In-vivo evaluations of bone regenerative potential of two novel bioactive glasses.

Due to the aging of population, materials able to repair damaged tissues are needed. Among others, bioactive glasses (BGs) have attracted a lot of interest due to their outstanding properties both for hard and soft tissues. Here, for the first time, two new BGs, which gave very promising results in preliminary in vitro-tests, were implanted in animals in order to evaluate their regenerative potential. The new BGs, named BGMS10 and Bio_MS and containing specific therapeutic ions, were produced in granules and implanted in rabbits' femurs for up to 60 days, to test their biocompatibility and osteoconduction. Additionally, granules of 45S5 Bioglass® were employed and used as a standard reference for comparison. The results showed that, after 30 days, the two novel BGs and 45S5 displayed a similar behavior, in terms of bone amount, thickness of new bone trabeculae and affinity index. On the contrary, after 60 days, 45S5 granules were mainly surrounded by wide and scattered bone trabeculae, separated by large amounts of soft tissue, while in BGMS10 and Bio_MS the trabeculae were thin and uniformly distributed around the BG granules. This latter scenario could be considered as more advantageous, since the features of the two novel BG granules allowed for the neo-formation of a uniformly distributed bony trabeculae, predictive of more favorable mechanical behavior, compared to the less uniform coarse trabeculae, separated by large areas of soft tissue in 45S5 granules. Thus, BGMS10 and Bio_MS could be considered suitable products for tissue regeneration in the orthopedic and dental fields.

Guided folding takes a start from the molecular imprinting of structured epitopes.

A biomimetic route towards assisted folding was explored. Molecularly imprinted polymeric nanoparticles (MIP NPs), i.e. biomimetics with entailed molecular recognition properties made by a template assisted synthesis, were prepared to target a structured epitope: the cystine containing peptide CC9ox, which corresponds to the apical portion of the ß-hairpin hormone Hepcidin-25. The structural selection was achieved by the MIP NPs; moreover, the MIP NPs demonstrated favouring the folding of the linear random peptide (CC9red) into the structured one (CC9ox), anticipating the future role of the MIP NPs as in situ nanomachines to counteract folding defects.

How to improve retromandibular transmasseteric anteroparotid approach for mandibular condylar fractures: our clinical experience.

Fractures of the mandibular condyle are common and account for 25-35% of all mandibular fractures reported in the literature. Even with the development of a consensus on the preference for open reduction and internal fixation of these fractures, the clinician is still faced with a dilemma concerning the optimal approach to the ramus-condyle unit. Limited access and injury to the facial nerve are the most common problems. The most commonly used extraoral approaches are the submandibular, retromandibular and preauricular methods. In this study, we propose a modified cosmetic preauricular incision with a short end in the neck, to improve the transmasseteric anteroparotid (TMAP) approach previously described by Wilson et al. in 2005. We retrospectively analysed 13 patients treated in our department for mandibular condylar fractures. Post-operative complications, occlusal status, interincisal opening and joint tenderness were evaluated at 3 months after surgery. The wider skin incision described here provides a convenient approach for open reduction and rigid internal fixation, and good results were obtained. The follow-up ranged from 6 to 40 months.

Mandibular ameloblastic fibroma in 6-years-old girl: a case report.

Ameloblastic fibroma (AF) is defined in WHO classification as a ''neoplasm composed of proliferating odontogenic epithelium embedded in a cellular ectomesenchymal tissue that resembles dental papilla, and with varying degrees of inductive change and dental hard tissue formation''. AF is a rather uncommon tumor, accounting for only 2.5% of all odontogenic tumors. AF is a true mixed tumor, in which the epithelial and ectomesenchymal elements are neoplastic. AF raises at any age, ranging from 6 months to 42 years (mean 14.6 to 15.5 years); it does not show sex predilection. The lesion occurs in nearly 70% of cases in posterior areas of the mandible. Patients exhibit swelling of the jaw; pain is not usually described. Authors present a clinical and surgical management of an early onset of a large mandibular ameloblastic fibroma in a 6-year-old girsl.

