Graves' ophthalmopathy: the clinical and psychosocial outcomes of different medical interventions - a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Graves' ophthalmopathy is a complex autoimmune disorder that can significantly affect quality of life (QoL), vision and physical appearance. Recently, a deeper understanding of the underlying pathogenesis has led to the development of novel treatment options. AIMS: The purpose of this review is to explore the current literature on conventional and novel treatment modalities and to evaluate which interventions provide the most favourable psychological and clinical outcomes in patients with moderate to severe, active Grave's ophthalmopathy. For example, QoL is an important psychosocial outcome of disease management. However, available literature demonstrates that not all clinically effective treatment options improve patients' QoL. METHODS: A systematic literature review was conducted to assess the clinical and psychosocial outcomes of different therapies for Graves' ophthalmopathy. An extensive database search of Ovid Medline, Ovid Embase and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials was conducted. Studies generated were reviewed and the relevant selected data were retrieved and analysed. RESULTS: Results showed intravenous steroids, rituximab (RTX), tocilizumab and teprotumumab were all significantly effective in improving Clinical Activity Scores. Orbital radiotherapy showed a slight improvement in proptosis and diplopia. All interventions were safe with few serious adverse events being reported across all studies. All treatment modalities demonstrated beneficial improvements in both components of the Graves' Ophthalmopathy-QoL (QoL) questionnaire, apart from orbital radiotherapy which only demonstrated improvements in the visual functioning subscale. Teprotumumab was identified to be the most effective intervention for improving both clinical and psychosocial outcomes. However, further research needs to be conducted to evaluate its side effect profile and cost-effectiveness. Nonetheless, with time it has the potential to be a first-line treatment option in the management of active moderate to severe Graves' ophthalmopathy.

Impact of Clinician Subjectivity on the Assessment of Dry Eye Disease Prevalence in a UK Public Health Care Patient Population.

Purpose: To understand the impact of subjectivity on diagnosis rates of dry eye disease (DED) in an unbiased population. Patients and Methods: A multicenter study enrolled 818 subjects with complete report forms (465 females, 67.1 ± 16.7 years, 353 males, 65.0 ± 15.9 years). Subjects were evaluated for staining, TBUT, tear osmolarity, meibomian gland disease, and OSDI. Results: Physicians diagnosed 48.7% of subjects as having DED, ranging from 42.9% to 62.3% between sites. Positivity rates for staining (≥ grade 1) ranged from 41.3% to 84.1% (mean = 0.8 ± 0.9 grade), TBUT (<10s) ranged from 39.1% to 61.6% (mean = 10.4 ± 6.6 seconds), osmolarity (>308 mOsm/L) ranged from 63.7% to 72.4% (mean = 319.7 ± 20.8), MGD grading ranged from 28.9% to 51.3% (mean = 0.5 ± 0.7), and symptoms measured by OSDI ranged from 57.6% to 71.0% (mean = 23.5 ± 20.5) between sites. Tear osmolarity was the most consistent between sites (max/min positivity = 114%), followed by OSDI (123%), TBUT (158%), MGD (178%), and staining (204%). DED markers were uncorrelated (average r2 = 0.05 ± 0.07). A substantial number of subjects (N = 110) exhibited positive symptoms (OSDI = 32.4 ± 15.7) and hyperosmolarity (338.1 ± 20.1 mOsm/L) but no other obvious signs of DED (MGD grade = 0.2 ± 0.4, TBUT = 13.5 ± 7.0 seconds, staining grade = 0.4 ± 0.5). Conclusion: Subjective signs of DED varied considerably, whereas objective measurements of OSDI and osmolarity were the most consistent between sites. A large proportion of subjects exhibited high symptoms and hyperosmolarity but no other obvious signs of dry eye disease, most of whom were undiagnosed by clinical assessment without access to the osmolarity measurement.

Five-year outcomes of ab interno Xen 45 gel stent implantation.

