[The results of sentinel epidemiological surveillance on the level of HIV prevalence among injection narcotic abusers in the city of Poltava]. / Rezul'taty "dozornogo" épidnadzora za urovnem rasprostranennosti VICh sredi in''ektsionnykh potrebitele narkotikov v g. Poltava.

The sentinel epidemiological surveillance on the level of spread of HIV infection among injecting drug users in Poltava, taking part in the program of harm reduction, was carried out. The results of the surveillance revealed that the level of HIV infection among drug users was 37.8%, the level of HIV infection among females being higher than that among males. These data indicate that the level of HIV infection rises with the increase of age and the time of drug consumption. Still in the age group of 30 years and older and among drug addicts using drugs for 7 years and longer the lowest level of HIV infection was noted.

[The joint work of NGOs and UNAIDS in realizing a project for the prevention of HIV/AIDS among people using narcotics by injection in a region with relatively low rates of HIV infection spread]. / Sovmestnaia rabota NPO i IuNEIDS v realizatsii proekta po profilaktike VICh/SPIDa sredi lits, upotrebliaiushchikh narkotiki in''ektsionnym putem, v regione s otnositel'no nizkimi tempami rasprostraneniia VICh-infektsii.

In recent years the Ukraine has become the epicenter of AIDS in Eastern Europe, though there are still regions with a relatively low number of HIV-infected persons, such as Vinnitsa Province. After the comprehensive study of the factors contributing to the spread of HIV infection in groups of risk the realistic evaluation of the epidemiological danger could be made and the preventive work could be carried out with the help of collaboration between a non-governmental organization (NGO) and the UN Theme Group on the Problems of HIV/AIDS. The successful work of the Public Congress "Stalist" one of such NGO, in Vinnitsa in 1998-1999, carried out with the financial and methodological support of UNAIDS in the Ukraine, created conditions for the introduction of such components of the strategy of harm reduction as information and educational work, as well as the exchange of syringes and needles, which showed a high degree of efficiency in controlling the spread of HIV/AIDS.

[The results of a joint project of the State Department of Ukraine on the Implementation of Punishments and UNAIDS to decrease the risk of the spread of HIV in the prisons of Ukraine]. / Rezul'taty sovmestnogo proekta gosudarstvennogo departmenta Ukrainy po voprosam ispolneniia nakazanii i IuNEIDS po snizheniiu riska rasprostraneniia VICh v mestakh lisheniia svobody Ukrainy.

During the period of 1987-1999 altogether 7,800 cases of HIV infection were detected among the prisoners of the penitentiary institutions of the Ukraine. In 1997 the penitentiary system of the Ukraine abolished the mandatory testing and isolation of HIV-positive persons. In April 1998 the realization of measures aimed at reducing the spread of HIV infection started in the penitentiary system. The main trends in the activities aimed at the realization of the Project were information and educational work among prisoners both during investigative detention and after conviction, as well as among the personnel of penitentiary institutions; availability of condoms and disinfectants; ensuring the possibilities of voluntary testing for HIV, as well as pre- and post-test counselling.

[The reduction of the HIV vulnerability of women involved in the sex business in Ukraine through social mobilization and the creation of self-support networks]. / Snizhenie VICh-uiazvimosti zhenshchin, vovlechennykh v seks-biznes na Ukraine, putem sotsial'noi mobilizatsii i sozdaniia setei samopodderzhki.

The importance of making plans on projects and measures, aimed at the prevention of HIV infection and the social development of female sex workers (FSW) with due regard to observing the principles of human rights protection, is discussed. The materials and resolutions of the First International Conference "Social Development of HIV-Vulnerable Groups of Population", held of Kiev on December 26, 1998, are presented. The conference was attended by representatives of state and public organizations, specialists on the organization of the prevention of HIV and sexually transmitted diseases among FSW, lawyers, physicians and representatives of the HIV-vulnerable target group (FSW) from 7 Ukrainian cities and from Belarus. All these activities contributed to the implementation of the Project "FSW Network Initiative with NGOs" in 11 Ukrainian cities, starting from September 1999, with the support of UNAIDS. The possibility of the mobilization of FSW for organizing self-support groups with a view to protect their rights and to take themselves measures for HIV/AIDS prevention among FSW is shown.

