Modern aspects of burn injury immunopathogenesis and immuno-biochemical markers of wound healing (review of literature).

Burns are one of the most common traumatic injuries in the world, representing a global public health problem. Major burns (severe burn injury or burn disease) are one of the most life-threatening injuries. There is a great need to identify and monitor the development of complications (sepsis and septic shock, coagulopathy and DIC) in burned patients. The basis of the pathogenesis of burn injury, as well as any general pathological process, is an inflammatory reaction, ultimately aimed at restoring the structure and function of the damaged tissue. A feature of the inflammatory reaction in burn injury is the scale of alteration of the skin and mucous membranes. The review presents the main aspects of the burn injuries immunopathogenesis and the features of post-burn immune dysfunction, manifested by disorders in the innate and adaptive immunity systems. Attention is focused on the role in the immunopathogenesis of developing systemic and local disorders in burn injury. Also the role are discussed of a minor subpopulations of lymphocytes (Treg-, Th-17-, γδT-cells) in the immunopathogenesis and in the bacterial infection protection. The characteristics of the main immuno-biochemical markers of burn injury (cytokines and growth factors, nitric oxide, matrix metalloproteases, bacteria concentration levels) are present. The prognostic role of these biomarkers in assessing of the severity degree of patients with burn injury and wound healing processes is shown. The review has been compiled using references from major databases such as RSCI, Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar (up to march 2022). After obtaining all reports from database, the papers were carefully analyzed in order to find data related to the topic of this review (60 references).

Biosafety of personnel of microbiological laboratories in the context of the Federal Law of the Russian Federation № 492-FZ of December 30, 2020 «On the biological safety of the Russian Federation¼.

One of the most important requirements for the personnel of microbiological laboratories working with pathogenic and infectious agents is the observance of precautionary measures and the implementation of a set of preventive measures, collectively interpreted as biological safety (biosafety). To a large extent, biosafety problems are also relevant for all clinical laboratories working with biosubstrates, with the potential threat of containing pathogens of bloodborne infections in them. On December 30, 2020, the President of the Russian Federation signed Federal Law № 492 «On the Biological Safety of the Russian Federation¼ (№ 492-FZ), which regulates the basic legal norms and regulation of biosafety issues, as well as a list of measures to prevent the risks of the spread of infections due to accidents, bioterrorist acts and sabotage. The current pandemic of the coronavirus infection COVID-19 has demonstrated, on the one hand, the epidemiological vulnerability of the single world space, and on the other hand, the decisive influence of biological emergencies on the emergence of negative political and economic processes in the world community. In this regard, the issues of ensuring biosafety in the work of microbiological laboratories in the context of protecting personnel and the environment from accidental or unintentional spread of infections are relevant. Working with pathogenic biological agents in microbiological laboratories is constantly associated with the risk of accidents and possible laboratory infection (laboratory-acquired infections) of employees, environmental pollution if the requirements of regulatory documents on biological safety are not met. In accordance with the requirements of № 492-FZ, in order to prevent biological threats, it is necessary to create a system for monitoring biological risks in microbiological laboratories when working with any infected material.

Learning from Nature: Bacterial Spores as a Target for Current Technologies in Medicine (Review).

The capability of some representatives of Clostridium spp. and Bacillus spp. genera to form spores in extreme external conditions long ago became a subject of medico-biological investigations. Bacterial spores represent dormant cellular forms of gram-positive bacteria possessing a high potential of stability and the capability to endure extreme conditions of their habitat. Owing to these properties, bacterial spores are recognized as the most stable systems on the planet, and spore-forming microorganisms became widely spread in various ecosystems. Spore-forming bacteria have been attracted increased interest for years due to their epidemiological danger. Bacterial spores may be in the quiescent state for dozens or hundreds of years but after they appear in the favorable conditions of a human or animal organism, they turn into vegetative forms causing an infectious process. The greatest threat among the pathogenic spore-forming bacteria is posed by the causative agents of anthrax (B. anthracis), food toxicoinfection (B. cereus), pseudomembranous colitis (C. difficile), botulism (C. botulinum), gas gangrene (C. perfringens). For the effective prevention of severe infectious diseases first of all it is necessary to study the molecular structure of bacterial spores and the biochemical mechanisms of sporulation and to develop innovative methods of detection and disinfection of dormant cells. There is another side of the problem: the necessity to investigate exo- and endospores from the standpoint of obtaining similar artificially synthesized models in order to use them in the latest medical technologies for the development of thermostable vaccines, delivery of biologically active substances to the tissues and intracellular structures. In recent years, bacterial spores have become an interesting object for the exploration from the point of view of a new paradigm of unicellular microbiology in order to study microbial heterogeneity by means of the modern analytical tools.

