ABSTRACT
Abstract Transplanting time and genotype contribute to improving crop yield and quality of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). A field experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of foliar applied of triacontanol (TRIA) and eggplant genotypes 25919, Nirala, 28389 and Pak-10927,transplanted on 1 March,15 March, and 1 April on exposure to high air temperature conditions. The experiment was performed according to Randomized Complete Block Design and the data was analyzed by using Tuckey,s test . The TRIA was applied at 10µM at flowering stage; distilled water was used as the control. Rate of photosynthesis and transpiration, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, and effects on antioxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase) were evaluated. The 10µM TRIA increased photosynthesis rate and water use efficiency and yield was improved in all genotypes transplanted at the different dates. Foliar application of 10µM TRIA increased antioxidative enzyme activities (SOD, POD & CAT) and improved physiological as well as biochemical attributes of eggplant genotypes exposed to high heat conditions. Highest activity of dismutase enzyme 5.41mg/1g FW was recorded in Nirala genotype in second transplantation. Whereas, lowest was noted in PAK-10927 (2.30mg/g FW). Maximum fruit yield was found in accession 25919 (1.725kg per plant) at 1st transplantation with Triacontanol, whereas accession PAK-10927 gave the lowest yield (0.285 kg per plant) at control treatment on 3rd transplantation. Genotype, transplanting date and application of TRIA improved growth, yield and quality attributes under of heat stress in eggplant.
Resumo O tempo de transplante e o genótipo contribuem para melhorar a produtividade e a qualidade da cultura da berinjela (Solanum melongena L.). Um experimento de campo foi conduzido para investigar o impacto da aplicação foliar de triacontanol (TRIA) e genótipos de berinjela 25919, Nirala, 28389 e Pak-10927, transplantados em 1 de março, 15 de março e 1 de abril de exposição a condições de alta temperatura do ar. O experimento foi realizado de acordo com o Randomized Complete Block Design e os dados foram analisados pelo teste de Tuckey. O TRIA foi aplicado a 10 µM na fase de floração; água destilada foi utilizada como controle. Taxa de fotossíntese e transpiração, condutância estomática, eficiência do uso da água e efeitos sobre as enzimas antioxidantes (superóxido dismutase, catalase e peroxidase) foram avaliados. O TRIA 10 µM aumentou a taxa de fotossíntese e a eficiência do uso da água e o rendimento foi melhorado em todos os genótipos transplantados nas diferentes datas. A aplicação foliar de TRIA 10µM aumentou as atividades das enzimas antioxidantes (SOD, POD e CAT) e melhorou os atributos fisiológicos e bioquímicos de genótipos de berinjela expostos a condições de alto calor. A atividade mais elevada da enzima dismutase 5,41mg / 1g FW foi registrada no genótipo Nirala no segundo transplante. Considerando que o mais baixo foi observado em PAK-10927 (2,30 mg / g FW). A produtividade máxima de frutos foi encontrada no acesso 25919 (1,725 kg por planta) no 1º transplante com Triacontanol, enquanto o acesso PAK-10927 deu a menor produção (0,285 kg por planta) no tratamento de controle no 3º transplante. Genótipo, data de transplante e aplicação de TRIA, melhoramento do crescimento, rendimento e atributos de qualidade sob estresse térmico em berinjela.
Subject(s)
Solanum melongena/genetics , Solanum melongena/metabolism , Photosynthesis , Heat-Shock Response , Fatty Alcohols , Antioxidants/metabolism , Antioxidants/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Abstract Transplanting time and genotype contribute to improving crop yield and quality of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). A field experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of foliar applied of triacontanol (TRIA) and eggplant genotypes 25919, Nirala, 28389 and Pak-10927,transplanted on 1 March,15 March, and 1 April on exposure to high air temperature conditions. The experiment was performed according to Randomized Complete Block Design and the data was analyzed by using Tuckey,s test . The TRIA was applied at 10µM at flowering stage; distilled water was used as the control. Rate of photosynthesis and transpiration, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, and effects on antioxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase) were evaluated. The 10µM TRIA increased photosynthesis rate and water use efficiency and yield was improved in all genotypes transplanted at the different dates. Foliar application of 10µM TRIA increased antioxidative enzyme activities (SOD, POD & CAT) and improved physiological as well as biochemical attributes of eggplant genotypes exposed to high heat conditions. Highest activity of dismutase enzyme 5.41mg/1g FW was recorded in Nirala genotype in second transplantation. Whereas, lowest was noted in PAK-10927 (2.30mg/g FW). Maximum fruit yield was found in accession 25919 (1.725kg per plant) at 1st transplantation with Triacontanol, whereas accession PAK-10927 gave the lowest yield (0.285 kg per plant) at control treatment on 3rd transplantation. Genotype, transplanting date and application of TRIA improved growth, yield and quality attributes under of heat stress in eggplant.