[The prevention of HIV infection and STDs among injection drug addicts in Ukraine]. / Profilaktika VICh-infektsii i ZPPP, sredi in''ektsionnykh narkomanov na Ukraine]

In 1996-1998 joint pilot Projects of the National Committee and the UNAIDS Program were carried out in 10 Ukrainian cities. The behavior determinants contributing to the spread of HIV infection, common for all regions under study, were determined. They were linked with the injections of narcotic drugs, sexual behavior and the level of knowledge on the infection. The effectiveness of the projects was due to the 80% coverage of those drug addicts who could not be reached by common narcotic drug services; to the use of individual syringes (increased from 43% to 95%); to a decrease in the sale of ready-made drugs in used syringes to 14%; to an increase in the index of the return of used syringes; to an increase in the proportion of persons constantly using condoms (58%); etc. Still the situation was found to give no grounds for optimism, and the conclusion was made that the strategy of "decreasing the harm" must become the policy and strategy of the public health system.

[The morphological and ultrastructural changes in the small intestine of rats with long-term constant exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation]. / Morfologicheskie i ul'trastrukturnye izmeneniia tonkogo kishechnika krys pri dlitel'nom postoiannom vozdeistvii malykh doz ioniziruiushchego izlucheniia.

Variable dystrophic and necrobiotic changes were revealed in epithelial and stromal thin intestine cells in rats who had been living for a long time in Chernobyl and Kiev animal houses. There were no principal differences of these changes in the both groups of animals and their dynamics. The rats that lived in Chernobyl and consumed more polluted food have some special features: crypt mucoidisation, epithelial cell apoptosis, low pinocytic activity of endothelial cells and increase of dense epithelial and capillary cells (coagulation necrosis type).

[The biological effects in animals in relation to the accident at the Chernobyl Atomic Electric Power Station. 3. The morphological and ultrastructural changes in the lungs of rats]. / Biologicheskie éffekty u zhivotnykh v sviazi s avariei na Chernobyl'skoi AES. Soobshchenie 3. Morfologicheskie i ul'trastrukturnye izmeneniia legkikh krys.

The morphological and ultrastructural changes revealed in the lungs of rats kept within the Chernobyl accident zone during the period of 6 to 24 months were shown to be uniform and multicomponent. The changes were found both in the respiratory and the vascular connective tissue. The inflammatory processes occurred with formation of pneumonic foci, hypo- and disatelectasis, emphysematous changes, impairment of interalveolar septa, and connective tissue cell proliferation. In the lung tissue, focal and diffuse lymphoid proliferates and, at later stages, lymphomatous changes were revealed.

[The biological effects in animals related to the accident at the Chernobyl Atomic Electric Power Station. 4. The morphological and ultrastructural changes in the liver of rats]. / Biologicheskie éffekty u zhivotnykh v sviazi s avariei na Chernobyl'skoi AES. Soobshchenie 4. Morfologicheskie i ul'trastrukturnye izmeneniia pecheni krys.

A study was made of the morphological and ultrastructural changes in hepatic tissue of rats lived within the Chernobyl accident zone during the period of 6 to 25 months. Considerable nonspecific changes in hepatocytes (fatty, vacuolar and parenchymatous degeneration, and hepatocyte necrobiosis) were seen throughout the entire period of observation. Coagulation necrosis of certain hepatocytes, Kupffer and endothelial cells, and the development of microcholangiomas by the end of the second year were the most characteristic alterations.

Morphometric patterns and functional activity of the ascites tumour cells at different cell cycle stages.

