Stakeholder perspectives on scaling robotic surgery in India: qualitative research.

Robotic surgery (RS) is a milestone in minimally invasive surgery. More than 500 surgeons are trained in RS in India, and more than 100 robotic systems have been installed across various centers. RS offers various benefits to patients and surgeons. Although it is rapidly advancing and has several advantages, a robotic system is a complex system that is equipped with complex instruments. Qualitative research aims to take a broad view of the perceptions of stakeholders of RS and to synthesize their views to gain insight into scaling RS. This qualitative study aimed to explore the perspectives of relevant stakeholders on RS to learn how to develop the field and make it more affordable. This study is based on grounded theory methodology and uses the standards for reporting qualitative research (SRQR) guidelines for reporting. Three premier hospitals that are pioneers in RS in India served as the study locations. Purposive sampling was used to collect data from surgeons, nurses, and insurance staff. The surgeons interviewed have national and international exposure and are consulting and performing robotic surgeries across India and internationally. We conducted one-on-one interviews and wrote memos to gather further information before approaching each stakeholder. Samples were determined based on theoretical saturation. Fellowship training, which includes simulation, bedside assistance, and individual cases under supervision, was found to be the standard training method. The stakeholders mentioned a few prerequisites for performing RS, such as prior laparoscopic experience, passion for surgical knowledge and skill, and proper case selection. The surgeons discussed some technical considerations of RS, such as medico-legal issues and mechanical faults associated with it. Although there is increased scope for establishing robotic surgery, surgeons feel that the cost of RS is high. From the interactions with the stakeholders, it is understood that robotic surgeons are the most significant players in RS. Robotic surgery demands more skills and more trained professionals to scale up. Key findings highlight the importance of fellowship training, prior laparoscopic experience, and proper case selection. While RS has potential for growth, high costs, and technical issues remain concerns. Insurance companies include robotic surgery in their policies under the category of "modernized medicine." Depending on the insurance plan that the patient selects, the necessity of the robotic surgery, and the surgeon's justification, the insurance company will pay for the patient's robotic surgery. To make it affordable for patients, complete insurance coverage is mandatory along with creating more awareness among patients. The growth of RS is inevitable in the future with other robotic companies emerging which will ultimately reduce the capital cost and robotic surgeons are pivotal in advancing RS.

Clinical and Radiographical Evaluation of Immediate Loading of Narrow Diameter Dental Implants.

The present study aimed to evaluate the peri-implant tissue response and marginal bone levels of immediately loaded narrow diameter dental implants. In this study, 10 patients with single maxillary anterior edentulous space were included. Implants were placed and immediate provisional crown was given without any centric or eccentric contacts. After three months, a definitive restoration was placed. All the clinical and radiographical parameters were evaluated.

Impact of oral conditions on oral health-related quality of life among Indians- a systematic review and Meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: This review assessed the impact of oral conditions on Oral Health Related Quality of Life among Indians. METHODS: Databases, including PubMed and Scopus, CINAHL, Web of Science, PsycInfo were systematically searched for English Language studies conducted among Indians up to July 2022. Two independent reviewers assessed studies selected for retrieval for methodological quality using standardised quality assessment instruments for analytical cross-sectional studies in JBI SUMARI. RESULTS: Fourty one publications were included in this review (N = 23,090). Studies includes both cross sectional study and Randomized Controlled Trials. Based on the JBI critical appraisal tools, the quality of the included studies was low to high. Twenty-six studies were considered for the meta-analysis. Individuals with dental caries [OR: 3.54 (95% CI 2.24- 5.60), ten studies, 4945 participants] and malocclusion [ OR: 5.44 (95% CI 1.61, 18.39), six studies, 3720 participants] had poor OHRQoL compared to individuals without oral conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the various definitions of the exposures and instruments used to assess Oral Health-Related Quality of Life, our review found that people with dental caries and malocclusion have a significantly higher experience of poor quality of life. PROSPERO SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION NO: CRD42021277874.

Comparative evaluation of dental caries experience using CAST index and WHO criteria among 5 and 15-year-old schoolchildren.