BACKGROUND: To assess the safety and 5-year efficacy of ab interno XEN 45 gel stent implantation with phacoemulsification in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). METHODS: Single-centre, single-surgeon, retrospective case note review of consecutive OAG patients who underwent ab-interno gel stent placement combined with phacoemulsification. Surgeries were performed between 2/01/2014 and 2/01/2016. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES: mean reduction in intraocular pressure (IOP) and change in number of ocular hypotensive medications from baseline (follow-up range 1-7 years; mean 54 months). SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURE: change in visual field mean deviation (VFMD) from baseline. Safety data included intraoperative and post-operative complications and adverse events. Failure was defined by IOP reduction < 20% despite maximum medical therapy, the need for further laser or surgical intervention. At 5 years, 75% of eyes were free from failure (95% CI 64 to 83%). RESULTS: Ninety-one eyes were analysed. Mean (SD) IOP and medications decreased from 20.2 (6.4) mmHg and 2.9 (1.0) at baseline to 15.4 (3.6) mmHg (p < 0.001) and 1.5 (1.4) medications at 5 (p < 0.001) years. Baseline mean VFMD (SD) was - 10.3dB (8.5) reducing to - 10.9(8.2) (p < 0.01) at 5 years. Two (2%) eyes had intraoperative complications, 4 (4.3%) experienced post-operative AEs, and 13 (14%) required secondary surgical intervention (SSI). CONCLUSION: The gel stent combined with phacoemulsification was effective in reducing IOP and medications over 5 years, with an acceptable safety profile. Visual field change was clinically acceptable through the study period.

The BVI ISOPURE® 123 intraocular lens: a new hydrophobic preloaded extended monofocal IOL with intermediate vision correction.

The BVI ISOPURE® intraocular lens (IOL) (PhysIOL, Liege, Belgium) is a fully refractive, aspherical, monofocal lens based on isofocal technology. Isofocal technology provides cataract patients distance vision quality combined with improved unaided intermediate vision by accentuating the extended depth of field/focus (EDOF) effect whilst inducing minimal photic phenomena. Methods: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar searches were conducted for published research articles featuring the ISOPURE 123 IOL. Results: Excellent uncorrected and corrected binocular distance visual acuity of at least 20/25 can be achieved; uncorrected binocular intermediate vision of 20/25 or better in 81% and 50% at 80 cm and 66 cm, respectively, and 42% binocular near vision of 20/40 or better can be achieved. The defocus curve showed good visual acuity at far and intermediate distances with a depth of focus value of 1.50 D. Photic phenomena are minimal compared to other EDOF IOLs. Excellent contrast sensitivity was maintained compared to a standard monofocal IOL. Conclusion: Studies show that this isofocal optic design IOL provides excellent visual performance for far vision and functional intermediate vision with an increased range of vision with few photic phenomena. This lens is an effective option for providing functional intermediate vision and correcting aphakia.

Terminology - clarifying the current confusion and presenting the correct terminology.

Most readers will be familiar with terminology (from meetings and conferences) that we, the editors, would deem to be incorrect or confusing. In general, we all tend to accept the information conveyed to us without really questioning what the terms truly mean. Therefore, the subsequent chapters discussing the IOLs in question should be studied with this in mind since a lot of familiar terminology will be used in those chapters, which, strictly speaking, may not be in line with the most accurate terminology and classification. The reader is encouraged to read this full article to be mindful of the current confusion surrounding IOL terminology and what the correct terminology should be. This is so that one is better prepared to understand and question the mechanism of action and side effects of IOLs that one is planning to use.

Acute community ophthalmology services provided by independent prescribing optometrists supporting hospital eye services during the COVID-19 outbreak

Background: Specialised Independent Prescribing (IP) community optometrists provided acute eye care during the COVID-19 crisis ensuring that over-stretched hospital emergency eye care was supported, therefore local overall urgent eye care provision was not affected.Subjects/methods: Number of cases seen by hospital Rapid Access Clinic (RAC) between January 2020 and June 2020 were compared to number of cases seen by IP optometrists in community Acute Primary Care Ophthalmology Service (APCOS) during the same time period. Specifically, comparisons were made between the number of cases seen in RAC and the number of cases seen by APCOS during the period before COVID-19 emergency (January–March 2020) and for a similar timeframe thereafter (April–June 2020). Numbers treated by APCOS alone and those referred to RAC were also determined. The change in case numbers between the different healthcare settings was also studied.Results: Increase in cases seen by APCOS between April (n = 391) and June (n = 641). Number of cases seen by RAC declined from 652 in March to 372 in April, increasing to 610 by June. This was still below maximum number of monthly cases seen by RAC pre-lockdown in January (861). Most of the cases seen by APCOS were managed in the community with 4% referred to RAC.Conclusions: Ophthalmology services delivered by IP specialised optometrists can safely and efficiently treat and manage the vast majority of urgent cases and mitigate the reduced capacity within hospital emergency eye clinics. Our experience provides insights into care pathways for urgent eye cases in the future. (AU)

Acute community ophthalmology services provided by independent prescribing optometrists supporting hospital eye services during the COVID-19 outbreak.

