Financiamento de pesquisas sobre dengue no Brasil, 2004-2020 / Funding for research on dengue in Brazil, 2004-2020

RESUMO A dengue representa um importante problema de saúde pública no Brasil devido às constantes epidemias causadas pela doença no País. Este estudo objetivou analisar o financiamento de pesquisas sobre dengue pelo Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia do Ministério da Saúde e parceiros no período de 2004 a 2020. Analisou-se a tendência do financiamento por regressão linear generalizada do tipo Prais-Winster e sua distribuição entre as regiões e Unidades Federadas brasileiras, modalidades de contratação das pesquisas, instituições beneficiadas e temas estudados. Entre 2004 e 2020, financiaram-se 232 pesquisas (R$ 164,03 milhões), realizadas, em sua maioria, em instituições da região Sudeste (77,55%), abordando especialmente a temática controle vetorial (37,93%). A tendência de financiamento foi estacionária nos anos estudados. As chamadas estaduais foram a principal forma de modalidade de contratação das pesquisas (65,95%). Houve diferença estatisticamente significante na distribuição do valor financiado entre as modalidades de contratação, bem como no número de pesquisas financiadas e valor financiado entre as regiões brasileiras. Esses achados demonstram a importância de monitorar o financiamento de pesquisas sobre dengue no Brasil e de implementar estratégias de avaliação das pesquisas financiadas, para subsidiar e aprimorar a política de enfrentamento da doença e de seu vetor.

ABSTRACT Dengue represents an important public health problem in Brazil, due to the constant epidemics caused by the disease in the country. This study aimed to analyze the funding of research on dengue by the Department of Science and Technology of the Ministry of Health of Brazil and partners between 2004 to 2020. Was analyzed the trend of the funding by generalized linear regression using Prais-Winster and its distribution between Brazilian regions and Federated Units, research contracting modalities, benefited institutions, and studied themes. Between 2004 and 2020, 232 research studies were funded (R$ 164.03 million), carried out mostly in institutions in the Southeast Region (77.55%), addressing especially the vector control theme (37.93%). The funding trend was stationary in the years studied. The state calls were the main form of contracting modality for the research (65.95%). There was a statistically significant difference in the distribution of the loan amount between the contracting modalities, and in the number of researches funded and loan amount among Brazilian regions. These findings demonstrate the importance of monitoring the research funding on dengue in Brazil and of implementing strategies to evaluate the research funded, to support and improve the policy to combat the disease and its vector.

The quality of gender and sex integration in scientific articles resulting from health research funded by the Brazilian Ministry of Health 2004-2016.

Aim: Integrating sex and gender into health research is critical to contributing to an ethical and more responsible science to address significant knowledge gaps, resulting in higher-quality evidence for all. Subject and methods: Using the Essential Metrics for Assessing Sex and Gender Integration in Health Research Proposals Involving Human Participants, we evaluate the quality of the integration of sex and gender in the 350 scientific articles produced by 144 health studies funded by the Department of Science and Technology of the Brazilian Ministry of Health between 2004 and 2016. Results: The results show that clinical research articles are the type of studies that most frequently report on sex differences, while population and public health research articles most frequently report on gender differences. Analysis of the quality of sex and gender integration reveals low levels of qualification in the items of the literature review and research objectives (section 1) and participant recruitment and retention (section 2). However, the data collection tools, data analysis, and knowledge translation (section 3) items were rated as excellent and good. Conclusion: Funding agencies and public institutions should recognize the importance of the integration of sex and gender at all stages of the research process, for instance, through awareness and training for researchers and reviewers, clear requirements, and the possibility to use metrics in the evaluations process.

Evolution of research funding for neglected tropical diseases in Brazil, 2004-2020.

Neglected tropical diseases are a global public health problem. Although Brazil is largely responsible for their occurrence in Latin America, research funding on the subject does not meet the population's health needs. The present study analyzed the evolution of research funding for neglected tropical diseases by the Ministry of Health and its partners in Brazil, from 2004 to 2020. This is a retrospective study of data from investigations registered on Health Research (Pesquisa Saúde in Portuguese), a public repository for research funded by the Ministry of Health's Department of Science and Technology. The temporal trend of funding and the influence of federal government changes on funding were analyzed using Prais-Winster generalized linear regression. From 2004 to 2020, 1,158 studies were financed (purchasing power parity (PPP$) 230.9 million), with most funding aimed at biomedical research (81.6%) and topics involving dengue, leishmaniasis and tuberculosis (60.2%). Funding was stationary (annual percent change of -5.7%; 95%CI -54.0 to 45.0) and influenced by changes to the federal government. Research funding was lacking for chikungunya, Chagas disease, schistosomiasis, malaria and taeniasis/cysticercosis, diseases with a high prevalence, burden or mortality rates in Brazil. Although the Ministry of Health had several budgetary partners, it was the main funder, with 69.8% of investments. The study revealed that research funding for neglected tropical diseases has stagnated over the years and that diseases with a high prevalence, burden and mortality rate receive little funding. These findings demonstrate the need to strengthen the health research system by providing sustainable funding for research on neglected tropical diseases that is consistent with the population's health needs.