Background: CAST (Caries Assessment Spectrum and Treatment) index is a relatively new caries assessment tool that hierarchically describes the entire caries spectrum. Its comparability with WHO (World Health Organization) criteria in different populations and age groups needs to be investigated. Objective: The objective of this study was to assess caries among 5 and 15-year-old schoolchildren using the CAST index and WHO criteria and to compare both indices on the basis of caries experience and examination time. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 553 schoolchildren aged 5 and 15 years in the North zone of Bengaluru city, India. Examiners underwent training and calibration for performing the CAST index. The first examination was performed using the CAST index followed by a second examination using the WHO criteria 2013, after some days. Time taken for examination was also recorded. Results: The study sample consisted of 279 five-year-old and 274 fifteen-year-old schoolchildren. The difference in caries experience among 5 and 15-year-old children assessed using the CAST index (52%, 45.6%) and WHO criteria (42.3%, 24.5%) were found to be statistically significant (p < 0.05). The average examination time was longer for the CAST index (93.77±24.77 seconds and 105.04±9.49 seconds) when compared to WHO criteria (61.05±15.91 seconds and 58.72±9.42 seconds) for primary and permanent dentition (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Though the CAST index took a longer examination time, the information obtained was more precise and facilitated researchers in treatment planning encompassing prevention of initial lesions, restoration, and rehabilitation.

A Hash-Based Quantum-Resistant Chameleon Signature Scheme.

As a standard digital signature may be verified by anybody, it is unsuitable for personal or economically sensitive applications. The chameleon signature system was presented by Krawczyk and Rabin as a solution to this problem. It is based on a hash then sign model. The chameleon hash function enables the trapdoor information holder to compute a message digest collision. The holder of a chameleon signature is the recipient of a chameleon signature. He could compute collision on the hash value using the trapdoor information. This keeps the recipient from disclosing his conviction to a third party and ensures the privacy of the signature. The majority of the extant chameleon signature methods are built on the computationally infeasible number theory problems, like integer factorization and discrete log. Unfortunately, the construction of quantum computers would be rendered insecure to those schemes. This creates a solid requirement for construct chameleon signatures for the quantum world. Hence, this paper proposes a novel quantum secure chameleon signature scheme based on hash functions. As a hash-based cryptosystem is an essential candidate of a post-quantum cryptosystem, the proposed hash-based chameleon signature scheme would be a promising alternative to the number of theoretic-based methods. Furthermore, the proposed method is key exposure-free and satisfies the security requirements such as semantic security, non-transferability, and unforgeability.

Reproductive tract infections in rural India - A population-based study.

CONTEXT: Reproductive tract infections (RTI) occupy the second position among public health problems. AIMS: To find out the prevalence of RTI and its associated conditions among ever married women in the reproductive age group (15-49 years). SETTINGS AND DESIGN: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 330 women in a rural area of Poonamallee block at Thiruvallur district in Tamil Nadu from August 2013 to January 2014. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, the selection of participants was done through cluster sampling and data on symptoms by questionnaires. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: For descriptive prevalence, statistics was used. Using Chi-Square, categorical data were analyzed and using the odds ratio P value associations were assessed. RESULTS: About 21% had anyone symptom of RTI. Occupation of women (OR2.0), occupation of spouse (OR1.9), anemia (OR 2.0), dysuria (OR51.5), burning micturition (OR15.9), frequency (OR3.3)/the urgency of urination (OR2.7), and incomplete urination (OR5.4)/defecation (OR3.6) were significantly associated with RTI. The prevalence rate of abnormal vaginal discharge was more (12%) than any other symptoms (each < 4%) of RTIs. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of RTI was high. Moreover, women with dysuria, burning micturition, incomplete urination/defecation, frequency/the urgency of urination, and anemia are at a higher risk of developing RTI.

The Ashtamudi Lake short-neck clam: re-assigned to the genus Marcia H. Adams & A. Adams, 1857 (Bivalvia, Veneridae).

