Neuraminidase is a host-directed approach to regulate neutrophil responses in sepsis and COVID-19.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Neutrophil overstimulation plays a crucial role in tissue damage during severe infections. Because pathogen-derived neuraminidase (NEU) stimulates neutrophils, we investigated whether host NEU can be targeted to regulate the neutrophil dysregulation observed in severe infections. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: The effects of NEU inhibitors on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated neutrophils from healthy donors or COVID-19 patients were determined by evaluating the shedding of surface sialic acids, cell activation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Re-analysis of single-cell RNA sequencing of respiratory tract samples from COVID-19 patients also was carried out. The effects of oseltamivir on sepsis and betacoronavirus-induced acute lung injury were evaluated in murine models. KEY RESULTS: Oseltamivir and zanamivir constrained host NEU activity, surface sialic acid release, cell activation, and ROS production by LPS-activated human neutrophils. Mechanistically, LPS increased the interaction of NEU1 with matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9). Inhibition of MMP-9 prevented LPS-induced NEU activity and neutrophil response. In vivo, treatment with oseltamivir fine-tuned neutrophil migration and improved infection control as well as host survival in peritonitis and pneumonia sepsis. NEU1 also is highly expressed in neutrophils from COVID-19 patients, and treatment of whole-blood samples from these patients with either oseltamivir or zanamivir reduced neutrophil overactivation. Oseltamivir treatment of intranasally infected mice with the mouse hepatitis coronavirus 3 (MHV-3) decreased lung neutrophil infiltration, viral load, and tissue damage. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS: These findings suggest that interplay of NEU1-MMP-9 induces neutrophil overactivation. In vivo, NEU may serve as a host-directed target to dampen neutrophil dysfunction during severe infections.

A patologização do comportamento humano como pressuposto da medicalização do sentir / The pathologization of human behavior as a presumption for the medicalization of feeling / La patologización del comportamiento humano como presunción para la medicalización del sentimiento

Atualmente, dados apontam haver um considerável número de pessoas com diagnóstico de transtornos mentais. Assim, esses dados crescem vertiginosamente a cada ano ao nível mundial. Tal fato chama atenção para a questão de que, na atualidade, a maioria desses problemas possam, equivocadamente, estar sendo tratados como algum tipo de transtorno mental. Portanto, a abordagem principal visa uma análise da patologização do comportamento humano, como pressuposto da medicalização do sentir. Este trabalho objetivou demonstrar a contribuição determinante que o fenômeno social da patologização do comportamento humano possui para a prática indiscriminada da medicalização do sentir. Para tanto, utilizou-se da análise de conteúdo para criar categorias de análises e de uma revisão integrativa que seguiu as seis etapas prescritas na literatura. Para o cumprimento, utilizaram-se os Descritores em Ciências da Saúde (DecS): Comportamento e Medicalização além da palavra-chave patologização durante os meses de setembro a outubro de 2022, nas seguintes plataformas: Scientific Electronic Library Online (SCIELO), Periódicos Eletrônicos em Psicologia (PEPSIC), Scopus (Elsevier), Literatura Latino-americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), Pubmed além dos portais CAPES. A partir dos critérios de elegibilidade, 61 produções foram recuperadas, sendo utilizadas apenas duas para a análise final. Os resultados trazem à baila a possibilidade da adoção de métodos outros que não a medicalização como primeira e/ou única opção de tratamento. Por fim, limitações e sugestões de pesquisa são analisadas ao final.

Currently, data indicate that there is a considerable number of people diagnosed with mental disorders. Thus, this data grows vertiginously every year worldwide. This fact draws attention to the fact that, currently, most of these problems may be mistakenly being treated as some kind of mental disorder. Therefore, the main approach aims at an analysis of the pathologization of human behavior, as an assumption of the medicalization of feeling. This work aimed to demonstrate the decisive contribution that the social phenomenon of the pathologization of human behavior has for the indiscriminate practice of the medicalization of feeling. For that, content analysis was used to create analysis categories and an integrative review that followed the six steps prescribed in the literature. For compliance, the Descriptors in Health Sciences (DecS): Behavior and Medicalization were used in addition to the keyword pathologization during the months of September to October 2022, on the following platforms: Scientific Electronic Library Online (SCIELO), Periódicos Eletrônicos in Psychology (PEPSIC), Scopus (Elsevier), Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS), Virtual Health Library (BVS), Pubmed in addition to CAPES portals. Based on the eligibility criteria, 61 productions were retrieved, with only two being used for the final analysis. The results bring up the possibility of adopting methods other than medicalization as the first and/or only treatment option. Finally, limitations and research suggestions are analyzed at the end.