Landscape of Brazilian research and development public funding in advanced therapies: lessons learned and a roadmap for middle-income economies.

BACKGROUND AIMS: Advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) have reached the forefront of biotechnological innovation, partly due to public funders' efforts in the early stages of research and development (R&D). Data on investment in R&D of ATMPs are recognized as scarce, particularly in developing countries. Because of the numerous peculiarities of the Brazilian health system and the science and technology (S&T) system, the country is a good example for the evaluation of public investments in R&D of ATMPs. The aim of this study is to analyze the evolution of investments made by the Ministry of Health (MoH) of Brazil and partners in the ATMP field between 2004 and 2020. METHODS: A descriptive analysis was performed based on secondary data. The analysis was based on S&T and innovation research and support for research infrastructure in the field. The database was stratified by year of funding, ATMP type, type of study or research infrastructure project, amount invested in the project, targeted disease for which clinical trials in ATMPs were developed and financing sector (health, education, S&T and economic). RESULTS: The investments coordinated by MoH (61.5%) in partnership with the S&T, education and economic sectors (38.5%) consisted of Int$137.35 million in 282 ATMP projects. Funding included S&T and innovation research (67% of the total amount) and projects to implement or maintain infrastructure in selected research centers (32.98%). With regard to global convergence, cell therapy was the type of ATMP that most benefited from public investment, totaling 82.23% of the total funding in the analyzed period. Cardiology (29%) and neurology (21%) were the main focus of clinical trials. Following the global trend of public sector R&D funding, the number of basic and pre-clinical research projects represented 78.06% of the total number of projects. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the need to implement improvements in ATMP R&D financing policy in Brazil, the country has made important steps in the field and can serve as a benchmark for other countries with socioeconomic similarities. Among the main lessons are the prioritization of research aligned with the health needs of the population, cross-sector articulation by the health policymaker to coordinate R&D efforts of the sector and formulation of a specific sector policy (Programa Genomas Brasil, the Brazilian National Program of Genomic and Precision Medicine) to promote knowledge translation.

Delivery care by obstetric nurses in maternity hospitals linked to the Rede Cegonha, Brazil - 2017. / Atenção ao parto por enfermeira obstétrica em maternidades vinculadas à Rede Cegonha, Brasil ­ 2017.

This study aimed to assess whether nurses' presence in delivery care in maternity hospitals linked to the Rede Cegonha program promotes access to best obstetric practices during labor and delivery. We conducted an evaluative study in 2017 in all 606 SUS maternity hospitals that joined this strategic policy in all Brazilian states. We collected data from maternity hospital managers and puerperae. The analysis was performed at two levels: hospital with or without a nurse in delivery care; and professionals that attended vaginal delivery, whether doctors or nurses. We used best practices and interventions for vaginal deliveries and cesarean section rates as dependent variables. We included 5.016 subjects for analyses of vaginal deliveries and 9.692 to calculate cesarean section rates. Multiple regressions were adjusted for geographic region, maternity hospital size, and puerperae skin color and parity. Maternity hospitals with nurses in delivery care used more the partograph and less oxytocin, lithotomy, episiotomy, and cesarean section. Deliveries attended by nurses had more frequent use of the partograph and a lower likelihood of lithotomy and episiotomy. The inclusion of nurses in vaginal delivery care has successfully brought women closer to a more physiological and respectful delivery.

O objetivo foi avaliar se a presença da enfermeira na atenção ao parto em maternidades da Rede Cegonha promove o acesso às boas práticas de atenção obstétrica ao trabalho de parto e parto. Avaliação conduzida em 2017, nas 606 maternidades do SUS que aderiram a essa política estratégica em todos os estados do Brasil. Utilizamos dados coletados com gestores das maternidades e puérperas. A análise ocorreu em dois níveis: hospitalar, com ou sem assistência ao parto por enfermeiras; e profissional, que assistiu ao parto vaginal, médico ou enfermeira. Como variáveis dependentes incluímos boas práticas e intervenções no parto vaginal e na taxa de cesariana. Foram incluídas na análise dos partos vaginais 5.016 puérperas e no cálculo da taxa de cesariana 9.692. Análises múltiplas foram ajustadas por região geográfica, localização, porte da maternidade, cor da pele e paridade da puérpera. Maternidades com enfermeira na assistência ao parto usam mais partograma; e menos ocitocina, litotomia, episiotomia e cesariana. Em partos assistidos por enfermeiras foi mais frequente o preenchimento do partograma e menor a chance de litotomia e episiotomia. A inserção da enfermeira na assistência ao parto vaginal tem se mostrado bem sucedida, trazendo às mulheres um parto mais fisiológico e respeitoso.

Evaluation of the Rede Cegonha: feedback of results for Brazilian maternity hospitals. / Avaliação da Rede Cegonha: devolutiva dos resultados para as maternidades no Brasil.