BACKGROUND: Specialised Independent Prescribing (IP) community optometrists provided acute eye care during the COVID-19 crisis ensuring that over-stretched hospital emergency eye care was supported, therefore local overall urgent eye care provision was not affected. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Number of cases seen by hospital Rapid Access Clinic (RAC) between January 2020 and June 2020 were compared to number of cases seen by IP optometrists in community Acute Primary Care Ophthalmology Service (APCOS) during the same time period. Specifically, comparisons were made between the number of cases seen in RAC and the number of cases seen by APCOS during the period before COVID-19 emergency (January-March 2020) and for a similar timeframe thereafter (April-June 2020). Numbers treated by APCOS alone and those referred to RAC were also determined. The change in case numbers between the different healthcare settings was also studied. RESULTS: Increase in cases seen by APCOS between April (n = 391) and June (n = 641). Number of cases seen by RAC declined from 652 in March to 372 in April, increasing to 610 by June. This was still below maximum number of monthly cases seen by RAC pre-lockdown in January (861). Most of the cases seen by APCOS were managed in the community with 4% referred to RAC. CONCLUSIONS: Ophthalmology services delivered by IP specialised optometrists can safely and efficiently treat and manage the vast majority of urgent cases and mitigate the reduced capacity within hospital emergency eye clinics. Our experience provides insights into care pathways for urgent eye cases in the future.

5-year outcomes of single iStent (G1) trabecular microbypass implantation with phacoemulsification in moderately advanced primary open angle glaucoma.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of combined phacoemulsification and single iStent (G1) (iStent, Glaukos Corp. San Clemente, USA), implantation in moderately advanced primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) with 5-years follow-up. METHODS: Retrospective, interventional case series. All subjects had POAG and underwent single iStent implantation+ phaco+IOL by a single surgeon, with 5 years follow-up. Primary outcome measures: reduction in intraocular pressure (IOP) and proportion of eyes achieving at least 20% reduction of IOP at 5 years. Secondary outcome measures: number of glaucoma drops at 1 through to 5 years; change in visual field mean deviation (MD) at year 5 compared to baseline. RESULTS: 35 eyes of 26 patients were included. Mean (sd) medicated pre-op IOP was 18.5 (3.2) mm Hg on mean (sd) 2.3 (1.0) medications. Mean IOP was reduced to 15.9 (4.5) mm Hg on 2.2 (0.9) drops, 15.0mm (4.5) mm Hg on 2.3 (0.9) drops, 15.6 (3.6) mm Hg on 2.5 (1.0) drops, 15.7 (4.43) mmHg on 2.6 (1.0) drops and 14.7 (3.02) mmHg (P<0.001) on 2.7 (1.14) drops (P = 0.06) from 1 through to 5 years. At year 5, 62% of eyes had achieved at least 20% reduction in IOP. MD reduced from -8 (8.1) dB to -10.7 (13.4) dB over 5 years (p = 0.8) at 0.54dB/ annum. One eye required filtering surgery. There were no sight-threatening complications. CONCLUSION: This study showed sustained IOP reduction and excellent safety profile for single iStent implantation. Uniquely it provides data for a more severe stage of glaucoma, and also visual field data, which indicated no significant change through 5 years.

12-month clinical outcomes of combined phacoemulsification and ab interno trabeculectomy for open-angle glaucoma in the United Kingdom.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: To describe intraocular pressure (IOP) and ocular hypotensive medication outcomes of combined phacoemulsification and ab interno trabeculectomy with the Kahook Dual Blade (KDB; New World Medical, Inc, Rancho Cucamonga, CA) in adults with cataract and open-angle glaucoma (OAG). SUBJECTS/METHODS: Retrospective chart review of existing medical records. Data collected included intraocular pressure (IOP) and IOP-lowering medication use preoperatively and through up to 24 months postoperatively. Paired t-tests were utilized to compare preoperative to postoperative mean IOP and mean medications used. RESULTS: Data from 32 eyes of 26 subjects were analyzed. Subjects were predominantly Caucasian (25/26) had mean (standard error) age of 79.3 (1.2) years, and eyes had moderate-advanced OAG (mean visual field mean deviation -8.3 [1.3] dB). Mean IOP was 19.8 (0.8) mmHg at baseline and 15.5 (0.6) mmHg (p<0.0001) after mean follow-up of 11.5 (1.0) months; IOP reductions of ≥20% were achieved in 20/32 eyes (62.5%). Mean medication use declined from 2.4 (0.2) medications per eye at baseline to 0.5 (0.2) at last follow-up (p<0.0001); 23/32 eyes (71.9%) were medication-free at last follow-up. No vision-threatening complications were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Combined phacoemulsification and ab interno trabeculectomy with the KDB safely provided mean IOP reductions of 21.7% and mean IOP medication reductions of 83% after mean follow-up of 12 months in eyes with moderate to advanced OAG. This procedure provides medication-independence in most eyes with statistically and clinically significant IOP reductions.

