Radiological and functional outcome of PFN A2 in treatment of intertrochanteric fractures in elderly patients

Introduction: Intertrochanteric fracture is one of the most common fracture seen in elderly age group. Intramedullary fixation achieves stable fixation. This study was done to find out outcomes with PFNA2, with an objective of finding significance of various radiological parameters. Methods: Forty-three patients were included who underwent closed reduction and PFNA2 fixation. They were followed up at 1month, 3months, 6months and 1 year postoperatively and tip apex distance, Cleveland index, parkers ratio, nail protrusion height, and neck shaft angle were calculated. Statistical correlation of each parameter with complications such as helical blade cut out and back out was derived. Results: Tip apex distance and Cleveland index was found to influence the position of screw and thereby the final outcome. No statistical correlation was derived between Parkers ratio, neck shaft angle and nail protrusion height with the complications. Functional outcome as calculated by Harris hip score was found to be satisfactory in most of the patients. There was only negligible mean loss of functional outcome postoperatively as calculated with parkers mobility score Conclusion: PFNA2 confirms to be stable fixation for both stable and unstable intertrochanteric fracture with fewer complication and good functional outcome in short period of time.

Introducción: La fractura intertrocantérica es una de las fracturas más comunes observadas en el grupo de edad avanzada. La fijación intramedular logra una fijación estable. Este estudio se realizó para conocer los resultados con PFNA2, con el objetivo de encontrar significación de varios parámetros radiológicos. Métodos: Se incluyeron 43 pacientes sometidos a reducción cerrada y fijación PFN A2. Se realizó un seguimiento a 1 mes, 3 meses, 6 meses y 1 año después de la operación y se calculó la distancia del vértice de la punta, el índice de Cleveland, la proporción de Parker, la altura de la protuberancia del clavo y el ángulo del eje del cuello. Se derivó la correlación estadística de cada parámetro con complicaciones como el corte de la hoja helicoidal y el retroceso. Resultados: Se encontró que la distancia del vértice de la punta y el índice de Cleveland influyen en la posición del tornillo y, por lo tanto, en el resultado final. No se obtuvo correlación estadística entre la proporción de Parkers, el ángulo del eje del cuello y la altura de la protuberancia del clavo con las complicaciones. Se encontró que el resultado funcional calculado por el puntaje de cadera de Harris fue satisfactorio en la mayoría de los pacientes. Solo hubo una pérdida media insignificante de resultado funcional después de la operación, según se calcula con la puntuación de movilidad de Parker. Conclusión: PFN A2 confirma ser una fijación estable para las fracturas intertrocantéricas estables e inestables con menos complicaciones y buen resultado funcional en corto período de tiempo.

Operative stabilisation versus non-operative management of mid-shaft clavicle fractures.

INTRODUCTION: Fractures of the mid-shaft clavicle are commonly encountered in clinical practice. These can be managed either by conservative method or operative by internal fixation. This study aims to compare the outcomes of conservative and operative management. METHODS: Forty patients with displaced and comminuted mid-shaft clavicle fractures were included in the study, among which twenty-five patients were treated conservatively and 15 patients underwent surgery and were followed up for a period of 1 year. Time taken for union, functional outcome, complications, and patient satisfaction were compared. RESULTS: In the non-operative group, 28% of the fractures took less than twelve weeks to unite, whereas in the operative group 60% of them took less than 12 weeks to unite. At the end of 1 year, there was no statistical difference in mean UCLA (University of California and Los Angeles) score and the mean DASH score of the non-operative group and operative group. There were more complications in the operative group. Re-operative rate in the operative group was 40%. Patient satisfaction was 80% in the non-operative group, whereas 48% of patients were satisfied in the operative group. CONCLUSION: Displaced and comminuted mid-shaft clavicle fractures treated conservatively have more advantages when compared to surgically treated fractures.

Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathy Type II in a Female Child with Multiple Orthopaedic Ailments: Diagnosis and Operative Management.

Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathy (HSAN) Type II is an autosomal recessive genetic disease which presents predominantly with sensory neuropathy and neuropathic ulcers. HSAN Type II is a rare disease, and in the few cases that have been reported, the focus has been on identifying genetic markers of the disease. Orthopaedic conditions may be a major presentation of the disease, and the prevention of superficial trauma and foot care is the only definitive management.

Cross-sectional assessment of cardiovascular risk factors in patients with knee osteoarthritis.

Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are prevalent in India. However, there is dearth of literature among Indians studying the relationship between the two. This study was carried out to assess various cardiovascular (CV) risk factors in patients with knee OA with an objective to investigate their association, screening and management.  Methods: In total, 225 patients were included in this cross-sectional study. Participants were diagnosed with knee OA on the basis of the Kellgren and Lawrence (K-L) classification of their radiograph. Participants were also assessed for CV risk factors; age, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, smoking. Joint British Society QRisk3 calculator (JBS3) a comprehensive risk score calculator as well as a screening tool, which produces three more variables, namely 10-years risk of developing CVD, physiological heart age and life expectancy, was used. Chi Square, Fishers exact test and one-way ANOVA tests were used to compare the categorical and quantitative variables, respectively.. Multiple regression analysis was done to adjust the multiple con-founders and determine their significance. Results: Patients with severe knee OA had a statistically significantly higher prevalence of CV risk factors (p<0.05). Grade 4 knee OA patients were found to have a mean JBS3 risk of 38%, heart age of 82 years and life expectancy of 77 years as compared to grade 2 patients who had a mean JBS3 risk of 11%, heart age of 63 years and life expectancy of 82 years.  Conclusions: Our study concluded that there is a strong relation between knee OA and CVD, with CV risk score being positively correlated to the severity of OA.