This paper describes and analyzes the process of providing feedback on the results of the second evaluation cycle of good practices of delivery and birth care in maternity hospitals linked to the Rede Cegonha, a Ministry of Health strategy implemented in 2011 to improve obstetric and neonatal healthcare and management. This is a qualitative study based on the documentary analysis of 27 reports from the states and the Federal District referring to the feedback workshops with 1.641 participants, 40% of whom were professionals and managers of the maternity hospitals evaluated, 25% of state representatives, 20% of municipal health secretariats and 15% of federal representatives. Around 46% of maternity hospitals' action plans in 11 states were received from January to August 2019. The results show the challenge of incorporating the monitoring and evaluation processes in these maternity hospitals' daily lives due to structural issues in institutional culture. This situation interferes with the local systematic analysis of information and the implementation of national evaluation cycles with the swift and continuous feedback of the results since access to secondary national data is non-existent in good delivery care practices.

Este artigo descreve e analisa o processo de devolutiva dos resultados do 2º ciclo avaliativo das boas práticas na atenção ao parto e nascimento em maternidades vinculadas à Rede Cegonha, estratégia do Ministério da Saúde implementada em 2011, com enfoque no potencial de contribuição para a melhoria da gestão e atenção obstétrica e neonatal. Trata-se de estudo qualitativo de análise documental de 27 relatórios dos estados e do Distrito Federal referentes às Oficinas de Devolutiva com 1.641 participantes, sendo 40% de profissionais e gestores das maternidades avaliadas, 25% de representantes estaduais, 20% das secretarias municipais de saúde e 15% de representantes da esfera federal. Entre janeiro e agosto de 2019, foram recebidos 46% dos planos de ação de maternidades de 11 estados. Os resultados demonstram o desafio de incorporar os processos de monitoramento e avaliação no cotidiano destas maternidades, por questões estruturais da cultura institucional. Essa situação interfere na análise local de informações de forma sistemática e na realização de ciclos nacionais de avaliação com retorno dos resultados de forma ágil e contínua, uma vez que o acesso a dados nacionais secundários é inexistente no caso das boas práticas de assistência ao parto e nascimento.

Avaliação da Rede Cegonha: devolutiva dos resultados para as maternidades no Brasil / Evaluation of the Rede Cegonha: feedback of results for Brazilian maternity hospitals

Resumo Este artigo descreve e analisa o processo de devolutiva dos resultados do 2º ciclo avaliativo das boas práticas na atenção ao parto e nascimento em maternidades vinculadas à Rede Cegonha, estratégia do Ministério da Saúde implementada em 2011, com enfoque no potencial de contribuição para a melhoria da gestão e atenção obstétrica e neonatal. Trata-se de estudo qualitativo de análise documental de 27 relatórios dos estados e do Distrito Federal referentes às Oficinas de Devolutiva com 1.641 participantes, sendo 40% de profissionais e gestores das maternidades avaliadas, 25% de representantes estaduais, 20% das secretarias municipais de saúde e 15% de representantes da esfera federal. Entre janeiro e agosto de 2019, foram recebidos 46% dos planos de ação de maternidades de 11 estados. Os resultados demonstram o desafio de incorporar os processos de monitoramento e avaliação no cotidiano destas maternidades, por questões estruturais da cultura institucional. Essa situação interfere na análise local de informações de forma sistemática e na realização de ciclos nacionais de avaliação com retorno dos resultados de forma ágil e contínua, uma vez que o acesso a dados nacionais secundários é inexistente no caso das boas práticas de assistência ao parto e nascimento.

Abstract This paper describes and analyzes the process of providing feedback on the results of the second evaluation cycle of good practices of delivery and birth care in maternity hospitals linked to the Rede Cegonha, a Ministry of Health strategy implemented in 2011 to improve obstetric and neonatal healthcare and management. This is a qualitative study based on the documentary analysis of 27 reports from the states and the Federal District referring to the feedback workshops with 1.641 participants, 40% of whom were professionals and managers of the maternity hospitals evaluated, 25% of state representatives, 20% of municipal health secretariats and 15% of federal representatives. Around 46% of maternity hospitals' action plans in 11 states were received from January to August 2019. The results show the challenge of incorporating the monitoring and evaluation processes in these maternity hospitals' daily lives due to structural issues in institutional culture. This situation interferes with the local systematic analysis of information and the implementation of national evaluation cycles with the swift and continuous feedback of the results since access to secondary national data is non-existent in good delivery care practices.