Treatment of Open-Angle Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension with Preservative-Free Tafluprost/Timolol Fixed-Dose Combination Therapy: UK and Ireland Results from the VISIONARY Study.

INTRODUCTION: Reducing intraocular pressure (IOP), the only modifiable risk factor for open-angle glaucoma (OAG), is important for the preservation of vision and slowing of disease progression. Preservative-free tafluprost (0.0015%)/timolol (0.5%) fixed combination (PF Taf-T FC) is an approved combination therapy for OAG treatment. The VISIONARY study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and tolerability of PF Taf-T FC in real-world clinical settings. Here, we present the results from the United Kingdom (UK) and Ireland. METHODS: This observational, multicentre, European, prospective study recorded data during routine clinic appointments on the use of PF Taf-T FC for the treatment of OAG and ocular hypertension (OHT) in patients whose disease was insufficiently controlled on a prostaglandin analogue (PGA) or beta blocker monotherapy or who did not tolerate these medications. Mean change in IOP, symptom severity, changes in clinical signs, and tolerability were investigated over 6 months. RESULTS: Eighty-two patients were recruited in the UK and Ireland. After 6 months of PF Taf-T FC treatment, mean IOP was significantly reduced from 22.0 to 16.2 mmHg in the UK group and from 18.6 to 14.1 mmHg in the Ireland group. In the UK (65 patients), 49 adverse events (AEs) were reported, of which 3 were serious. No AEs were reported in the Ireland group (17 patients). Overall, 91.9% of UK physicians reported PF Taf-T FC treatment to be the same or better than prior medication for improving clinical signs; 90.0% of UK patients reported PF Taf-T FC treatment to have good or very good tolerability. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with PF Taf-T FC resulted in significant reductions in mean IOP over 6 months. Patients and physicians reported that treatment was well tolerated. These data demonstrate real-world efficacy of PF Taf-T FC for the treatment of OAG and OHT in routine clinical practice in the UK and Ireland. TRIAL REGISTRATION: European Union electronic Register of Post-Authorisation Studies (EU PAS) register number, EUPAS22204.

10-year outcomes of first-line selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) for primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG).

BACKGROUND: To evaluate long-term efficacy of selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) in treatment-naive early primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) eyes. METHODS: Retrospective study, 108 treatment-naïve eyes of 54 early POAG patients followed up for a mean (± standard deviation (SD)) of 83(27) months. Eyes treated with 360° SLT. Energy levels ranged from 0.6 to 1.4 mJ per pulse. Success of treatment defined as achieving at least 20% reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP) and IOP <19 mmHg. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: proportion of eyes achieving success. SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: average time to re-treatment and change in visual field mean deviation (MD) over the follow-up period. RESULTS: Baseline IOP (±SD) was 22.2 (± 4.9). Baseline MD (±SD) of standard automated perimetry was - 1.28 (± 2.36). Decrease in IOP was 6.5 (±3.6) mmHg at 1 year (n=108), 5.2 (±4.6) mmHg at 5 years (n=84) and 3.8 (±2.7) mmHg at 10 years (n=18). Treatment success rate 98% at year 1, 89% at year 5 and 72% at year 10. Failure most common after the third year. Median time to re-treatment 81 months (CI 60-100 months), with 60% needing re-treatment by 10 years. Higher baseline IOP associated with an increased risk of re-treatment. Treatment changed to drops in 4 eyes, but no cases needed glaucoma surgery. Change in visual field MD for the whole group averaged - 0.2 dB per annum. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of early POAG with first-line SLT, with re-treatments as required, is an effective strategy lasting a period of several years. 60% required re-treatments in the long-term with effective control of IOP and visual field loss remaining at an early stage. The potential for economic benefits in avoiding medications, and simultaneously improving quality of life in these cases is substantial.

