[Endotoxin theory of atherosclerosis].

The involvement of bacterial lipopolysaccharides in the induction of atherogenesis is postulated. The excess of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (endotoxin aggression) is observed in the general blood circulation of volunteers with the presence of atherosclerotic risk factors (obesity, diabetes, stress, pathology of haemostasis, kidney, intestines, etc.). The results allow to be optimistic about the prospects for preventing the development and progression of atherosclerotic pathology.

[Nutritional factors of inflammation induction or lipid mechanism of intestinal endotoxin transport].

Food behavior disorderes (high fat diet) and systematic strong drinks use could be the most important causes of excess intake of intestinal endotoxin (ET) in circulation (endotoxin aggression development) and induction of inflammation. In this work we investigated antiendotoxin immunity activity, ET level and some biochemical parameters in two group of patients, which were treated with orlistat or medical starvation. We suggest that lipid component of food takes a part in mechanism of ET delivery in bloodstream and its recycling in hydrophobic form. High serum ET level in obesity patients could be direct corollary of excess fat intake and strong drinks use. It provides increased lipid absorption in circulation. Fatty tissue could be depot of ET hydrophobic form in organism. We also suggest that lipid mechanism takes a part in ET deposition in bloodstream. Prolonged starvation and anorexia leads to development inflammatory changing like systematic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS).

[Intestinal endotoxin in induction of type 1 diabetes].

We studied serum level of intestinal flora endotoxin (LPS) in 45 children and adolescents aged 3-17 years old with diabetes mellitus type 1. Levels of endotoxin, were significantly elevated in type 1 diabetic patients (2.89 +/- 0.33 Eu/ml) compared with control (0.4 +/- 0.03 Eu/ml). There was significant difference in serum LPS levels in patients with type 1 diabetes onset (3.93 +/- 0.79 Eu/ml) compared with children and adolescent with old time diabetes (2.37 +/- 0.27 Eu/ml). These results have a major implication on our understanding of the role of gut flora endotoxin in pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes.

[Intestinal endotoxin in the pathogenesis of ocular inflammatory diseases and the antiendoxin constituent of its treatment].

Blood was studied in 119 patients with ocular inflammatory lesions: endophthalmitis (n = 10), iridocyclitis of viral (n = 47) and unknown (n = 62) genesis, by using the procedures developed by the authors to determine the integral values of the concentration of endotoxin in systemic blood flow and the activity of antiendotoxin immunity. Intestinal endotoxin aggression was found to be involved in the pathogenesis of ocular inflammatory diseases. The use of drugs and procedures, which could diminish the entry of intestinal endotoxin into the blood stream and intensify the processes of its binding and release from systemic blood circulation, substantially enhanced the efficiency of a therapeutic process.

[Endotoxin aggression in the development of hemostatic disorders in children with surgical diseases].

The role of endotoxin aggression in the development of hemostatic disorders was analyzed in 62 children who had undergone urgent and elective surgeries. It is demonstrated that indices of endotoxin-antiendotoxin system and hemostasis before surgery may be regarded as prognostic criteria for development of complications during and after surgery.

[Endotoxin aggression as a universal factor of pathogenesis of hemostatic disorders in children with urological pathology].

The role of the kidneys in development of endotoxin aggression and participation of the latter in impaired regulation of hemostasis was demonstrated basing on examination of 30 children with congenital urological pathology. In progressive decline of accumulative-excretory function of the kidneys, compensated chronic endotoxin aggression in children with urological diseases transforms into a subcompensated or uncompensated one with definite clinical manifestation: fever, aggravation of chronic pyelonephritis, marked DIC syndrome, macrohematuria.

[Intestinal microflora and concomitant gastrointestinal diseases in patients with chronic hepatitis B and C]. / Kishechnaia mikroflora i soputstvuiushchie zabolevaniia zheludochno-kishechnogo trakta u bol'nykh khronicheskimi virusnymi gepatitami B and C.

In chronic viral hepatitis B and C the development of intestinal dysbacteriosis and high occurrence of concomitant diseases of the gastrointestinal tract were observed. In cases of increased dysbacteriosis degree and in the presence of concomitant diseases the blood plasma of patients exhibited higher activity in reaction with the of amebocytes lysate obtained from crabs of the genus Limulus. A suggestion was made that the endotoxin of Gram negative intestinal microflora could probably play some role in the development of pathological processes in chronic viral hepatitis B and C.

[Functional activity of endotoxin binding factors in chronic viral hepatitis B and C]. / Funktsional'naia aktivnost' faktorov, sviazyvaiushchikh éndotoksin, pri khronicheskikh virusnykh gepatitakh B i C..

The functional state of cell-mediated and humoral antiendotoxin factors in patients with chronic viral hepatitides B and C has been studied. A decreased content of antibodies to glycolipid of chemotype Re and to Escherichia coli O14 with common enterobacterial antigen was shown to occur in these diseases. In addition, a decreased number of neutrophils, eosinophils and thrombocytes has been noted. The conclusion has been made that patients with chronic hepatitides are not protected from the pathogenic action of endotoxin penetrating from the intestines into the systemic blood stream.

[Endotoxin-induced injury to the endothelium]. / Endotokinindutsirovannye povrezhdeniia éndoteliia.

Literature and own data on endotoxin- induced injuries to endothelium are reviewed. It is shown that endotoxin can cause, hyperactivation of granulocytes, activation of complements, local endothelial injuries and some increase of vascular cell wall permeability, oxidation of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and LDL-LPS complexes, binding of LPS with high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and some decrease of HDL ability to bind cholesterol, stimulation of endothelial and smooth muscle cell replication in local injuries to vessel wall. Low doses of endotoxin were found in blood plasma and on granulocytes surface in healthy and sick subjects. It is concluded that intestinal microflora endotoxin may play an essential role in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.

[The Fc-dependent binding of gram-negative bacterial endotoxins by human blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes]. / Fc-zavisimoe sviazyvanie éndotoksinov gramotritsatel'nykh bakterii polimorfnoiadernymi leikotsitami krovi cheloveka.

The treatment of thin blood smears with antibodies to glycolipid of chemotype Re, conjugated with horseradish peroxidase, revealed that under physiological conditions about 3.5% of leukocytes bound endotoxin of gram-negative bacteria by means of the Fc-dependent mechanism. In addition, about 4.9% of leukocytes may bind endotoxin as the result of the treatment of blood smears with the preparation of glycolipid of chemotype Re. At the acute period of bacterial cerebrospinal meningitis leukocytes capable of binding endotoxin in the body or during the treatment of blood smears are practically absent. The conclusion was made that the binding of endotoxins by leukocytes had a protective character.

[Immunomorphologic evaluation of the reserves of endotoxin binding by polymorphonuclear leukocytes]. / Immunomorfologicheskaia otsenka rezervov sviazyvaniia éndotoksina polimorfnoiadernymi leikotsitami.

It is shown that leukocytes binding endotoxin of gram-negative bacteria via Fe-receptor mediated mechanism can be detected in blood smears after the treatment with antibodies to Re chemotype glycolipid conjugated with horse-radish peroxydase. After pretreatment of blood smears by a solution of endotoxin and then by conjugated antibodies to Re glycolipid some leukocytes binding endotoxin in vitro can be detected. It means that some reserves of endotoxin binding by leukocytes can be estimated by this immunomorphological method. The presence of such reserves is characteristic for healthy people and animals. Such reserves were enhanced in animals immunized with heated vaccine from Re Salmonella mutant. The reserves of endotoxin binding by leukocytes are absent in patients with salmonellosis, dysentery, meningitis, viral hepatitis A and B, peritonitis.