Atenção ao parto por enfermeira obstétrica em maternidades vinculadas à Rede Cegonha, Brasil - 2017 / Delivery care by obstetric nurses in maternity hospitals linked to the Rede Cegonha, Brazil - 2017

Resumo O objetivo foi avaliar se a presença da enfermeira na atenção ao parto em maternidades da Rede Cegonha promove o acesso às boas práticas de atenção obstétrica ao trabalho de parto e parto. Avaliação conduzida em 2017, nas 606 maternidades do SUS que aderiram a essa política estratégica em todos os estados do Brasil. Utilizamos dados coletados com gestores das maternidades e puérperas. A análise ocorreu em dois níveis: hospitalar, com ou sem assistência ao parto por enfermeiras; e profissional, que assistiu ao parto vaginal, médico ou enfermeira. Como variáveis dependentes incluímos boas práticas e intervenções no parto vaginal e na taxa de cesariana. Foram incluídas na análise dos partos vaginais 5.016 puérperas e no cálculo da taxa de cesariana 9.692. Análises múltiplas foram ajustadas por região geográfica, localização, porte da maternidade, cor da pele e paridade da puérpera. Maternidades com enfermeira na assistência ao parto usam mais partograma; e menos ocitocina, litotomia, episiotomia e cesariana. Em partos assistidos por enfermeiras foi mais frequente o preenchimento do partograma e menor a chance de litotomia e episiotomia. A inserção da enfermeira na assistência ao parto vaginal tem se mostrado bem sucedida, trazendo às mulheres um parto mais fisiológico e respeitoso.

Abstract This study aimed to assess whether nurses' presence in delivery care in maternity hospitals linked to the Rede Cegonha program promotes access to best obstetric practices during labor and delivery. We conducted an evaluative study in 2017 in all 606 SUS maternity hospitals that joined this strategic policy in all Brazilian states. We collected data from maternity hospital managers and puerperae. The analysis was performed at two levels: hospital with or without a nurse in delivery care; and professionals that attended vaginal delivery, whether doctors or nurses. We used best practices and interventions for vaginal deliveries and cesarean section rates as dependent variables. We included 5.016 subjects for analyses of vaginal deliveries and 9.692 to calculate cesarean section rates. Multiple regressions were adjusted for geographic region, maternity hospital size, and puerperae skin color and parity. Maternity hospitals with nurses in delivery care used more the partograph and less oxytocin, lithotomy, episiotomy, and cesarean section. Deliveries attended by nurses had more frequent use of the partograph and a lower likelihood of lithotomy and episiotomy. The inclusion of nurses in vaginal delivery care has successfully brought women closer to a more physiological and respectful delivery.

Social vulnerabilities of female waste pickers in Brasília, Brazil.

Worldwide, waste pickers are exposed to adverse health effects resulting from hazards at work. This study aimed to identify possible gender disparities among waste pickers. A quantitative cross-sectional epidemiological study, using semi-structured data was conducted in Estrutural's dumpsite, Brasília, Brazil. It included 1,025 waste pickers, with 67% being female. Most of them lived without partners (73.7%), have 3 to 4 children (47.8%), and have a lower monthly income (62.6%

Health conditions and occupational risks in a novel group: waste pickers in the largest open garbage dump in Latin America.

BACKGROUND: The inadequate management of solid waste impacts populations' health and quality of life, and disproportionately affects developing countries. This study aims to describe a protocol for epidemiological diagnosis, the purpose being to estimate the prevalence of chronic and communicable and non communicable diseases in waste pickers, and the occupational and environmental risk factors to which these are exposed. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study, based on survey design in an area of extreme social vulnerability - the largest garbage dump in Latin America. Using a multidimensional research protocol, divided in three stages: 1- The identification of the subjects, and the scheduling of tests; 2- Situational diagnosis through interviews, anthropometric evaluation, measuring blood pressure, collecting hair and nail samples to detect exposure to heavy metals and undertaking laboratory tests; 3- The return of the waste pickers to receive the test results, followed by referral to the health team and to report occupational accidents. RESULTS: One thousand twenty-five waste pickers undertook tests and interviews. The majority were women (67.0%), with 36-45 years old (45.7%), and 96.0% had children. In total, 27.3% of the participants did not attend to any school and 47.7% were educated only up to primary level. The majority of waste pickers (68.70%) reported accidents and most of them (89.69%) were related to sharp objects. The mean time working in this open dump was 15 years. According the anthropometric measure, 32.6% were overweight and 21.1% were obese. The most common reported diseases were: osteomuscular disorders (78.7%); arboviruses (28.6%); episodic diarrhea (24.9%); hypertension (24.2%); bronchitis (14.3%); intestinal worms (12.6%) and diabetes (10.1%). According to the blood tests, the values outside the reference limits were: Uric acid (23.89%); creatinine (54.06%); GGT range (16.04%); SGOT - Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (5.29%); SGPT - serum Glutamic-Pyruvic Transaminase (35.52%). CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first to evaluate multiple risks and diseases in the majority of waste pickers working in the largest garbage dump of a continent. These findings highlight the importance to address urgently the environmental, social and health impacts related to the management of solid waste in developmental countries to protect these workers and their families.