Biosensor Technologies in Medicine: from Detection of Biochemical Markers to Research into Molecular Targets (Review).

Infections are a major cause of premature death. Fast and accurate laboratory diagnostics of infectious diseases is a key condition for the timely initiation and success of treatment. Potentially, it can reduce morbidity, as well as prevent the outbreak and spread of dangerous epidemics. The traditional methods of laboratory diagnostics of infectious diseases are quite time- and labour-consuming, require expensive equipment and trained personnel, which is crucial within limited resources. The fast biosensor-based methods that combine the diagnostic capabilities of biomedicine with modern technological advances in microelectronics, optoelectronics, and nanotechnology make an alternative. The modern achievements in the development of label-free biosensors make them promising diagnostic tools that combine rapid detection of specific molecular markers, simplicity, ease-of-use, efficiency, accuracy, and cost-effectiveness with the tendency to the development of portable platforms. These qualities exceed the generally accepted standards of microbiological and immunological diagnostics and open up broad prospects for using these analytical systems in clinical practice directly at the site of medical care provision (point-of-care, POC concept). A wide variety of modern biosensor designs are based on the use of diverse formats of analytical and technological strategies, identification of various regulatory and functional molecular markers associated with infectious pathogens. The solution to the existing problems in biosensing will open up great prospects for these rapidly developing diagnostic biotechnologies.

[A comparative evaluation of differential and diagnostic properties of the Serov's agar medium and the base of selective agar for isolating enteropathogenic yersinia.]

The interest in the problem of enterоpathogenic yersinioses in the world is associated with the ubiquitous distribution of these infections and the clinical significance of their pathogenic agents, Yersinia enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis. In spite of the novel diagnostic tools, microbiological cultivation on nutrient media still remains the main method of their verification. As an agar of choice, American and European practical guidelines recommend a selective agar for Yersinia, which is widely used in many countries for isolating pathogenic Yersinia from clinical material. The authors compare the differential and diagnostic properties of the base of selective agar with those of the Serov's agar medium, as one of the substrates for Yersinia recommended by the current Russian regulatory documents. Based on the studies conducted, a conclusion has been made that the Serov's agar medium is not inferior to its foreign analogue in the differential and diagnostic properties for identification of enteropathogenic Yersinia.

[The antimicrobial strategies of neutrophils under infection pathology.]

The neutrophilic granulocytes were traditionally considered exclusively as phagocytes - killer cells of microorganisms invaded human organism. The discoveries of last decade permitted to significantly reconsider this role and importance of neutrophils in implementation of affect mechanisms of inherent and adaptive immunity. The modern achievements expanded our conceptions about anti-microbial strategies of neutrophilic granulocytes under infection pathology: phagocytosis, degranulation and development of neutrophil extracellular traps. These strategies also play a key role in damage of tissues, providing cytotoxic functions. The article presents actual data concerning the role of interaction between neutrophils and adaptive immune cells in development of mechanism of destructive pathological activation of immune response that results in an auto-aggression, induction of chronic inflammation and development of oncologic and auto-immune diseases.

[Distribution iodine deficiency diseases in coastal areas depending on geochemical conditions].

In the Primorsky Krai there was performed a population ecological and hygienic analysis of the relationship between the content of chemical elements in the soil and thyroid morbidity in the population of the region. The assessment of the prevalence of iodine deficiency and iodine deficiency diseases was carried out on the basis of the impact of the priority environmental toxic (strontium, nickel, cadmium, lead, arsenic, tin) and essential (nickel, iron, germanium, molybdenum, zinc, selenium) trace elements on the level of iodine deficiency diseases. The level of thyroid pathology in the territory of Primorye was established to be the highest one in areas characterized by the severe iodine deficiency (Northwest geochemical zones), where the structure of thyroid diseases is presented mainly by diffuse nontoxic goiter. Thyroid diseases associated with iodine deficiency in the population of different age groups are the result of multiple and combined imbalance of trace elements, which causes a relative (secondary) iodine deficiency. Thyroid disease in Primorye are environmentally caused diseases of technogenic origin, they are a consequence of the relative iodine deficiency, when on the background of normal iodine supply an imbalance of zinc, iron, cobalt, manganese with excess of such toxic trace elements as lead, strontium, nickel and chromium takes place. Thyroid pathology associated with iodine deficiency, along with other environmentally dependent diseases can be considered as a marker of ecological environment trouble.