Resumo O tempo de transplante e o genótipo contribuem para melhorar a produtividade e a qualidade da cultura da berinjela (Solanum melongena L.). Um experimento de campo foi conduzido para investigar o impacto da aplicação foliar de triacontanol (TRIA) e genótipos de berinjela 25919, Nirala, 28389 e Pak-10927, transplantados em 1 de março, 15 de março e 1 de abril de exposição a condições de alta temperatura do ar. O experimento foi realizado de acordo com o Randomized Complete Block Design e os dados foram analisados pelo teste de Tuckey. O TRIA foi aplicado a 10 µM na fase de floração; água destilada foi utilizada como controle. Taxa de fotossíntese e transpiração, condutância estomática, eficiência do uso da água e efeitos sobre as enzimas antioxidantes (superóxido dismutase, catalase e peroxidase) foram avaliados. O TRIA 10 µM aumentou a taxa de fotossíntese e a eficiência do uso da água e o rendimento foi melhorado em todos os genótipos transplantados nas diferentes datas. A aplicação foliar de TRIA 10µM aumentou as atividades das enzimas antioxidantes (SOD, POD e CAT) e melhorou os atributos fisiológicos e bioquímicos de genótipos de berinjela expostos a condições de alto calor. A atividade mais elevada da enzima dismutase 5,41mg / 1g FW foi registrada no genótipo Nirala no segundo transplante. Considerando que o mais baixo foi observado em PAK-10927 (2,30 mg / g FW). A produtividade máxima de frutos foi encontrada no acesso 25919 (1,725 kg por planta) no 1º transplante com Triacontanol, enquanto o acesso PAK-10927 deu a menor produção (0,285 kg por planta) no tratamento de controle no 3º transplante. Genótipo, data de transplante e aplicação de TRIA, melhoramento do crescimento, rendimento e atributos de qualidade sob estresse térmico em berinjela.
ABSTRACT
Transplanting time and genotype contribute to improving crop yield and quality of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). A field experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of foliar applied of triacontanol (TRIA) and eggplant genotypes 25919, Nirala, 28389 and Pak-10927,transplanted on 1 March,15 March, and 1 April on exposure to high air temperature conditions. The experiment was performed according to Randomized Complete Block Design and the data was analyzed by using Tuckey,s test . The TRIA was applied at 10µM at flowering stage; distilled water was used as the control. Rate of photosynthesis and transpiration, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, and effects on antioxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase) were evaluated. The 10µM TRIA increased photosynthesis rate and water use efficiency and yield was improved in all genotypes transplanted at the different dates. Foliar application of 10µM TRIA increased antioxidative enzyme activities (SOD, POD & CAT) and improved physiological as well as biochemical attributes of eggplant genotypes exposed to high heat conditions. Highest activity of dismutase enzyme 5.41mg/1g FW was recorded in Nirala genotype in second transplantation. Whereas, lowest was noted in PAK-10927 (2.30mg/g FW). Maximum fruit yield was found in accession 25919 (1.725kg per plant) at 1st transplantation with Triacontanol, whereas accession PAK-10927 gave the lowest yield (0.285 kg per plant) at control treatment on 3rd transplantation. Genotype, transplanting date and application of TRIA improved growth, yield and quality attributes under of heat stress in eggplant.
