ABSTRACT
Este experimento foi realizado para avaliar a eficácia da suplementação de própolis bruta nas dietas de frangos de corte sobre as respostas imunes (humoral e celular), peso dos órgãos linfóides e perfil hematológico. Foram utilizados 168 pintos de corte, machos, criados em gaiolas de metabolismo até os 21 dias de idade. As aves foram distribuídas em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos, que consistiram em diferentes níveis de inclusão da própolis (0, 100, 200, 300, 400 e 500 ppm), com sete repetições e quatro aves por unidade experimental. A inclusão de própolis bruta nas rações não afetou (P>0,05) o peso relativo do timo, baço e bolsa cloacal e a produção dos anticorpos sricos contra a doença de Newcastle. Observou-se comportamento quadrático (P 0,05) para a atividade fagocítica dos macrófagos em função dos níveis de própolis bruta, com menor atividade ao nível de 350,72 ppm. Além disso, quando comparado cada nível de inclusão com o controle observouse que as aves que receberam rações contendo 100 ppm e 500 ppm de própolis bruta apresentaram maior atividade fagocítica (P 0,05) e maior número de hemácias fagocitadas por macrófago (P 0,05), respectivamente. Para a produção de óxido nítrico não foi observada alteração (P>0,05). A reação interdigital a fitohemaglutinina apresentou comportamento quadrático em função do tempo e d
The experiment herein was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of supplementing a broiler diet with crude propolis on the animals immune response (humeral and cellular), lymphoid organ weight and hematological profile. One hundred sixty-eight male broilers raised in metabolic cages until 21 days of age were used in the experiments. The birds were randomly distributed in an experimental design with six treatments that consisted of different crude propolis doses (0, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 ppm); the experimental unit was repeated seven times with four birds each. Including crude propolis in the food did not affect (P 0.05) the relative weights of the thymus, spleen and cloacal bursa or serum antibody production against Newcastle disease. The macrophage phagocytic activities were quadratic (P 0.05) in accordance with the level of crude propolis; the lowest activity observed corresponded to a 350.72 ppm dose of crude propolis. Moreover, when each crude propolis dose was compared with the control group, the birds fed 100 ppm and 500 ppm of crude propolis had higher levels of phagocytic activity (P 0.05) and a greater number of red blood cells phagocytized per macrophage (P 0.05), respectively. No change in nitric oxide production was observed (P>0.05). The interdigital reaction to the phytohemagglutinin displayed quadratic behavior as a function of time and crude p
ABSTRACT
Este experimento foi realizado para avaliar a eficácia da suplementação de própolis bruta nas dietas de frangos de corte sobre as respostas imunes (humoral e celular), peso dos órgãos linfóides e perfil hematológico. Foram utilizados 168 pintos de corte, machos, criados em gaiolas de metabolismo até os 21 dias de idade. As aves foram distribuídas em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos, que consistiram em diferentes níveis de inclusão da própolis (0, 100, 200, 300, 400 e 500 ppm), com sete repetições e quatro aves por unidade experimental. A inclusão de própolis bruta nas rações não afetou (P>0,05) o peso relativo do timo, baço e bolsa cloacal e a produção dos anticorpos sricos contra a doença de Newcastle. Observou-se comportamento quadrático (P 0,05) para a atividade fagocítica dos macrófagos em função dos níveis de própolis bruta, com menor atividade ao nível de 350,72 ppm. Além disso, quando comparado cada nível de inclusão com o controle observouse que as aves que receberam rações contendo 100 ppm e 500 ppm de própolis bruta apresentaram maior atividade fagocítica (P 0,05) e maior número de hemácias fagocitadas por macrófago (P 0,05), respectivamente. Para a produção de óxido nítrico não foi observada alteração (P>0,05). A reação interdigital a fitohemaglutinina apresentou comportamento quadrático em função do tempo e d
The experiment herein was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of supplementing a broiler diet with crude propolis on the animals immune response (humeral and cellular), lymphoid organ weight and hematological profile. One hundred sixty-eight male broilers raised in metabolic cages until 21 days of age were used in the experiments. The birds were randomly distributed in an experimental design with six treatments that consisted of different crude propolis doses (0, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 ppm); the experimental unit was repeated seven times with four birds each. Including crude propolis in the food did not affect (P 0.05) the relative weights of the thymus, spleen and cloacal bursa or serum antibody production against Newcastle disease. The macrophage phagocytic activities were quadratic (P 0.05) in accordance with the level of crude propolis; the lowest activity observed corresponded to a 350.72 ppm dose of crude propolis. Moreover, when each crude propolis dose was compared with the control group, the birds fed 100 ppm and 500 ppm of crude propolis had higher levels of phagocytic activity (P 0.05) and a greater number of red blood cells phagocytized per macrophage (P 0.05), respectively. No change in nitric oxide production was observed (P>0.05). The interdigital reaction to the phytohemagglutinin displayed quadratic behavior as a function of time and crude p
ABSTRACT
Assuming that selection in closed herds can promote reduction in additive genetic variance, multiple regression models were used to estimate this change in additive genetic (co)variance component, over the years when the selection was done. Weights at 550 days (W550) were studied using simulated data of herds submitted to 20 years of selection. (Co)variance components were estimated assuming that the weight at 550 days was a new trait every five years, by multiple-trait analyses involving four traits in the animal model. Three multiple regression equations were fittedRMI, RMM, RMFestimating thus the additive genetic (co)variance components for the 20 years of selection and eight years prior to the selection process. The initial years of each generation of selection were used as a covariate in the RMI. In the RMM, intermediate years were used, and the final years were considered in the RMF. The equations showed high coefficients of determination. However, there was no difference in the adjustment between the models. It was observed that the multiple regression models can be used in the estimation of genetic (co)variance components, when heteroscedasticity is assumed over time due to the selection process.
ABSTRACT
Assuming that selection in closed herds can promote reduction in additive genetic variance, multiple regression models were used to estimate this change in additive genetic (co)variance component, over the years when the selection was done. Weights at 550 days (W550) were studied using simulated data of herds submitted to 20 years of selection. (Co)variance components were estimated assuming that the weight at 550 days was a new trait every five years, by multiple-trait analyses involving four traits in the animal model. Three multiple regression equations were fittedRMI, RMM, RMFestimating thus the additive genetic (co)variance components for the 20 years of selection and eight years prior to the selection process. The initial years of each generation of selection were used as a covariate in the RMI. In the RMM, intermediate years were used, and the final years were considered in the RMF. The equations showed high coefficients of determination. However, there was no difference in the adjustment between the models. It was observed that the multiple regression models can be used in the estimation of genetic (co)variance components, when heteroscedasticity is assumed over time due to the selection process.