Avaliabilidade da Política Nacional de Regulação no SUS: uma proposta preliminar / Evaluability of the Brazilian Regulatory Policy within the SUS: a preliminary proposal

Resumo Os estudos de avaliabilidade permitem determinar os propósitos e o foco avaliativo de políticas, auxiliando o entendimento aprofundado e a apreciação prévia das possibilidades de avaliação. Assim, este artigo busca definir em que medida a Política Nacional de Regulação está em condições de ser avaliada a partir da descrição, elaboração dos modelos lógico e teórico de avaliação, de acordo com o sistema dos sete elementos de Thurston e Ramaliu. Trata-se de estudo de abordagem exploratória e qualitativa, desenvolvido de janeiro a maio de 2018. Os resultados contribuíram para a melhor compreensão da estrutura e operacionalização desta política. Essa Política, entretanto, conforme apresentada e discutida, possui numerosos componentes e atividades, sendo difícil a elaboração de indicadores e de matriz de avaliação. Sugere-se um recorte da política por dimensão ou em menor escala para o possível processo avaliativo. Cabe pontuar que após dez anos de existência, a Política Nacional de Regulação não recebeu proposições de avaliação. Sabe-se que a regulação no setor saúde apresenta diversos desafios, sendo necessária uma proposta para além das dimensões de eficiência e equidade, considerando a formação e as atividades dos profissionais, a acessibilidade aos serviços e as tecnologias em saúde.

Abstract Evaluability studies allow determining the purposes of the policy and the evaluation focus, assisting a thorough understanding and prior appreciation of the possibilities of policy evaluation. Thus, this article analyzes the evaluability of the Brazilian Regulatory Policy, from January to May of 2018, with an exploratory and qualitative approach, in order to define how this policy can be evaluated and the elaboration of the logical and theoretical models of evaluation, according to the seven-element system by Thurston and Ramaliu. The results contributed to a better understanding of the structure and operationalization of the policy to reach their results and impacts on health. However, the Policy has many components and activities, so it is difficult to elaborate indicators and a global policy assessment matrix. It is suggested a cut of the policy for an evaluation process. The Brazilian Regulatory Policy was published 10 years ago but any proposal to evaluate it has been submitted. It is known that regulation in the health sector brings numerous challenges, and it requires a proposal of evaluation that goes beyond the dimensions of efficiency and equity, including the training and activities of health professionals, accessibility to health services and health technology assessment.

Processos e desafios da interação entre pesquisa e política na perspectiva dos pesquisadores / Processes and challenges of the interaction betweeen research and policy from the perspective of researchers

Resumo As políticas informadas por evidências podem produzir impactos sociais e econômicos e benefícios na equidade e na saúde. A interação dos pesquisadores na política depende de interesses dos atores sociais e de ambientes políticos favoráveis. Este artigo busca compreender os significados e as perspectivas de pesquisadores sobre os processos de interação entre cientistas e tomadores de decisão que influenciam o impacto da pesquisa na política de saúde. Trata-se de estudo qualitativo, realizado em 2014, de análise de conteúdo para identificar os núcleos de sentido e as relações entre a pesquisa e a política. Baseou-se na abordagem do programa RAPID da Overseas Development Institute. Foram entrevistados 14 pesquisadores de projetos sobre morbimortalidade materna e neonatal financiados pelo Ministério da Saúde. Os pesquisadores orientaram-se para a produção de conhecimentos, o fortalecimento de capacidades de pesquisa e a divulgação dos resultados. Participaram, em algumas ocasiões, da definição de políticas de cuidado clínico e desempenho dos serviços de saúde. Apontaram barreiras para interatuar e produzir impactos na política devido às tensões do contexto político, econômico e social, às mudanças institucionais e organizacionais no setor saúde, e ao sistema de avaliação acadêmica.

Abstract Evidence-informed policies can produce social and economic impacts and equity and health benefits. Interaction between researchers in politics depends on the interests of social stakeholders and favorable political environments. This paper seeks to understand the meanings and researchers' perspectives of interaction processes between scientists and decision-makers that would influence the research impact on the health policy. This is a qualitative content analysis study conducted in 2014 to identify the core meanings and relationships between research and politics. The paper builds on the RAPID program approach of the Overseas Development Institute. Fourteen researchers who conducted maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality studies sponsored by the Health Ministry were interviewed. Researchers focused on the production of knowledge, strengthening of research capacities and dissemination of results. On some occasions, researchers also participated in the definition of clinical care policies and performance of health services. They pointed to barriers to interact and produce an impact on politics due to tensions in the political, economic and social context, as well as to institutional and organizational changes in the health sector and to the academic evaluation system.

Processes and challenges of the interaction betweeen research and policy from the perspective of researchers. / Processos e desafios da interação entre pesquisa e política na perspectiva dos pesquisadores.

Evidence-informed policies can produce social and economic impacts and equity and health benefits. Interaction between researchers in politics depends on the interests of social stakeholders and favorable political environments. This paper seeks to understand the meanings and researchers' perspectives of interaction processes between scientists and decision-makers that would influence the research impact on the health policy. This is a qualitative content analysis study conducted in 2014 to identify the core meanings and relationships between research and politics. The paper builds on the RAPID program approach of the Overseas Development Institute. Fourteen researchers who conducted maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality studies sponsored by the Health Ministry were interviewed. Researchers focused on the production of knowledge, strengthening of research capacities and dissemination of results. On some occasions, researchers also participated in the definition of clinical care policies and performance of health services. They pointed to barriers to interact and produce an impact on politics due to tensions in the political, economic and social context, as well as to institutional and organizational changes in the health sector and to the academic evaluation system.