The economically valuable bivalve mollusc, known as the short-neck clam, is the major fishery resource of the brackishwater Ashtamudi Lake in Kerala, India. This fishery carries a Marine Stewardship Council certification for sustainability wherein it and all hitherto published reports identify the short-neck clam or yellow-foot clam as Paphiamalabarica (Dillwyn, 1817). It is noted that this name does not conform with current nomenclature and is now correctly referred to Protapesgallus (Gmelin, 1791). Furthermore, it is shown that the identification is also incorrect. Comparative shell morphology of venerid clams of the subfamily Tapetinae from the south Indian coast demonstrates that the short-neck clam in Ashtamudi Lake is Marciarecens (Holten, 1802). Small numbers of M.opima (Gmelin, 1791) were found in Ashtamudi Lake but appear not to be part of, or contribute significantly to, the fishery. The venerid clams Protapesgallus and P.ziczac (Linnaeus, 1758) are not found in Ashtamudi Lake but are inhabitants of the shallow coastal waters of south India. Descriptions of the four confused species M.recens, M.opima, P.gallus, and P.ziczac are given. On the basis of this study, the species involved in Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) certification may be better considered at the generic level of Marcia or at the species level as Marciarecens, the most dominant species in the Ashtamudi Lake clam fishery zone.

Single crystal XRD, vibrational and quantum chemical calculation of pharmaceutical drug paracetamol: A new synthesis form.

The common house hold pharmaceutical drug, paracetamol (PAR), has been synthesized from 4-chloroaniline as a first ever report. After the synthesis, good quality single crystals were obtained for slow evaporation technique under the room temperature. The crystal and molecular structures were re-determined by the single crystal X-ray diffraction. The vibrational spectral measurements were carried out using FT-IR and FT-Raman spectroscopy in the range of 4000-400 cm(-1). The single crystal X-ray studies shows that the drug crystallized in the monoclinic system polymorph (Form-I). The crystal packing is dominated by N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O classical hydrogen bonds. The ac diagonal of the unit cell features two chain C(7) and C(9) motifs running in the opposite directions. These two chain motifs are cross-linked to each other to form a ring R4(4)(22) motif and a chain C2(2)(6) motif which is running along the a-axis of the unit cell. Along with the classical hydrogen bonds, the methyl group forms a weak C-H⋯O interactions in the crystal packing. It offers the support for molecular assembly especially in the hydrophilic regions. Further, the strength of the hydrogen bonds are studied the shifting of vibrational bands. Geometrical optimizations of the drug molecule were done by the Density Functional Theory (DFT) using the B3LYP function and Hartree-Fock (HF) level with 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. The optimized molecular geometry and computed vibrational spectra are compared with experimental results which show significant agreement. The factor group analysis of the molecule was carried out by the various molecular symmetry, site and factor group species using the standard correlation method. The Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) analysis was carried out to interpret hyperconjugative interaction and intramolecular charge transfer (ICT). The chemical softness, chemical hardness, electro-negativity, chemical potential and electrophilicity index of the molecule were found out first time by HOMO-LUMO plot. The frontier orbitals shows lower band gap values signify the possible biological/pharmaceutical activity of the molecule. The thermodynamical properties are also obtained from the calculated frequencies of the optimized structures.

Comprehensive quantum chemical and spectroscopic (FTIR, FT-Raman, (1)H, (13)C NMR) investigations of (1,2-epoxyethyl)benzene and (1,2-epoxy-2-phenyl)propane.

Aromatic epoxides are causative factors for mutagenic and carcinogenic activity of polycyclic arenes. The 1,2- or 2,3-epoxy compounds are widely used to a considerable extent in the textile, plastics, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, detergent and photochemical industries. The FTIR and FT-Raman spectra of (1,2-epoxyethyl)benzene and (1,2-epoxy-2-phenyl)propane are recorded in the regions 4000-400 cm(-1) and 4000-100 cm(-1), respectively. The observed fundamentals are assigned to different normal modes of vibration. The structure of the compound has been optimised with B3LYP method using 6-311++G(**) and cc-pVTZ basis sets. The IR and Raman intensities are determined. The total electron density and molecular electrostatic potential surfaces of the molecule are constructed by using B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) method to display electrostatic potential (electron+nuclei) distribution. The electronic properties HOMO and LUMO energies were measured. Natural bond orbital analysis of the compounds has been performed to indicate the presence of intramolecular charge transfer. The (1)H and (13)C NMR chemical shifts of the molecules have been analysed.