Comparison of the morphometric patterns obtained by electron microscopy with data from the biochemical analysis of metabolism in Ehrlich ascites tumour cells and P-388 leukemia cells, in each phase of the cell cycle, shows a distinct correlation between structure and function which is demonstrated by the fact that stage duration in the structure changes coincides with metabolism alteration. Cell volume and total protein content increase simultaneously in all cell cycle stages. Decrease in the heterochromatin fraction in the nuclei occurs against the sharp DNA reduplication and transcription background. Throughout a cell cycle, the cell respiration intensity gradually increases. Simultaneously the number and functional activity of mitochondria increase.

[Morphometric characteristics and functional activity of the cells of Ehrlich ascites cancer found in different phases of the cell cycle]. / Morfometricheskaia kharakteristika i funktsional'naia aktivnost' kletok astsitnogo raka Erlikha, nakhodiashchikhsia v razlichnykh fazakh kletochnogo tsikla.

The Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells at different interphase periods have been studied for dynamics of ultrastructural and morphometric characteristics and biochemical analysis of metabolism of the given cells has been made. A distinctive structure-function correlation detectable by stage coincidence in the re-structure with the cell metabolism alterations is shown.

[Epithelial-stromal interrelations in mammary gland tumors induced by 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene in rats]. / Epitelial'no-stromal'nye vzaimootnosheniia v opukholiakh molochnoi zhelezy krys, indutsirovannykh 7,12-dimetilbenz(a)antratsenom.

DMBA-induced mammary tumours in rats are mixed adenocarcinomas with various growth rate (rapid, slow and stabilized). The electron-microscopic study has shown that ultrastructure of tumours and their growth rate depend on a degree of the parenchyma cell differentiation and on the maturity of connective tissue being the result of their specific interaction.

[Modeling of differentiation and physiological involution in the tissues of induced cancer of the mammary gland]. / Modelirovanie differentsirovki i fiziologicheskoi involiutsii v tkaniakh indutsirovannogo raka molochnoi zhelezy.

The experiments used rats with mammary tumors induced by intravenous injection of DMBA. The animals were treated with alternating courses of estrogen and anti-estrogen (tamoxifen). The former was given in combination with papaverin and low doses of vitamin A. This was followed by light and electron microscopic examination of breast tumors which revealed activation of cell differentiation and tissue-specific function. The death of cells (active autolysis) was similar to one taking place in the course of physiologic involution of the organ but it was unlike liquefying and coagulation necrotic processes usually occurring in tumor.

[Comparative electron microscopic study of spontaneous and DMBA-induced tumors of mouse mammary glands]. / Sravnitel'noe élektronno-mikroskopicheskoe issledovanie spontannykh i indutsirovannykh DMBA opukholei molochnykh zhelez myshei.

The ultrastructural peculiarities of spontaneous and DMBA induced breast tumours in C3H/He and C3H/Sn mice are described. It is shown that spontaneous breast tumours in mice are highly differentiated adenocarcinomas arisen from acinus against a background of alveolar hyperplasia. DMBA induced breast tumours in mice develop with transformation of ductule-epithelial population of cells. The content and distribution of virus particles are different in spontaneous and DMBA induced breast tumours. The possible transformation of myoepithelial cells is suggested.

[Changes in hepatocyte ultrastructure under the influence of chronic furacillin administration to rats]. / Izmenennia ul'trastruktury gepatotsitov pod vliianiem khronicheskogo vvedeniia krysam furatsilina.

The ultrastructure of rat liver cells was studied during a 6 months' furacilline (5-nitro-2-furtfurilsemicarbazon) feeding in dose of 40 mg per day, and also during the next 8 months after the treatment cessation. An irregular swelling of membranous structure in addition to disorganization and partial reduction of the granular endoplasmic reticulum were found in the hepatocyte cytoplasm after the prolonged furacilline feeding as well as glycogen depletion and the tendency of the agranular endoplasmic reticulum to enlargement. These changes rarely reached the essential intensity with the transition to necrobiosis. They disappeared already a month after the cessation of furacilline treatment. In all the terms of experiment, the nucleoli were hypertrophied and retained their loose nucleoloneme structure. No sings of furacilline carcinogenic activity were found in rat liver during the 14 months of investigation.