ABSTRACT
Understanding cellular metabolism holds immense potential for developing new classes of therapeutics that target metabolic pathways in cancer. Metabolic pathways are altered in bulk neoplastic cells in comparison to normal tissues. However, carcinoma cells within tumors are heterogeneous, and tumor-initiating cells (TICs) are important therapeutic targets that have remained metabolically uncharacterized. To understand their metabolic alterations, we performed metabolomics and metabolite tracing analyses, which revealed that TICs have highly elevated methionine cycle activity and transmethylation rates that are driven by MAT2A. High methionine cycle activity causes methionine consumption to far outstrip its regeneration, leading to addiction to exogenous methionine. Pharmacological inhibition of the methionine cycle, even transiently, is sufficient to cripple the tumor-initiating capability of these cells. Methionine cycle flux specifically influences the epigenetic state of cancer cells and drives tumor initiation. Methionine cycle enzymes are also enriched in other tumor types, and MAT2A expression impinges upon the sensitivity of certain cancer cells to therapeutic inhibition.
Subject(s)
Methionine/metabolism , Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism , Animals , Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/drug therapy , Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism , Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology , Cell Differentiation , Cell Line, Tumor , Female , Gene Knockdown Techniques , Glycine Dehydrogenase (Decarboxylating)/antagonists & inhibitors , Glycine Dehydrogenase (Decarboxylating)/genetics , Humans , Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy , Lung Neoplasms/metabolism , Lung Neoplasms/pathology , Male , Metabolic Networks and Pathways , Metabolomics , Methionine Adenosyltransferase/antagonists & inhibitors , Methionine Adenosyltransferase/metabolism , Mice , Neoplastic Stem Cells/drug effects , Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology , S-Adenosylmethionine/metabolismABSTRACT
In the version of this article originally published, there is an error in Fig. 5a. Originally, 'MAT2A' appeared between 'Methionine' and 'Homocysteine'. 'MAT2A' should have been 'MTR'. The error has been corrected in the PDF and HTML versions of this article.
ABSTRACT
Recent efforts have attempted to convert non-blood cells into hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) with the goal of generating blood lineages de novo. Here we show that hematopoietic transcription factors Scl, Lmo2, Runx1 and Bmi1 can convert a developmentally distant lineage (fibroblasts) into 'induced hematopoietic progenitors' (iHPs). Functionally, iHPs generate acetylcholinesterase+ megakaryocytes and phagocytic myeloid cells in vitro and can also engraft immunodeficient mice, generating myeloerythoid and B-lymphoid cells for up to 4 months in vivo. Molecularly, iHPs transcriptionally resemble native Kit+ hematopoietic progenitors. Mechanistically, reprogramming factor Lmo2 implements a hematopoietic programme in fibroblasts by rapidly binding to and upregulating the Hhex and Gfi1 genes within days. Moreover the reprogramming transcription factors also require extracellular BMP and MEK signalling to cooperatively effectuate reprogramming. Thus, the transcription factors that orchestrate embryonic hematopoiesis can artificially reconstitute this programme in developmentally distant fibroblasts, converting them into engraftable blood progenitors.
Subject(s)
Cellular Reprogramming , Fibroblasts/physiology , Hematopoietic Stem Cells/physiology , Transcription Factors/physiology , Acetylcholinesterase/metabolism , Animals , Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/genetics , Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/metabolism , Cell Differentiation , Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases , Gene Expression Regulation , Genomics , Humans , Megakaryocytes/physiology , Mice , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases , Myeloid Cells/physiology , Phagocytes/physiology , Protein Array Analysis , Transcription Factors/genetics , Transcription Factors/metabolismABSTRACT
Cyclin A2 is an essential gene for development and in haematopoietic stem cells and therefore its functions in definitive erythropoiesis have not been investigated. We have ablated cyclin A2 in committed erythroid progenitors in vivo using erythropoietin receptor promoter-driven Cre, which revealed its critical role in regulating erythrocyte morphology and numbers. Erythroid-specific cyclin A2 knockout mice are viable but displayed increased mean erythrocyte volume and reduced erythrocyte counts, as well as increased frequency of erythrocytes containing Howell-Jolly bodies. Erythroblasts lacking cyclin A2 displayed defective enucleation, resulting in reduced production of enucleated erythrocytes and increased frequencies of erythrocytes containing nuclear remnants. Deletion of the Cdk inhibitor p27Kip1 but not Cdk2, ameliorated the erythroid defects resulting from deficiency of cyclin A2, confirming the critical role of cyclin A2/Cdk activity in erythroid development. Loss of cyclin A2 in bone marrow cells in semisolid culture prevented the formation of BFU-E but not CFU-E colonies, uncovering its essential role in BFU-E function. Our data unveils the critical functions of cyclin A2 in regulating mammalian erythropoiesis.