Increased erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity and serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha in HIV-infected patients: relationship to on-going prothrombotic state.

A condition of oxidative stress, due to perturbation of oxidant/antioxidant balance, has been suggested to play a role not only in the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, but also in the promotion of a thrombophilic condition. Because various hemostatic dysfunctions usually considered as risk factors for thrombotic events were reported in HIV infection, this study was undertaken to investigate whether the oxidative phenomenon could promote a prothrombotic state in such condition. Erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), the major free-radical scavenger enzyme, and serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were evaluated in 33 consecutive HIV-infected out-patients and 35 matched HIV-negative healthy controls at a distance of any acute episode. Thrombin generation was explored by measuring the plasma levels of prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 (F1 + 2), whereas fibrin degradation products (D-dimer) and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) activity were evaluated as indices of plasmin activity and fibrinolytic derangement. The anticoagulant pathway was investigated by measuring the plasma levels of antithrombin and protein C. Erythrocyte GSH-Px activity and serum TNF-alpha were significantly higher in HIV-infected patients when compared to controls. F1 + 2, D-dimer, and PAI-1 activity were increased in HIV-infected patients by comparison with controls. Normal antithrombin, but decreased protein C, was instead detected in HIV-infected patients. In the latter patients, serum TNF-alpha negatively correlated with both erythrocyte GSH-Px activity and plasma D-dimer. On the other hand, a positive correlation was shown between F1 + 2 and D-dimer and between D-dimer and GSH-Px activity. Furthermore, a trend toward increasing levels of GSH-Px with increasing PAI-1 activity was reported. These findings suggest a relationship between erythrocyte oxidative stress and the hypercoagulable condition during HIV infection.

Biological variability of myoglobin in healthy elderly and younger subjects.

To study the effect of age on serum myoglobin more clearly, the analytical, intra-individual and inter-individual components of variation were estimated from duplicate analyses of specimens collected from 18 healthy elderly subjects [ages 74-97 years; 9 men (EM)], and 14 healthy younger subjects [ages 25-31 years; 7 men (YM)] over a period of 6 weeks. The mean values (microgram/L) were EM: 53.7; EW: 44.9; YM: 34.2; YW:24.8. Estimated analytical (CVA), intra- (CVI) and inter-individual (CVG) variations as CV% were: CVA: 2.2. CVI: EM: 13; EW: 9.9; YM: 12.4; YW: 9.6. CVG: EM: 37.6; EW: 28; YM: 18.5; YW: 13.4. The data obtained were used to derive the desirable analytical goal for imprecision (i.e., < or = 6.5% in EM; < or = 4.9% in EW and < or = 6.2% in YM; < or = 4.8% in YW); inaccuracy (i.e., < or = 9.9% in EM; < or = 7.7 in EW and < or = 5.5% in YM; < or = 4.12% in YW); the change required for serial results to be significantly different (i.e., 36% in EM; 28% in EW and 34% in YM; 27.2% in YW), the numbers of specimen collections required to produce a more precise estimate of the homeostatic set point of an individual within 5% (i.e., 26 in EM; 16 in EW and 24 in YM; 15 in YW), and the index of individuality (i.e., 0.34 in EM; 0.35 in EW and 0.67 in YM; 0.71 in YW). This study shows that intra-individual biological variation of myoglobin in healthy elderly subjects is not different from that in young subjects. Inter-individual variation, instead, is greatly influenced by differences in age and sex.

Altered oxidative stress in healthy old subjects.