As políticas informadas por evidências podem produzir impactos sociais e econômicos e benefícios na equidade e na saúde. A interação dos pesquisadores na política depende de interesses dos atores sociais e de ambientes políticos favoráveis. Este artigo busca compreender os significados e as perspectivas de pesquisadores sobre os processos de interação entre cientistas e tomadores de decisão que influenciam o impacto da pesquisa na política de saúde. Trata-se de estudo qualitativo, realizado em 2014, de análise de conteúdo para identificar os núcleos de sentido e as relações entre a pesquisa e a política. Baseou-se na abordagem do programa RAPID da Overseas Development Institute. Foram entrevistados 14 pesquisadores de projetos sobre morbimortalidade materna e neonatal financiados pelo Ministério da Saúde. Os pesquisadores orientaram-se para a produção de conhecimentos, o fortalecimento de capacidades de pesquisa e a divulgação dos resultados. Participaram, em algumas ocasiões, da definição de políticas de cuidado clínico e desempenho dos serviços de saúde. Apontaram barreiras para interatuar e produzir impactos na política devido às tensões do contexto político, econômico e social, às mudanças institucionais e organizacionais no setor saúde, e ao sistema de avaliação acadêmica.

Impact of health research on advances in knowledge, research capacity-building and evidence-informed policies: a case study on maternal mortality and morbidity in Brazil.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: National health research systems aim to generate high-quality knowledge so as to maintain and promote the population's health. This study aimed to analyze the impact of maternal mortality/morbidity research funded by the Brazilian Ministry of Health and institutional partners, on the dimensions: advancing in knowledge, research capacity-building and informing decision-making, within the framework of the Canadian Academy of Health Sciences. DESIGN AND SETTING: Descriptive study based on secondary data, conducted at a public university. METHODS: The advancing in knowledge dimension was estimated from the principal investigators' publication counts and h-index. Data on research capacity-building were obtained from the Ministry of Health's information system. The informing decision-making dimension was analyzed from citations in Stork Network (Rede Cegonha) documents. RESULTS: Between 2002 and 2010, R$ 21.6 million were invested in 128 maternal mortality/morbidity projects. Over this period, the principal investigators published 174 articles, resulting in an h-index of 35, thus showing progress in the advancing in knowledge dimension. Within the research capacity-building dimension, training of 71 students (undergraduate/postgraduate) was observed. Progress in the informing decision-making dimension was modest: 73.5% of the 117 citations in the Stork Network documents were institutional documents and norms. One of the projects funded, the 2006/7 National Demography and Health Survey, was cited in program documents. CONCLUSION: Impacts were shown in the advancing in knowledge and research capacity-building dimensions. The health research system needs to incorporate research for evidence-informed policies.

Impact of health research on advances in knowledge, research capacity-building and evidence-informed policies: a case study on maternal mortality and morbidity in Brazil / Impacto da pesquisa em saúde nos avanços de conhecimento, construção de capacidades de pesquisa e políticas informadas por evidências: um estudo de caso sobre a morbimortalidade materna no Brasil

ABSTRACT: CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: National health research systems aim to generate high-quality knowledge so as to maintain and promote the population's health. This study aimed to analyze the impact of maternal mortality/morbidity research funded by the Brazilian Ministry of Health and institutional partners, on the dimensions: advancing in knowledge, research capacity-building and informing decision-making, within the framework of the Canadian Academy of Health Sciences. DESIGN AND SETTING: Descriptive study based on secondary data, conducted at a public university. METHODS: The advancing in knowledge dimension was estimated from the principal investigators' publication counts and h-index. Data on research capacity-building were obtained from the Ministry of Health's information system. The informing decision-making dimension was analyzed from citations in Stork Network (Rede Cegonha) documents. RESULTS: Between 2002 and 2010, R$ 21.6 million were invested in 128 maternal mortality/morbidity projects. Over this period, the principal investigators published 174 articles, resulting in an h-index of 35, thus showing progress in the advancing in knowledge dimension. Within the research capacity-building dimension, training of 71 students (undergraduate/postgraduate) was observed. Progress in the informing decision-making dimension was modest: 73.5% of the 117 citations in the Stork Network documents were institutional documents and norms. One of the projects funded, the 2006/7 National Demography and Health Survey, was cited in program documents. CONCLUSION: Impacts were shown in the advancing in knowledge and research capacity-building dimensions. The health research system needs to incorporate research for evidence-informed policies.