Diagnostic dilemma of a thumb swelling: An unpropitious turn of events.

Benign and malignant bone tumors arise in small bones of the hands and feet. Nevertheless, secondary deposits at these sites are extremely rare. We report a peculiar case of an adult man who presented with thumb swelling, which was later discovered to be a metastasis from renal cell carcinoma. Such cases have a sinister prognosis with a survival rate of 6-12 months from the time of diagnosis. We intend to discuss the diagnostic dilemma and treatment of acrometastases.

The Results of Unstable Intertrochanteric Femur Fracture Treated with Proximal Femoral Nail Antirotation-2 with respect to Different Greater Trochanteric Entry Points.

BACKGROUND: Proximal femoral nail antirotation-2 (PFNA-2) has been widely used to treat intertrochanteric fractures with varied outcomes in the previous studies. The entry point of the nail plays an important role in achieving acceptable reduction, stable fixation, and avoiding implant related complications. This study was proposed to determine the optimal greater trochanteric entry point for PFNA-2 in unstable intertrochanteric femur fractures. METHODS: We conducted an observational study on 40 patients with unstable intertrochanteric fracture treated with PFNA-2 implant in a tertiary care hospital. The patients were grouped into two based on the entry point: group L for lateral and group M for medial entry. Randomization was carried out by assigning the patients to the group by alternate allocation. The quality of reduction, tip apex distance, Cleveland index, and all the complications were noted. The final follow-up was conducted at six months. The functional outcome was evaluated using modified Harris hip score. The data analysis was performed using Student's t-test, chi square test, and Mann-Whitney test. A P value below 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Forty patients with 20 patients treated with medial entry point were included in group M and 20 patients in group L with lateral entry point. The group L had an average tip apex distance of 20.53 and group M had 20.02 (P=0.8). The complication of screw back out was seen in 3 out of 4 patients with poor reduction in group L. As per the Cleveland index, 6 patients in each group had suboptimal position and 4 out of 6 patients in group L with suboptimal position had screw back out. The lateral cortex impingement was seen in 14 patients of group L and 6 patients in group M with significant comparison (P=0.01). Three patients in group L had varus collapse with screw back out. Also, none in group M (0.05). The average modified Harris hip score in group L at six months follow-up was 71.94 and 76.8 in group M (P=0.84). CONCLUSION: Overall, to achieve good quality of fixation and reducing damage to gluteus medius entry point for PFNA-2 should be 5 mm medial to the greater trochanter tip.

Radiological Outcomes of Distal Radius Fractures Managed with 2.7mm Volar Locking Plate Fixation-A Retrospective Analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Distal radius fractures accounts for around 15% of all fractures diagnosed and treated in the emergency rooms. These fractures usually result secondary to high velocity injury such as a motor vehicle accident or fall on an out stretched hand. In the elderly, it is a common fragility fracture. Volar Locking Compression Plates (LCP) is effective devices for fixation of the distal radius fractures. There is a lacuna with regard to literature on the 2.7 mm volar LCP and the current study retrospectively assesses the postoperative radiological outcomes. AIM: To measure the radiological outcomes in patients with displaced distal radius fractures managed with 2.7 mm volar LCP fixation using Sarmiento's Modification of Lindstorm Criteria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted in the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery at Kasturba Medical College Allied Hospitals, Mangalore from May 2014 to July 2016. All displaced distal radius fractures of skeletally mature patients who underwent volar locking plate fixation between May 2014 to July 2016 and follow up with X-rays at six weeks and three months were included as part of the study. The study comprised of 20 patients and fractures were classified using the AO and Melone's classification systems. The radiological outcome was scored based on Sarmiento's Modification of Lindstorm Criteria. RESULTS: Post operative check X-rays were analysed at immediate post operative, six weeks and three months. The mean immediate post operative radial shortening, decrease in radial deviation and loss of palmar tilt were 4.08±2.23, 5.91±4.01and 4.11±3.29 respectively. The corresponding values at last follow up were 4.71±2.31, 7.9±5.13 and 4.91±3.32 respectively. No statistically significant difference (p=0.930;874;716) in radial shortening, decrease in palmar angulation and loss of radial deviation was seen till the final follow up. Sarmiento's Modification of Lindstorm Criteria showed a good radiological outcome in 60% followed by fair in 25% and excellent in 15%. CONCLUSION: Use of 2.7 mm volar LCP showed good to excellent post operative radiological outcomes in majority of the cases. The fracture reduction achieved in the immediate post operative period is maintained throughout the follow up duration.