To understand the magnitude of oxidative phenomena during senescence, we evaluated, as antioxidant, the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in erythrocytes and plasma uric acid (UA) levels together with the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in plasma, as an index of lipid peroxidation, in 46 apparently healthy elderly subjects (87 +/- 6 years old; mean +/- SD), and 49 young subjects (29 +/- 4 years old). The elderly subjects had lower erythrocyte GSH-Px activity (15.7 +/- 4.8 vs 20.2 +/- 7.0 U/g Hb, p < 0.001; mean +/- SD) and plasma UA levels (192 +/- 46 vs 240 +/- 54 mmol/L, p < 0.001), but higher MDA levels (5.3 +/- 0.8 vs 4.1 +/- 0.8 mmol/L, p < 0.001) than the young subjects. Of additional interest was the finding of a positive correlation between age and erythrocyte GSH-Px activity (r = 0.74, p < 0.001), and a negative correlation between age and plasma MDA levels (r = -0.83, p < 0.001) in the elderly group. Although erythrocyte (GSH-Px activity was significantly less in the elderly than in the young group, the oldest subjects showed the greatest erythrocyte GSH-Px activity and had lower MDA levels.

Biological variation in protein C, protein S and antithrombin concentrations in plasma of healthy subjects.

The analytical, intra- and inter-individual components of biological variation were estimated for protein C, protein S and antithrombin over a period of 6 weeks in a cohort of 17 apparently healthy subjects. Expressed as percentage activity (protein C and antithrombin) as a percentage concentration in normal human plasma (protein S), the mean values for men and women show no significant differences (p > 0.05) for any of the analytes studied. Calculated analytical goals (CV, %) for precision required for optimal patient care are: protein C, 2.9; protein S, 2.9 and antithrombin 2.7. A single numerical index, called "index of fiduciality", was also calculated to demonstrate that the analytical performance of our method was satisfactory. The generally applicable differences (% activity or % concentration) required for two results to be significantly different (p < or = 0.05) were calculated as: protein C, 17; protein S, 16 and antithrombin, 16. The usefulness of critical differences as guidelines for the interpretation of changes in serial results was investigated using an "index of heterogeneity" of intra-individual variation. The marked degree of individuality demonstrated for all the quantities indicates that, if conventional population-based ranges are used uncritically, major changes in analyte concentration may not be correctly identified for some patients, because observed values continue to lie within the reference range. The utility of conventional population-based reference intervals was determined by calculating a single numerical index, called "index of individuality". For protein C, protein S and antithrombin we found that five of a patient's specimens are required to achieve a 95% chance that the mean is within +/- 5% of the true value.

Reference values of neuroactive amino acids in the cerebrospinal fluid by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical and fluorescence detection.

Sampling and HPLC analysis procedures for CSF amino acid determinations were evaluated. In order to increase sensitivity, a precolumn derivatization of amino acids by o-phthalaldehyde-mercaptoethanol reagent was used. By using fluorimetric and electrochemical detection in series, positive peak identification can be obtained in a single chromatographic run. It is recommended to analyze freshly collected CSF. Amino acids are stable for short periods over a wide range of temperature, but storage at -80 degrees C is recommended. The CSF samples for the calculation of the reference values were taken from 40 healthy subjects, hospitalized for lumbar disk herniation, placed on the same diet and kept drug-free for at least 1 week. The mean values (mumol/l) and the ranges (in parentheses) were: 0.27 (0.09-0.63), 0.62 (0.18-1.15), 5.32 (3.05-11.50), 6.16 (2.90-13.30), 0.16 (0.03-0.22) for aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, taurine and gamma-aminobutyric acid respectively.

PHA-stimulated cellular immune function and T-lymphocyte subsets in major depressive disorders.

We measured some immunological parameters in 20 hospitalized patients with major depression and 20 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Both enumeration of immune cells, including T-lymphocyte subpopulations, and assay of T-cell function were studied. White blood cells were evaluated with an automated cell counter, T-cell subsets with an immunobead technique, and T-cell function with a phytohemagglutinin-induced proliferation in vitro assay. We found that T-lymphocyte responses to the mitogen were significantly lower in depressed patients than in controls. All the other parameters were normal. These findings suggest that functional but not numerical changes in T-lymphocytes characterize major depressive disorders.