RESUMO: CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: Sistemas nacionais de pesquisa em saúde buscam gerar conhecimentos de qualidade para manter e promover a saúde da população. Este estudo visou analisar o impacto das pesquisas sobre morbimortalidade materna financiadas pelo Ministério de Saúde do Brasil e instituições parceiras, nas dimensões: avanços no conhecimento, construção de capacidade de pesquisa e tomada de decisão informada, da matriz da Canadian Academy of Health Sciences. DESENHO DO ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo descritivo baseado em dados secundários, realizado em universidade pública. MÉTODOS: A dimensão avanços no conhecimento foi estimada pelas publicações dos coordenadores de pesquisa e índice h. Dados sobre a capacidade de pesquisa foram obtidos no sistema de informação do Ministério da Saúde. A dimensão tomada de decisão informada foi analisada pelas citações nos documentos da Rede Cegonha. RESULTADOS: Foram investidos R$ 21,6 milhões de reais em 128 pesquisas sobre morbimortalidade materna entre 2002 e 2010. Nesse período, os coordenadores das pesquisas publicaram 174 artigos, resultando no índice h de 35, mostrando progressos na dimensão avanços no conhecimento. Na dimensão capacidade de pesquisa, foi constatado o treinamento de 71 estudantes (graduação e pós-graduação). Na dimensão tomada de decisão informada, o progresso foi modesto: 73,5% das 117 citações nos documentos da Rede Cegonha eram documentos institucionais e normas. Um dos projetos financiados, Pesquisa Nacional de Demografia e Saúde 2006/7, foi citado em documentos programáticos. CONCLUSÃO: Impactos foram demonstrados nas dimensões avanços no conhecimento e capacidade de pesquisa. O sistema de pesquisa em saúde necessita da incorporação de pesquisas para políticas informadas por evidências.

Social inequalities and women's satisfaction with childbirth care in Brazil: a national hospital-based survey.

The objective is to identify factors associated with women's satisfaction towards the care provided by the health professionals during hospital assisted delivery and identify how those factors influence their general levels of satisfaction. The cohort hospital based study was carried out in connection with the Birth in Brazil research. 15,688 women were included, interviewed at home, through the phone, from March 2011 to February 2012. All the variables that compose the professional/pregnant woman relationship (waiting time, respect, privacy, clarity of explanations, possibility of asking questions and participating in the decisions) and schooling remained independently associated with general satisfaction towards delivery care, in the adjusted model. The white women assisted in the southeastern and southern regions of the country, by the private sector and with a companion present gave a better evaluation of the care provided. Women value the way in which they are assisted by the health professionals, and there are inequalities in the way they are treated based on skin color, geographic region and financial situation.

Desigualdades sociais e satisfação das mulheres com o atendimento ao parto no Brasil: estudo nacional de base hospitalar / Diferencias sociales y satisfacción de las mujeres con la atención al parto en Brasil: estudio nacional de base hospitalaria / Social inequalities and women's satisfaction with childbirth care in Brazil: a national hospital-based survey

O objetivo foi identificar fatores associados à avaliação das mulheres quanto à relação profissionais de saúde/parturiente e como esses fatores influenciam a satisfação com o atendimento ao parto. Estudo de coorte de base hospitalar, realizado com base na pesquisa Nascer no Brasil. Foram incluídas 15.688 mulheres entrevistadas no pós-parto, por telefone, de março de 2011 a fevereiro de 2013. Todas as variáveis componentes da relação profissional/parturiente (tempo de espera, respeito, privacidade, clareza nas explicações, possibilidade de fazer perguntas e participação nas decisões) e escolaridade mantiveram-se associadas de forma independente à satisfação geral com o atendimento ao parto, no modelo ajustado. As mulheres atendidas na Região Sudeste e na Sul, no setor privado e com acompanhante avaliaram melhor a relação com os profissionais de saúde, o oposto ocorreu com as pardas e que tiveram trabalho de parto. As mulheres valorizam a forma como são atendidas pelos profissionais e existem desigualdades de cor, região geográfica e fonte de pagamento do parto nessas relações.

El objetivo es identificar los factores asociados con la evaluación de las mujeres sobre la relación entre profesionales de salud y parturientas y cómo estos factores influyen en la satisfacción con la atención al parto. Se trata de un estudio de cohorte hospitalaria, realizado a partir de la investigación Nacer en Brasil. Fueron entrevistadas 15.688 mujeres en el puerperio, por teléfono, de marzo de 2011 a febrero de 2013. Todas las variables evaluadas sobre la relación entre el profesional de salud y parturienta (tiempo de espera, respeto, privacidad, explicaciones claras, posibilidad de hacer preguntas y participación en las decisiones), así como la escolaridad estuvieron asociadas de forma independiente con la satisfacción en la atención al parto, dentro del modelo ajustado. Las mujeres atendidas en las regiones sudeste y sur, en el sector privado y con acompañante, evaluaron mejor la relación con los profesionales de salud. Las mujeres valoran la forma en que son atendidas y se encontraron desigualdades relacionadas con el color, la región geográfica y la financiación de los servicios de atención al parto en estas relaciones.

