ABSTRACT
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus disease 2 (SARS CoV-2) most commonly presents with respiratory disease, but neurologic complications are being reported. We aimed to investigate the rate of positive neuroimaging findings in children positive for SARS-CoV-2 referred for neuroimaging between March 18 and September 30, 2020. We found that 10% (n = 2) had acute findings. Our results may suggest that in children, neurologic involvement in COVID-19 is rare, neuroimaging has a low yield in diagnosis, and acute neuroimaging should involve careful risk-benefit analysis.
Subject(s)
Brain Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Brain Diseases/epidemiology , Brain Diseases/virology , COVID-19/complications , Neuroimaging , Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , Infant , Male , SARS-CoV-2ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: High-resolution, vascular MR imaging of the spine region in small animals poses several challenges. The small anatomic features, extravascular diffusion, and low signal-to-noise ratio limit the use of conventional contrast agents. We hypothesize that a long-circulating, intravascular liposomal-encapsulated MR contrast agent (liposomal-Gd) would facilitate visualization of small anatomic features of the perispinal vasculature not visible with conventional contrast agent (gadolinium-diethylene-triaminepentaacetic acid [Gd-DTPA]). METHODS: In this study, high-resolution MR angiography of the spine region was performed in a rat model using a liposomal-Gd, which is known to remain within the blood pool for an extended period. The imaging characteristics of this agent were compared with those of a conventional contrast agent, Gd-DTPA. RESULTS: The liposomal-Gd enabled acquisition of high quality angiograms with high signal-to-noise ratio. Several important vascular features, such as radicular arteries, posterior spinal vein, and epidural venous plexus were visualized in the angiograms obtained with the liposomal agent. The MR angiograms obtained with conventional Gd-DTPA did not demonstrate these vessels clearly because of marked extravascular soft-tissue enhancement that obscured the vasculature. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the potential benefit of long-circulating liposomal-Gd as a MR contrast agent for high-resolution vascular imaging applications.
Subject(s)
Contrast Media/administration & dosage , Gadolinium DTPA/administration & dosage , Image Enhancement/methods , Magnetic Resonance Angiography/methods , Spine/blood supply , Animals , Aorta/pathology , Arteries/pathology , Artifacts , Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials/pathology , Liposomes , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Sensitivity and Specificity , Spinal Nerve Roots/blood supply , Veins/pathology , Vena Cava, Inferior/pathologyABSTRACT
A rapid, specific, perfusion immunoassay for active anti-HBsAg monoclonal IgM is described. The immunoassay requires less than 3.5 min per sample. The precision was found to be 3.6% at an IgM concentration of 17 microg/ml. A detection limit of 1 microg/ml IgM in culture media was determined. Assay results were found to correlate very well with standard size exclusion chromatography and radial immunodiffusion techniques. This perfusion immunoassay was demonstrated to be useful for determining anti-HBsAg IgM in complex matrices such as cell culture media. The utility of the immunoassay for monitoring production of anti-HBsAg IgM in a perfusion bioreactor is demonstrated.
