ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: We investigated the predictive value of morning blood pressure surge (MBPS) on the development of microalbuminuria in normotensive adults with a recent diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. METHODS: Prospective assessments of 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and urinary albumin excretion were performed in 377 adult patients. Multivariate-adjusted Cox regression models were used to assess hazard ratios (HRs) between baseline and changes over follow-up in MBPS and the risk of microalbuminuria. The MBPS was calculated as follows: mean systolic BP during the 2 hours after awakening minus mean systolic BP during the 1 hour that included the lowest sleep BP. RESULTS: After a mean follow-up of 6.5 years, microalbuminuria developed in 102 patients. An increase in MBPB during follow-up was associated with an increased risk of microalbuminuria. Compared to individuals in the lowest tertile (-0.67 ± 1.10 mmHg), the HR and 95% CI for microalbuminuria in those in the highest tertile of change (24.86 ± 6.92 mmHg) during follow-up were 17.41 (95% CI 6.26-48.42); p for trend <0.001. Mean SD MBPS significantly increased in those who developed microalbuminuria from a mean [SD] of 10.6 [1.4] to 36.8 [7.1], p < 0.001. CONCLUSION: An increase in MBPS is associated with the risk of microalbuminuria in normotensive adult patients with type 2 diabetes.
Subject(s)
Albuminuria/etiology , Blood Pressure , Circadian Rhythm , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications , Diabetic Nephropathies/etiology , Adult , Albuminuria/diagnosis , Albuminuria/physiopathology , Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory , Chi-Square Distribution , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/diagnosis , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/physiopathology , Diabetic Nephropathies/diagnosis , Diabetic Nephropathies/physiopathology , Disease Progression , Female , Humans , Kaplan-Meier Estimate , Male , Middle Aged , Multivariate Analysis , Proportional Hazards Models , Prospective Studies , Risk Assessment , Risk Factors , Time Factors , WakefulnessABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: We examined the effects of peri-procedural intensive glycemic control during early percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) on the number and differentiation of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and myocardial salvage (MS) in hyperglycemic patients with first ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). METHODS AND RESULTS: We conducted a randomized, prospective, open label study on 194 patients with STEMI undergoing PCI: 88 normoglycemic patients (glucose < 140 mg/dl) served as the control group. Hyperglycemic patients (glucose ≥140 mg/dl) were randomized to intensive glycemic control (IGC) for almost 24 h after PCI (n = 54; 80-140 mg/dl) or conventional glycemic control (CGC, n = 52; 180-200 mg/dl). EPC number, differentiation, and SIRT1expression were assessed immediately before, 24 h, 7, 30 and 180 days after PCI. The primary end point of the study was salvage index, measured as the proportion of initial perfusion defect (acute technetium-99m sestamibi scintigraphy, performed 5 to 7 days after STEMI) and myocardium salvaged by therapy (6 months after STEMI). Hyperglycemic patients had lower EPC number and differentiation and lower SIRT1 levels than normoglycemic patients (P < 0.01). After the insulin infusion, mean plasma glucose during peri-procedural period was greater in CGC group than in IGC group (P < 0.001). The EPC number, their capability to differentiate, and SIRT1 levels were significantly higher in IGC group than in CGC, peaking after 24 h (P < 0.01). In the IGC group, the salvage index was greater than in patients treated with CGC (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Optimal peri-procedural glycemic control, by increasing EPC number and their capability to differentiate, may improve the myocardial salvage.
