ABSTRACT
The effectiveness of CO2-baited and human-baited mosquito traps for the sampling of Anopheles darlingi Root was evaluated and compared with human landing collections in Suriname. Biting preferences of this mosquito on a human host were studied and related to trapping data. Traps used were the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Miniature Light trap, the BG Sentinel mosquito trap, the Mosquito Magnet Liberty Plus mosquito trap (MM-Plus), and a custom-designed trap. Carbon dioxide and humans protected by a bed net were used as bait in the studies. The number of An. darlingi collected was greater with human landing collections than with all other collection methods. An. darlingi did not show a preference for protected humans over CO2 bait. The BG Sentinel mosquito trap with CO2 or human odor as bait and the MM-Plus proved the best alternative sampling tools for An. darlingi. The BG Sentinel mosquito trap with CO2 or human odor as bait was also very efficient at collecting Culex spp. In a field study on biting preferences of wild An. darlingi, the females showed directional biting behavior (P < 0.001), with a majority of females (93.3%) biting the lower legs and feet when approaching a seated human host. Higher efficiency of the closer-to-the-ground collecting MM-Plus and BG Sentinel mosquito trap when compared with the other trapping methods may be a result of a possible preference of this mosquito species for low-level biting. It is concluded that odor-baited sampling systems can reliably collect An. darlingi, but the odor bait needs to be improved, for instance, by including host-specific volatiles, to match live human baits.
Subject(s)
Anopheles/physiology , Insect Bites and Stings , Mosquito Control/methods , Adult , Animals , Anopheles/drug effects , Carbon Dioxide/pharmacology , Female , Humans , Male , Mosquito Control/instrumentation , Suriname , Young AdultABSTRACT
Malachite nanoparticles have been synthesized utilising the polyol-mediated synthesis. Reaction of copper sulphate with sodium carbonate in ethylene glycol medium results in the formation of malachite nanoparticles of sub-10 nm dimensions. The structure of malachite in the synthesized product was confirmed by X-ray diffraction and FTIR spectroscopy. Examination by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy revealed that nanoparticles are thermally decomposed to Cu(2)O and copper during exposure to the electron beam.
ABSTRACT
Zn1-xCuxAl2O4 (0