A strong NH Br vibrational behaviour studied through X-ray, vibrational spectra and quantum chemical studies in an isomorphous crystal: 2-Nitroanilinium bromide.

A needle shaped transparent light brown crystals of 2-nitroanilinium bromide were successfully synthesized and crystallized from an aqueous mixture by slow evaporation technique. Single crystal XRD studies confirm the crystalline phase of this isomorphous compound which contains a positively charge 2-nitroanilinium cation and a negatively charged bromide anion. The solid phase FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of the compound have been recorded in the range of 4000-400cm(-1). The observed modes are correlated by the factor group theory analysis and different IR and Raman active species were identified. Geometrical optimisations were carried out and harmonic vibrational wave numbers were computed for the minimum energy molecular structure at RHF level invoking 6-311++G(d,p) and SDD basis sets. Optimised molecular geometry was compared with the crystallographic data. The calculated wavenumbers were compared with the experimental values. The NH vibrational bands are shifted from its normal range and the shifting is associated with the influence of the intermolecular hydrogen bonds in the crystal. A strong intensity peak in theoretical and corresponding band in experimental confirms the presence of NH…Br interaction as predicted in crystalline state.

A new look into the quantum chemical and spectroscopic investigations of 5-chloro-1-methyl-4-nitroimidazole.

Optimised geometrical structural parameters, harmonic vibrational frequencies, natural bonding orbital analysis and frontier molecular orbitals are determined by B3LYP and B3PW91 methods. The exact geometry of 5-chloro-1-methyl-4-nitroimidazole is determined through conformational analysis. The experimentally observed infrared and Raman bands have been assigned and analysed. The (13)C and (1)H NMR chemical shifts of the compound are investigated. The total electron density and molecular electrostatic potentials are determined. The electrostatic potential (electron+nuclei) distribution, molecular shape, size and dipole moments of the molecule have been displayed. The energies of the frontier molecular orbitals and LUMO-HOMO energy gap are measured. The possible electronic transitions of the molecule are studied by TD-DFT method along with the UV-Visible spectrum. The structure-activity relationship of the compound is also investigated by conceptual DFT methods.

4-Sulfamoylanilinium perchlorate.

In the crystal of the title salt, C6H9N2O2S(+)·ClO4 (-), the components are linked by N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional network. The cations are connected along a and b axes, leading to linear and zigzag C(3) and C(8) chain motifs, respectively. A cation-anion inter-action along the c axis leads to a C 2 (2)(12) chain motif. R 3 (3)(18) and R 3 (3)(20) ring motifs are observed as cation-anion-type inter-actions. These hydrogen-bonding ring and chain motifs are localized at z = 0 or 1, leading to alternate hydro-philic and hydro-phobic regions along the c axis as a result of the stacking of anions and the aromatic cationic parts.

Development and characterization of coaxially electrospun gelatin coated poly (3-hydroxybutyric acid) thin films as potential scaffolds for skin regeneration.

The morphology of fibers synthesized through electrospinning has been found to mimic extracellular matrix. Coaxially electrospun fibers of gelatin (sheath) coated poly (3-hydroxybutyric acid) (PHB) (core) was developed using 2,2,2 trifluoroethanol(TFE) and 1,1,1,3,3,3 hexafluoro-2-propanol(HFIP) as solvents respectively. The coaxial structure and coating of gelatin with PHB fibers was confirmed through transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Thermal stability of the coaxially electrospun fibers was analyzed using thermogravimetric analysis(TGA), differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) and differential thermogravimetric analysis(DTA). Complete evaporation of solvent and gelatin grafting over PHB fibers was confirmed through attenuated total reflection-Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). The coaxially electrospun fibers exhibited competent tensile properties for skin regeneration with high surface area and porosity. In vitro degradation studies proved the stability of fibers and its potential applications in tissue engineering. The fibers supported the growth of human dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes with normal morphology indicating its potential as a scaffold for skin regeneration.

Non-invasive imaging of phosphoinositide-3-kinase-catalytic-subunit-alpha (PIK3CA) promoter modulation in small animal models.

Activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway, a critical step for survival in cancer cells is often associated with decreased sensitivity to several chemotherapeutic drugs. PIK3CA gene amplification is observed in 16-24% of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) patients in conjunction with p53 mutations. A 900 bp long PIK3CA promoter is shown to be negatively regulated by p53 in ovarian surface epithelial cells but the consequence of chemotherapeutic drug treatments on this promoter in ovarian cancer cells is largely unknown. We aim to study the modulation of this promoter by cisplatin using an improved fusion reporter in ovarian cancer cells and tumor xenografts by non-invasive imaging approach. A PIK3CA sensor was developed using a bi-fusion reporter from a newly constructed library of bi- and tri-fusion vectors comprising of two mutant far red fluorescent proteins (mcherry/mch and tdTomato/tdt), a mutant firefly luciferase (fluc2), and a PET reporter protein (ttk). In vivo imaging of mice implanted with 293T cells transiently expressing these bi- and tri-fusion reporters along with respective controls revealed comparable activity of each reporter in the fusion background and fluc2-tdt as the most sensitive one. Repression of the PIK3CA sensor by drugs was inversely proportional to cellular p53 level in a germline (PA1) and in an EOC (A2780) cell line but not in a p53 deficient EOC (SKOV3) cell line. Bioluminescence imaging of tumor xenografts stably expressing the PIK3CA sensor in PA1 and A2780 cells exhibited attenuating activity without any change in SKOV3 tumors expressing the PIK3CA sensor after cisplatin treatment. Sequential mutation at p53 binding sites showed gradual increase in promoter activity and decreased effects of the drugs. These newly developed PIK3CA-fluc2-tdt and the mutant reporter sensors thus would be extremely useful for screening new drugs and for functional assessment of PIK3CA expression from intact cells to living subjects.

A substantive review on tobacco use among school-going adolescents in India.

Tobacco use among the adolescents in india is believed to be on an increase. Therefore, a systematic review was carried out to summarize these studies. Several electronic databases were searched, supplemented by screening reference lists, smoking-related websites, and contacting experts. Selection, extraction, and quality assessments were carried out by one or two independent reviewers. The focus was on studies conducted on the school-going children in india and discussed in a global perspective. A narrative review was carried out. Many of the studies lacked sufficient power to estimate precise risks associated with the study subjects, as it mainly involved questionnaire studies. Studies were often designed to investigate tobacco use, but many had major methodological limitations including poor control and imprecise measurements of exposure. Studies in india showed a high risk of major health-related illness and several forms of cancers such as oro-pharyngeal cancers associated with the chewing form of tobacco. Studies from other regions and of other cancer types were not consistent. Tobacco use is increasing among the adolescents and has become an persistent issue that is usually carried over to their adulthood. In india, there is a stringent need for awareness creating oral health education programs in the school and college premises.

4-Chloro-anilinium 3-carb-oxy-prop-2-enoate.

In the title compound, C(6)H(7)ClN(+)·C(4)H(3)O(4) (-), the cations and anions lie on mirror planes and hence only half of the mol-ecules are present in the asymmeric unit. The 4-chloro-anilinium cation and hydrogen maleate anion in the asymmetric unit are each planar and are oriented at an angle of 15.6 (1)° to one another and perpendicular to the b axis. A characterestic intra-molecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bond, forming an S(7) motif, is observed in the maleate anion. In the crystal, the cations and anions are linked by N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming layers in the ab plane. The aromatic rings of the cations are sandwiched between hydrogen-bonded chains and rings formed through the amine group of the cation and maleate anions, leading to alternate hydro-phobic (z = 0 or 1) and hydro-philic layers (z = 1/2) along the c axis.

A study of drug-drug interactions in cancer patients of a south Indian tertiary care teaching hospital.