Retained Functionality of Atherosclerotic Human Arteries Following Photoactivated Linking of the Extracellular Matrix by Natural Vascular Scaffolding Treatment.

In this study, we investigated natural vascular scaffolding (NVS) treatment on vascular functionality using freshly isolated human popliteal arteries in vitro. Arteries were exposed to intraluminal NVS treatment consisting of a compound (4 amino-1,8-naphthalimide) photoactivated by a 450-nm light-emitting light fiber placed inside the artery. This procedure results in covalent linking between the extracellular matrix proteins to achieve a larger vessel diameter post-angioplasty and minimizing elastic recoil. Immediately following NVS treatment, rings were cut from the treated arteries and mounted in organ baths for contractility testing in response to U46619 and sodium nitroprusside. We also investigated the effect of NVS treatment on IL-6 cytokine release from vascular rings following a 4-h organoculture post-NVS treatment. Based on our results, we conclude that exposure of the vessels to NVS treatment does not adversely affect the contractile responsiveness of the vascular smooth muscle and exerts no pro-inflammatory effect. Graphical abstract.

Potentiating TMEM16A does not stimulate airway mucus secretion or bronchial and pulmonary arterial smooth muscle contraction.

The calcium-activated chloride channel (CaCC) TMEM16A enables chloride secretion across several transporting epithelia, including in the airways. Additional roles for TMEM16A have been proposed, which include regulating mucus production and secretion and stimulating smooth muscle contraction. The aim of the present study was to test whether the pharmacological regulation of TMEM16A channel function, could affect any of these proposed biological roles in the airways. In vitro, neither a potent and selective TMEM16A potentiator (ETX001) nor the potent TMEM16A inhibitor (Ani9) influenced either baseline mucin release or goblet cell numbers in well-differentiated primary human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells. In vivo, a TMEM16A potentiator was without effect on goblet cell emptying in an IL-13 stimulated goblet cell metaplasia model. Using freshly isolated human bronchi and pulmonary arteries, neither ETX001 or Ani9 had any effect on the contractile or relaxant responses of the tissues. In vivo, ETX001 also failed to influence either lung or cardiovascular function when delivered directly into the airways of telemetered rats. Together, these studies do not support a role for TMEM16A in the regulation of goblet cell numbers or baseline mucin release, or on the regulation of airway or pulmonary artery smooth muscle contraction.

The cost burden of falls in people with glaucoma in National Health Service Hospital Trusts in the UK.

Aims: Falls have devastating consequences in older people with a considerable cost burden. Glaucoma is a risk factor for falls, and patients with glaucoma who fall are at high risk of hospital admission. The aim was to quantify the cost burden of falls to NHS Trusts in people with glaucoma in the UK.Methods: Financial data were used to identify non-elective episodes and associated costs from 2012 to 2018, for all admissions where glaucoma was recorded as a secondary diagnosis and admissions for falls (all, with and without a glaucoma secondary diagnosis). A secondary diagnosis is only recorded by the admitting clinician if it is clinically relevant; therefore, a secondary diagnosis of glaucoma was used as a proxy for glaucoma as a contributory factor to falls.Limitations: Use of financial records means that data on other falls risk factors was unavailable and we cannot be certain that glaucoma was the only relevant factor in all falls. Although this methodology is imperfect, case capture was biased towards cases with clinically significant glaucoma, and financial data is robust. Potential coding errors mean that we may have excluded patients in whom glaucoma was a factor in their fall.Results: At Maidstone and Tunbridge Wells (MTW) NHS Trust, 11.7% (95% confidence intervals [CI] = 10.7-12.8) of admissions for falls were in patients with a secondary diagnosis of glaucoma. This extrapolates to an estimated annual 10,056 admissions at a cost of £28.6 million across the UK. This is an under-estimate of cost, as A&E attendance without admission and outpatient appointments are excluded.Conclusions: At MTW, glaucoma potentially plays a part in around one in eight falls resulting in hospital admission, at considerable personal and financial cost. It is suggested that further work should explore early diagnosis of glaucoma, treatment, and mitigation of falls risk.

Brinzolamide/Brimonidine Fixed Combination: Simplifying Glaucoma Treatment Regimens.