The objective is to identify factors associated with women’s satisfaction towards the care provided by the health professionals during hospital assisted delivery and identify how those factors influence their general levels of satisfaction. The cohort hospital based study was carried out in connection with the Birth in Brazil research. 15,688 women were included, interviewed at home, through the phone, from March 2011 to February 2012. All the variables that compose the professional/pregnant woman relationship (waiting time, respect, privacy, clarity of explanations, possibility of asking questions and participating in the decisions) and schooling remained independently associated with general satisfaction towards delivery care, in the adjusted model. The white women assisted in the southeastern and southern regions of the country, by the private sector and with a companion present gave a better evaluation of the care provided. Women value the way in which they are assisted by the health professionals, and there are inequalities in the way they are treated based on skin color, geographic region and financial situation.

Fulfillment of the brazilian agenda of priorities in health research.

This commentary describes how the Brazilian Ministry of Health's (MoH) research support policy fulfilled the National Agenda of Priorities in Health Research (NAPHR). In 2003, the MoH started a democratic process in order to establish a priority agenda in health research involving investigators, health managers and community leaders. The Agenda was launched in 2004 and is guiding budget allocations in an attempt to reduce the gap between scientific knowledge and health practice and activities, aiming to contribute to improving Brazilian quality of life. Many strategies were developed, for instance: Cooperation Agreements between the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Science and Technology; the decentralization of research support at state levels with the participation of local Health Secretariats and Science and Technology Institutions; Health Technology Assessment; innovation in neglected diseases; research networks and multicenter studies in adult, women's and children's health; cardiovascular risk in adolescents; clinical research and stem cell therapy. The budget allocated by the Ministry of Health and partners was expressive: US$419 million to support almost 3,600 projects. The three sub-agenda with the higher proportion of resources were "industrial health complex", "clinical research" and "communicable diseases", which are considered strategic for innovation and national development. The Southeast region conducted 40.5% of all projects and detained 59.7% of the resources, attributable to the concentration of the most traditional health research institutes and universities in the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. The second most granted region was the Northeast, which reflects the result of a governmental policy to integrate and modernize this densely populated area and the poorest region in the country. Although Brazil began the design and implementation of the NAPHR in 2003, it has done so in accordance with the 'good practice principles' recently published: inclusive process, information gathering, careful planning and funding policy, transparency and internal evaluation (an external independent evaluation is underway). The effort in guiding the health research policy has achieved and legitimated an unprecedented developmental spurt to support strategic health research. We believe this experience is valuable and applicable to other countries, but different settings and local political circumstances will determine the best course of action to follow.

[Women's representations and experiences with vaginal and cesarean delivery in public and private maternity hospitals]. / Representações e experiências das mulheres sobre a assistência ao parto vaginal e cesárea em maternidades pública e privada.

This study analyzes the different representations and experiences of women from different social classes, including issues related to their relations with hospital staff in different institutional settings. This qualitative study focused on women who had experienced both types of delivery, in three maternity hospitals in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (one public, one fully private, and another private under an outsourcing agreement with the public health system). The study showed that variations in public and private service models result in different types of delivery care and different relations with staff, and are reflected in different birthing experiences for the women. However, a critical gender perspective shows that in both cases, the service models reproduce the medicalization of childbirth and women's submission as objects in the birthing process. Although this is manifested in different ways in the three groups, the end result is to reduce the range of care and the possibility of women's empowerment during childbirth.

Representações e experiências das mulheres sobre a assistência ao parto vaginal e cesárea em maternidades pública e privada / Women's representations and experiences with vaginal and cesarean delivery in public and private maternity hospitals

Este estudo analisa as diferentes representações e experiências quanto ao parto vaginal e cesárea de mulheres de diferentes estratos sócio-econômicos, bem como a natureza das relações profissionais de saúde/usuárias no contexto institucional em que estão inseridas. A pesquisa de natureza qualitativa foi desenvolvida em três maternidades do Município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, sendo uma pública, uma conveniada com o SUS e uma particular, com mulheres que tiveram os dois tipos de parto. Os resultados revelam que o modelo de organização dos serviços público e privado apresentam variações que produzem diferentes tipos de assistência e de relação entre os profissionais de saúde e as usuárias, dando forma a experiências distintas entre as mulheres pesquisadas. Todavia, ao empreendermos uma crítica assentada nas relações de gênero, podemos verificar que o modelo de assistência ao parto permanece submetendo quem deve ser sujeito e reproduzindo o projeto da medicalização - mesmo que este processo se manifeste de formas diferenciadas entre os grupos estudados -, o que reduz o campo da assistência e inviabiliza um lugar de poder diferenciado das usuárias.

This study analyzes the different representations and experiences of women from different social classes, including issues related to their relations with hospital staff in different institutional settings. This qualitative study focused on women who had experienced both types of delivery, in three maternity hospitals in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (one public, one fully private, and another private under an outsourcing agreement with the public health system). The study showed that variations in public and private service models result in different types of delivery care and different relations with staff, and are reflected in different birthing experiences for the women. However, a critical gender perspective shows that in both cases, the service models reproduce the medicalization of childbirth and women's submission as objects in the birthing process. Although this is manifested in different ways in the three groups, the end result is to reduce the range of care and the possibility of women's empowerment during childbirth.