ABSTRACT
Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is characterized by heavy proteinuria and hypoalbuminuria. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) seem to play an important role in the etiopathogenesis of proteinuria in NS. This study aims to evaluate the potential role of reactive oxygen species in pathogenesis of NS by estimating the levels of oxidants and antioxidants in children with NS. Thirty patients of NS and thirty age, sex-matched healthy subjects, were selected for the study. As compared to healthy controls, the levels of serum lipid peroxide were significantly elevated while levels of nitric oxide, erythrocyte-superoxide dismutase activity, levels of vitamin C, albumin and total antioxidant capacity were significantly reduced in nephrotic patients. The levels of uric acid and bilirubin were significantly increased in children with NS as compared to controls. There was no significant difference in vitamin E level between patients and controls. It can be concluded that increased ROS generation and decreased antioxidant defense may be related to the pathogenesis of proteinuria in NS.
ABSTRACT
Nephrotic syndrome is the common chronic disorder characterized by alteration of permeability of the glomerular capillary wall, resulting in its inability to restrict the urinary loss of proteins. Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia associated with peripheral edema. The molecular basis of glomerular permselectivity remains largely unknown. In recent years it has been proposed that Nephrotic syndrome is a consequence of an imbalance between oxidant and antioxidant activity. The present study was aimed to test that the reactive oxygen species are the mediators of excessive protein permeability and other complications of Nephrotic syndrome. For this 30 adults with Nephrotic syndrome were studied. The control group comprised 30 healthy adults matched for age. Serum levels of lipid peroxides, nitric oxide (NOâ), α- tocopherol, ascorbic acid, erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity, serum albumin, uric acid, cholesterol and plasma total antioxidant capacity were measured. Student's 't' test was applied for statistical analysis. There was a significant increase in lipid peroxide (1.58 ± 0.42 in controls, 3.64 ±1.3 in patients) (P<0.001) levels in study group as compared with controls. α-tocopherol (12.95 ± 1.04 in controls, 9.93 ± 1.43 in patients) (P<0.001), erythrocyte SOD activity(1.88 ± 0.9 in controls 1.07 ± 0.5 in patients) (P=0.01), serum albumin(4.06 ± 0.50 in controls, 3.04 ± 0.11 in patients) (P<0.001), and plasma total antioxidant capacity (847.33 ± 126.83 in controls, 684.00±102.94 in patients) (P<0.001) were significantly decreased. There was non-significant increase in uric acid (P>0.05), a non-significant decrease in NOâ (38.48 ± 15.47 in controls 37.47 ± 14.27 in patients) (P>0.05) and ascorbic acid levels ascorbic acid,( 0.95 ± 0.31in controls 0.79 ± 0.30 in patients) (P>0.05) in study group as compared with controls. Imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants may contribute to pathogenesis of proteinuria and related complications in nephrotic syndrome.
ABSTRACT
This study was undertaken to evaluate the levels of plasma magnesium, lipid peroxides, nitric oxide end products, erythrocyte membrane lipid peroxides, erythrocyte reduced glutathione and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity in type-2 diabetes mellitus patients. 60 patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus and 30 healthy control subjects were included in this study. Among 60 type-2 diabetic patients, 30 patients were without complication and 30 patients were with various complications. Decreased levels of plasma magnesium, erythrocyte reduced glutathione and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity while increased levels of plasma lipid peroxides, nitric oxide end products and erythrocyte membrane lipid peroxides were observed in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus. We propose that, under the shadow of hypomagnesaemia, there is excessive production of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species as reflected by elevated lipid peroxides and nitric oxide end products concomitant with dwindled antioxidants and suggest their association with late complications in type-2 diabetes mellitus.
ABSTRACT
The present study was undertaken to evaluate the levels of serum lipid peroxide, nitric oxide end poducts, erythrocytic superoxide dismutase activity and serum α(1)-antitrypsin in smokers. Total 90 active cigarette smokers were subdivided into Group I (subjects with smoking habit of less than 10 cigarettes per day) and Group II (with smoking habit of more than 10 cigarettes per day). In both groups lipid peroxide and nitric oxide end products were significantly increased with significantly decrease in erythrocytic superoxide dismutase activity and serum α(1)-antitrypsin as compared to controls. Our findings show enhanced oxidative stress and reduced α(1)-antitrypsin in cigarette smokers. Further increase in number of cigarettes per day exacerbates the oxidative stress with decrease in α(1)-antitrypsin.
ABSTRACT
New findings on organization of blood cell cytoskeleton represent an exciting aspect of modem cell biology and hematology, which is an interesting investigation to study diabetes. The present study was undertaken in 150 subjects. Out of these, 30 subjects were controls (Group I) and 30 were type-2 diabetics without any complication (Group II), while remaining 90 subjects were type-2 diabetics with complication (Group III). We determined erythrocyte spectrin and hemoglobin glycosylation and also estimated plasma lipid peroxide, nitric oxide and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity to assess the status of oxidative stress. There was a significant increase in spectrin (P<0.001) and hemoglobin (P<0.001) glycosylation in Group II and III as compared to Group I and spectrin glycosylation was nearly three times more as compared to hemoglobin, whereas plasma levels of lipid peroxide (P<0.001) as well as nitric oxide (P<0.001) were found to be significantly increased and GPx activity (P<0.001) was significantly decreased in Group II and III as compared to Group I. However, it was also observed that spectrin (P>0.05) and hemoglobin (P>0.05) glycosylation was not significantly different in Group II and III. In contrast, there was significant rise in lipid peroxide (P<0.001), nitric oxide (P<0.001) and fall in GPx activity (P<0.001) in Group III when compared to Group II. Increased erythrocyte protein glycosylation and oxidative stress is clearly evident from our study. However, to understand the exact interplay between these two mechanisms, further studies are required.
ABSTRACT
Generation of reactive oxygen species is an important factor in the development and maintenance of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in humans. This study was undertaken to investigate interplay among oxidants, antioxidants and pathogenesis of Rheumatoid arthritis. Serum levels of lipid peroxides, nitric oxide, vitamin E and ratio of calcium/phosphorus in RA patients were determined and compared with normal healthy controls. Significant increases in lipid peroxides (p<0.001) and nitric oxide (p<0.001) levels were found in patients presenting with RA as compared to controls. Whereas significant decrease in vitamin E (P<0.001) and calcium/phosphorus ratio (p<0.001) were found in Rheumatoid arthritis patients as compared to controls. Positive correlation was found between lipid peroxides and nitric oxide as well as between vitamin E and calcium. While lipid peroxides and nitric oxide were correlated negatively with vitamin E. whereas negative correlation was observed between MDA and Calcium/Phosphorus ratio in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Our findings suggest that there is a close association between bone loss and oxidative threat in patients presenting with Rheumatoid arthritis.