Minimally Invasive Plate Osteosynthesis with Locking Plates for Distal Tibia Fractures.

INTRODUCTION: Distal tibia fractures are challenging injuries with multiple fixation options. Minimal invasive plating for distal tibia fracture is becoming more popular with documented good outcomes. AIM: To evaluate the functional and radiological results of fixation of distal tibia fractures with locking plates with Minimally Invasive Plate Osteosynthesis (MIPO) technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty fractures of distal tibia without Intra-articular extension were operated with locking compression plating with MIPO technique. They were followed up at regular intervals. Functional and radiological results were evaluated at the end on one year. RESULTS: The fractures united in 48 (96%) patients with 2 (4%) cases of delayed union which took 30 weeks of time. Postoperatively, 2 patients developed superficial skin infection, 2 patients developed deep infection and 3 patients developed ankle stiffness due to loss of postoperative protocol and 4 patients had implant failure in form of screw breakage. Good amount of range of mobility of ankle joint was present in almost all patients. CONCLUSION: MIPO with locking plates for distal tibia fractures is associated with good functional outcomes and is an effective treatment for distal tibia fractures. Although, a larger sample of patients and longer follow up are required to fully evaluate this method of treatment, we strongly encourage its consideration in the treatment of such complex fractures.

Functional and radiological outcomes of operative management of displaced talar neck fractures.

AIM: To evaluate functional and radiological results of internal fixation of displaced talar neck fractures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty patients with displaced talar neck fractures who underwent surgery and fixation by cancellous screws were evaluated. Patients were evaluated by American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society score which is based on pain (40 points), function (50 points) and alignment (10 points) with excellent (90-100 points), good (75-89 points), fair (60-74 points) and poor scores (<60 points) and radiographically for assessment of union, osteonecrosis and osteoarthritic changes in the subtalar and ankle joint. RESULTS: Among the 20 cases, 13 cases had closed injuries and 7 had open fractures. The most common etiology of injury was road traffic accidents. The average follow up time was 28 months. Osteonecrosis was evident on follow up X-rays in 7 cases of which 2 progressed to talar dome collapse. Post traumatic arthritis was observed in 11 cases. Based on American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society scores, excellent result was obtained in 4 cases, good 7 cases, fair 5 cases and poor 4 cases. CONCLUSION: Talar neck fractures are associated with high rates of morbidity and complications. Post traumatic arthritis is more common complication than osteonecrosis following surgery.

Ligamentous Reconstruction of Traumatic Dislocation of Thumb Carpometacarpal Joint: Case Report and Review of Literature.

INTRODUCTION: Thumb carpometacarpal dislocation is a rare injury with many treatment options described in literature. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 47-year-old male patient presented to hospital with an isolated dorsal dislocation of the thumb carpometacarpal joint. Closed reduction of the dislocation could be easily done but joint was grossly unstable and redislocated. Repair of ruptured dorsoradial ligament and joint capsule was done with immobilization for 6 weeks. At 2-years follow-up evaluation, the patient was pain free and returned to his previous level of activity. No restriction of carpometacarpal movements or residual instability was noticed. Radiographic examination showed normal joint congruity and no signs of osteoarthritis. CONCLUSION: Capsuloligamentous repair can be considered the treatment of choice in thumb carpometacarpal dislocations with instability after closed reduction.

The Prognostic Significance of Neuroendocrine Differentiation in Colorectal Carcinomas: Our Experience.

INTRODUCTION: Neuroendocrine differentiation in colorectal carcinomas, detected using immunohistochemistry and ultrastructural techniques, has been studied as a prognostic marker for invention of targeted therapy. There are a few studies done on this aspect which have shown conflicting results ranging from poor prognosis to no prognostic significance. AIM: The aim of the study was to determine the clinical significance of neuroendocrine differentiation in colorectal carcinomas using immunohistochemical stains such as chromogranin A & synaptophysin in relation to its prognostic significance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted wherein all the colorectal carcinomas, received in the Department of Pathology, over a period of 3 years, were reviewed. Neuroendocrine markers were done on 53 cases of moderately, poorly and undifferentiated adenocarcinomas. Based on the degree of immunoreactivity for these markers, tumours were divided into group 0, group 1, group 2, group 3 & group 4. Group 0 & 1 were categorized as neuroendocrine differentiation absent & group 2, 3 & 4 as present. Neuroendocrine differentiation was correlated with age, sex, grade, stage, diagnosis & survival. Follow up data of the cases was recorded. RESULTS: Neuroendocrine differentiation was present in 18 cases (33.9%). The degree of immunoreactivity for neuroendocrine markers in present study were; group 0- 58%, 1- 7.5%, 2- 9%, 3- 13% & 4- 11%. The mean age of patients was 54 years with a slight male preponderance {M:F::1.6:1}. Most of the carcinomas with neuroendocrine differentiation belonged to Grade II (61%) & Stage II & III (83%). Neuroendocrine differentiation did not show any significant association with age, sex, location, histological type, grade, stage & survival. CONCLUSION: The above results indicate that the presence of neuroendocrine differentiation cannot be recommended as a prognostic marker in colorectal carcinomas.