Subject(s)
Solanum melongena , Antioxidants/metabolism , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Fatty Alcohols , Heat-Shock Response , Photosynthesis , Solanum melongena/genetics , Solanum melongena/metabolismSubject(s)
Carotid Artery, Internal, Dissection/complications , Carotid Artery, Internal, Dissection/diagnosis , Deglutition Disorders/etiology , Headache/etiology , Carotid Artery, Internal, Dissection/therapy , Deglutition Disorders/diagnostic imaging , Deglutition Disorders/therapy , Female , Headache/diagnostic imaging , Headache/therapy , Humans , Middle Aged , RadiographyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To describe the frequency of certain food items among families in a low socioeconomic area of Karachi and their association with socioeconomic variables. METHOD: A cross sectional survey of houses selected through random sampling using a pre-tested structured questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 294 houses were surveyed, 23% households consumed meat almost daily, 55% consumed vegetables almost daily. CONCLUSION: The survey showed that the consumption of food items in our study population is less as compared to what is recommended.
Subject(s)
Diet/statistics & numerical data , Poverty/statistics & numerical data , Household Articles/statistics & numerical data , Humans , Pakistan , Socioeconomic FactorsSubject(s)
Asthma/diagnosis , Asthma/therapy , Comprehension , Faculty, Medical/standards , Hospitals, University/standards , Medical Staff, Hospital/standards , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Clinical Competence , Cross-Sectional Studies , Family Practice/education , Family Practice/standards , Guideline Adherence , Humans , Internal Medicine/education , Internal Medicine/standards , Knowledge , Medical Staff, Hospital/psychology , Pediatrics/education , Pediatrics/standards , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To provide maximum polio vaccination coverage to under-five (<5) year children of a squatter settlement through Ziauddin Medical University (ZMU) medical students. SETTING: ZMU has established a Primary Health Care Program in a squatter settlement, which is predominantly inhabited by migrants from North Western Province of Pakistan and Afghanistan. The total population is approximately 20,000 and the proportion of <5 year children is nearly 19%. METHODOLOGY: ZMU started Oral Polio Vaccination (OPV) campaigns from 1996; up to 1999. The OPV campaigns were confined to the National Immunization Days (NIDs). A different strategy of "door-to-door" OPV services by medical students was undertaken in 1997. In December 1999 the polio vaccination coverage of <5-year children was evaluated through duster sampling. This paper describes the steps for improving OPV coverage in Sikanderabad. RESULTS: The estimated number of <5 year children in the area is 4,600. In a duster sample survey after the 1999 NID campaign out of 620 under 5 year children living in 429 households, 529 (85%) received OPV, with a 95% CI for OPV coverage of 82 to 88%. The coverage before the campaigns initiated by ZMU was 52%. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the polio coverage of <5-year children has risen with the change in strategy. Door-to-door coverage strategy with the help of medical students proved effective in providing vaccination. No case of suspected poliomyelitis has been reported from the area since October 1999.
Subject(s)
Health Promotion/methods , Immunization Programs/organization & administration , Poliomyelitis/prevention & control , Students, Medical , Transients and Migrants , Vaccination/methods , Child, Preschool , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , PakistanABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To describe the teaching-learning strategy employed in the module of Survey Methodology for undergraduate medical students at Ziauddin Medical University. SETTING: Medical students of Ziauddin Medical University, Clifton, Karachi. METHODS: The objectives of the Survey Methodology course were developed so that a student would be able to design and conduct a small survey independently. For this purpose the students were required to participate in a census survey of a squatter settlement. The questionnaire for the survey was developed with the students, which included the demographic information of the households. It was discussed and pretested with the medical students. The students edited and entered the data on computer using Epi-Info. They were trained in sampling methods, data collection, data editing and entry through lectures and small group sessions. At the end of the course, students filled the course evaluation form. RESULTS: Out of 117 students who responded, 63% found the course to be useful. Small group sessions were regarded as the most helpful teaching strategy by 91% of the students. Majority (74%) of the students recommended that field visits should be a part of teaching strategy. CONCLUSION: The Survey Methodology course reinforces the importance and practical application of research methods. The students appreciate the course especially the small group sessions and the field visits.