INTRODUCTION: To simplify the medical treatment of glaucoma for patients on multiple drops by introducing brinzolamide/brimonidine tartrate fixed combination (BBFC) ophthalmic suspension 1%/0.2% (SIMBRINZA®; Alcon Laboratories, Inc., Fort Worth, TX, USA) to the drop regimen and to establish its efficacy. To demonstrate that fixed combination (FC) therapies are associated with improvements in treatment adherence and persistence with reduced exposure to preservative-related ocular surface problems. METHODS: Retrospective study: 76 patients were identified as taking BBFC following a switch in treatment regimen. Intraocular pressure (IOP) prior to and 2-17.5 months (average 5.4 months) after the introduction of BBFC was measured. The change in the average number of bottles used per eye was recorded. The rate of adverse effects (AEs) of BBFC was recorded. A two-tailed paired sample t test was used to compare IOP prior to and after the introduction of BBFC for each eye. RESULTS: Mean change in IOP after BBFC introduction BBFC: - 2.76 mmHg (p < 0.0001). BBFC intolerance: 13%. On average there was a 0.24 reduction in the number of bottles of IOP-lowering medication used per eye (p < 0.0064). CONCLUSION: A switch to BBFC in the drop regimen is associated with a significant drop in IOP with reduced drop burden. Instead of a third IOP-lowering medication and bottle, a practitioner should consider using BBFC + prostaglandin analogue/FC drop for effective IOP control, reduced drop burden, reduced preservative load and increased likelihood of adherence. This study promotes the concept that any treatment should principally be assessed from the patients' perspective and quality of life.

Prescribing Trends in a Glaucoma Clinic and Adherence to EGS Guidelines: A Retrospective, Non-Interventional, Single-Center UK Study.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to determine prescribing trends in a specialist glaucoma clinic in the UK. Specifically, the aims were to determine which drugs were prescribed as first-, second-, and third-line treatment, the persistence of first-, second-, and third-line treatment regimens, and the proportion of treatment decisions conforming to the European Glaucoma Society (EGS) guidelines. METHODS: A retrospective, non-interventional, single-center, case-note review was performed on a cohort of consecutive patients presenting to a specialist glaucoma clinic for follow-up. Inclusion criteria for the study were (1) a diagnosis of primary open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension, (2) glaucoma management entirely within the unit, and (3) minimum of 2 years of follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 114 case notes met the inclusion criteria. Mean age was 71 years (range 40-95 years). Mean length of follow-up was 56 months (range 24-180 months). Prostaglandin analogues (PGA) were the most popular first-line treatment in 73% of patients. As second-line treatment, PGA were again the predominant class, prescribed in 87% of cases, whereas beta-blockers (BB) were prescribed in 70% of cases. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAI) and alpha-2 agonists (AA) were more popular in third-line regimens. Second-line treatment was introduced at a mean of 28.0 months after first-line treatment (range 1-120 months, 95% CI 22.1-33.9 months). Third-line treatment was introduced at a mean of 22.9 months after second-line treatment (range 1-96 months, 95% CI 17.1-28.8 months). Breaches to EGS guidelines were most common for third-line treatment and included duplication of drug classes. DISCUSSION: There was a clear hierarchy of PGA as first-line, BB as second-line, while CAI and AA were considered third-line choices. First-line choices were generally in line with EGS guidelines. There was a tendency to breach guidelines by escalating treatment in dual steps rather than single steps (especially in third-line treatment). Combination drops were popular. In third-line treatment there was an increased incidence of prescribing errors. This data is important in terms of informing patients of the expected treatment course, to remind clinicians about best practice, and also to guide comparisons of cost-effectiveness with other treatment modalities.

An Update on Implants for Minimally Invasive Glaucoma Surgery (MIGS).

For several years, the gold standard for surgical treatment of glaucoma has been trabeculectomy. Although very successful at reducing intraocular pressure (IOP), there are several potential complications of trabeculectomy, including sight-threatening ones. This has stimulated much research aimed at the development of new and effective procedures to lower IOP with an enhanced safety profile. Minimally invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS) procedures prioritise patient safety but also demonstrate efficacy in reducing IOP. We performed an online search of peer-reviewed literature using PubMed, entering keywords relevant to this clinical discipline. In summary, there is a lack of long-term safety and efficacy data, a lack of comparative data and a lack of data on standalone (i.e. without simultaneous cataract surgery) procedures. Most implants are not yet FDA approved. Although not exhaustive, since it does not discuss MIGS procedures that are not implants, this article summarises the range of different MIGS implants that are available to the ophthalmic surgeon.