BACKGROUND: Drug interactions in oncology are of particular importance owing to the narrow therapeutic index and the inherent toxicity of anticancer agents. Interactions with other medications can cause small change in pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of chemotherapeutic agents that could significantly alter their safety and efficacy. AIM: To identify and document the potential drug-drug interactions in prescriptions of patients receiving cancer chemotherapy. Settings and Design : A tertiary care teaching hospital based prospective study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients admitted in the medical oncology wards with different types of malignancies and receiving cancer chemotherapy during the period of June 2009 to November 2009 were included in the study. A detailed data collection was done in a specially designed proforma with ethical approval and consent of patients and their prescriptions were subjected to drug-drug interaction screening using Drug Interaction Fact Software Version-4 and standard references. Incidence of drug-drug interactions, their types, correlation between age, cancer type, number of drugs prescribed and incidence of drug interactions were analyzed. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Logistic regression analysis and Odds ratio were performed to identify the incidence of drug-drug interactions and their correlation with the factors above mentioned. RESULTS: A total of 75 patients (32 males and 43 females; median age 56 years, age range 23-74) were enrolled in the study and their prescriptions were screened. 213 interactions were identified of which, 21 were major, 121 were moderate and 71 were minor. There were 13 (6.1%) clinically significant interactions between anticancer drugs and 14 (6.5%) drug-drug interactions between anticancer drugs and other drugs prescribed for co-morbidities. There was a positive correlation between number of drugs prescribed and drug interactions (P=0.011; OR 0.903). CONCLUSION: Though there was not any life threatening interactions, the potential interactions were brought to the oncologist purview for ensuring patients safety and to avoid undesirable effects.

2-Nitro-anilinium bromide.

The title compound, C(6)H(7)N(2)O(2) (+)·Br(-), is isomorphous with 2-nitro-anilinium chloride and contains an characteristic intra-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bond, forming an S(6) motif. Inter-molecular N-H⋯Br hydrogen bonds occur in the crystal structure. Two zigzag chains of C(2) (1)(4) motifs extend along the b-axis direction. These primary chain motifs inter-sect like a double helix structure, leading to R(6) (3)(12) ring motifs, which are arranged in tandem along the b axis. Hence, hydro-philic layers are generated at z = 1/4 and 3/4, which are sandwiched between alternate hydro-phobic layers across z = 0 and 1/2.

Pharmacokinetic evaluation of Paclitaxel in South Indian cancer patients: a prospective study.

Paclitaxel is a promising drug in the treatment of different solid tumors. It exhibits nonlinear pharmacokinetics, particularly when administered as a constant rate infusion for shorter duration (e.g., 3 h). Because of the nonlinearity, relatively small changes in dose may lead to large changes in peak plasma concentration and total drug exposure. The study was conducted to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of different doses of paclitaxel administered intravenously as an infusion. A prospective study was conducted in 23 cancer patients aged between 28 and 74 years, treated with paclitaxel (130, 200, 230, and 260 mg/m(2)) over 3 h as constant rate infusion. Plasma samples were collected from all patients at 0, 1, and 3 h and for five patients at 5 and 13 h and paclitaxel concentrations were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography method. The overall mean clearance was found to be 47.5847 ± 142.028 l/h; the mean volume of distribution was 142.028 ± 73.438 l; mean elimination rate constant was 0.336 ± 0.002/h; mean half-life was 2.086 ± 0.009 h; mean area under the curve (AUC) was 5.5917 ± 2.707 mg/ml*h; and the mean of mean residence time was 2.980 ± 0.0131 h. Paclitaxel showed nonlinear kinetics and the pharmacokinetic parameters calculated were similar to those quoted in the literature. The peak plasma concentration at 130 mg dose level was 2 µ/ml, but an increase in dose was not associated with proportional increase in plasma concentration. No significant difference was found between pharmacokinetic parameters such as clearance, volume of distribution, and AUC at different dose levels.

2,3,6-Triphenyl-piperidin-4-one.

In the title mol-ecule, C(23)H(21)NO, the piperidine ring adopts a chair conformation, with the N and carbonyl C atoms as flaps, which deviate on either side of the chair by -0.706 (3) and 0.494 (3) Å, respectively. All three phenyl rings are in equatorial positions on the piperidine ring, making angles with the puckering plane of 73.5 (1), 73.1 (1) and 67.2 (1)°. Though there is no classical hydrogen bonding, the crystal is stabilized by inter-molecular C-H⋯π contacts and π-π stacking inter-actions involving phenyl rings [centroid-centroid distance = 4.424 (2) Å].