invasive approach and a lower socio-economic status (both p = 0.006) proved significant predictors for sustained attention problems in multivariable analyses.  Conclusion: Children who undergo minimally invasive surgery for OA correction are at risk for sustained attention problems at school age. Future studies unravelling the effects of perioperative events on neurodevelopment should lead to optimal surgical, anaesthesiological, and intensive care management in the neonatal period. What is Known: • School-aged children born with oesophageal atresia have normal intelligence but problems with sustained attention at eight years. What is New: • Oesophageal atresia patients, who undergo minimally invasive surgery or who have a background of lower socioeconomic status are at serious risk for sustained attention problems at school age. • Moreover, those who have been intubated for a longer period are at risk for stronger fluctuations in sustained attention.

Presence and abundance of malaria vector species in Miami-Dade County, Florida.

BACKGROUND: Malaria outbreaks have sporadically occurred in the United States, with Anopheles quadrimaculatus serving as the primary vector in the eastern region. Anopheles crucians, while considered a competent vector, has not been directly implicated in human transmission. Considering the locally acquired Plasmodium vivax cases in Sarasota County, Florida (7 confirmed cases), Cameron County, Texas (one confirmed case), and Maryland (one confirmed case) in the summer of 2023. The hypothesis of this study is that major cities in the United States harbour sufficient natural populations of Anopheles species vectors of malaria, that overlap with human populations that could support local transmission to humans. The objective of this study is to profile the most abundant Anopheles vector species in Miami-Dade County, Florida-An. crucians and An. quadrimaculatus. METHODS: This study was based on high-resolution mosquito surveillance data from 2020 to 2022 in Miami-Dade County, Florida. Variations on the relative abundance of An. crucians and An. quadrimaculatus was assessed by dividing the total number of mosquitoes collected by each individual trap in 2022 by the number of mosquitoes collected by the same trap in 2020. In order to identify influential traps, the linear distance in meters between all traps in the surveillance system from 2020 to 2022 was calculated and used to create a 4 km buffer radius around each trap in the surveillance system. RESULTS: A total of 36,589 An. crucians and 9943 An. quadrimaculatus were collected during this study by the surveillance system, consisting of 322 CO2-based traps. The findings reveal a highly heterogeneous spatiotemporal distribution of An. crucians and An. quadrimaculatus in Miami-Dade County, highlighting the presence of highly conducive environments in transition zones between natural/rural and urban areas. Anopheles quadrimaculatus, and to a lesser extent An. crucians, pose a considerable risk of malaria transmission during an outbreak, given their high abundance and proximity to humans. CONCLUSIONS: Understanding the factors driving the proliferation, population dynamics, and spatial distribution of Anopheles vector species is vital for implementing effective mosquito control and reducing the risk of malaria outbreaks in the United States.

All three MutL complexes are required for repeat expansion in a human stem cell model of CAG-repeat expansion mediated glutaminase deficiency.

The Repeat Expansion Diseases (REDs) arise from the expansion of a disease-specific short tandem repeat (STR). Different REDs differ with respect to the repeat involved, the cells that are most expansion prone and the extent of expansion. Furthermore, whether these diseases share a common expansion mechanism is unclear. To date, expansion has only been studied in a limited number of REDs. Here we report the first studies of the expansion mechanism in induced pluripotent stem cells derived from a patient with a form of the glutaminase deficiency disorder known as Global Developmental Delay, Progressive Ataxia, And Elevated Glutamine (GDPAG; OMIM# 618412) caused by the expansion of a CAG-STR in the 5' UTR of the glutaminase (GLS) gene. We show that alleles with as few as ~120 repeats show detectable expansions in culture despite relatively low levels of R-loops formed at this locus. Additionally, using a CRISPR-Cas9 knockout approach we show that PMS2 and MLH3, the constituents of MutLα and MutLγ, the 2 mammalian MutL complexes known to be involved in mismatch repair (MMR), are essential for expansion. Furthermore, PMS1, a component of a less well understood MutL complex, MutLß, is also important, if not essential, for repeat expansion in these cells. Our results provide insights into the factors important for expansion and lend weight to the idea that, despite some differences, the same mechanism is responsible for expansion in many, if not all, REDs.