Actualmente, los datos indican que existe un número considerable de personas diagnosticadas con trastornos mentales. Así, este dato crece vertiginosamente cada año a nivel mundial. Este hecho llama la atención sobre el hecho de que, en la actualidad, la mayoría de estos problemas pueden estar siendo erróneamente tratados como algún tipo de trastorno mental. Por lo tanto, el enfoque principal apunta a un análisis de la patologización del comportamiento humano, como supuesto de la medicalización del sentimiento. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo demostrar la decisiva contribución que tiene el fenómeno social de la patologización del comportamiento humano para la práctica indiscriminada de la medicalización del sentimiento. Para eso, se utilizó el análisis de contenido para crear categorías de análisis y una revisión integradora que siguió los seis pasos prescritos en la literatura. Para el cumplimiento, se utilizaron los Descriptores en Ciencias de la Salud (DecS): Comportamiento y Medicalización además de la palabra clave patologización durante los meses de septiembre a octubre de 2022, en las siguientes plataformas: Scientific Electronic Library Online (SCIELO), Periódicos Eletrônicos en Psicología ( PEPSIC), Scopus (Elsevier), Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud (LILACS), Biblioteca Virtual en Salud (BVS), Pubmed además de los portales de la CAPES. Según los criterios de elegibilidad, se recuperaron 61 producciones, y solo dos se usaron para el análisis final. Los resultados plantean la posibilidad de adoptar métodos distintos a la medicalización como primera y/o única opción de tratamiento. Finalmente, al final se analizan las limitaciones y sugerencias de investigación.

Phenotypic but no genetic adaptation in zooplankton 24 years after an abrupt +10°C climate change.

The climate is currently warming fast, threatening biodiversity all over the globe. Populations often adapt rapidly to environmental change, but for climate warming very little evidence is available. Here, we investigate the pattern of adaptation to an extreme +10°C climate change in the wild, following the introduction of brine shrimp Artemia franciscana from San Francisco Bay, USA, to Vinh Chau saltern in Vietnam. We use a resurrection ecology approach, hatching diapause eggs from the ancestral population and the introduced population after 13 and 24 years (∼54 and ∼100 generations, respectively). In a series of coordinated experiments, we determined whether the introduced Artemia show increased tolerance to higher temperatures, and the extent to which genetic adaptation, developmental plasticity, transgenerational effects, and local microbiome differences contributed to this tolerance. We find that introduced brine shrimp do show increased phenotypic tolerance to warming. Yet strikingly, these changes do not have a detectable additive genetic component, are not caused by mitochondrial genetic variation, and do not seem to be caused by epigenetic marks set by adult parents exposed to warming. Further, we do not find any developmental plasticity that would help cope with warming, nor any protective effect of heat-tolerant local microbiota. The evolved thermal tolerance might therefore be entirely due to transgenerational (great)grandparental effects, possibly epigenetic marks set by parents who were exposed to high temperatures as juveniles. This study is a striking example of "missing heritability," where a large adaptive phenotypic change is not accompanied by additive genetic effects.

Neuraminidase inhibitors rewire neutrophil function in vivo in murine sepsis and ex vivo in COVID-19.

Neutrophil overstimulation plays a crucial role in tissue damage during severe infections. Neuraminidase (NEU)-mediated cleavage of surface sialic acid has been demonstrated to regulate leukocyte responses. Here, we report that antiviral NEU inhibitors constrain host NEU activity, surface sialic acid release, ROS production, and NETs released by microbial-activated human neutrophils. In vivo, treatment with Oseltamivir results in infection control and host survival in peritonitis and pneumonia models of sepsis. Single-cell RNA sequencing re-analysis of publicly data sets of respiratory tract samples from critical COVID-19 patients revealed an overexpression of NEU1 in infiltrated neutrophils. Moreover, Oseltamivir or Zanamivir treatment of whole blood cells from severe COVID-19 patients reduces host NEU-mediated shedding of cell surface sialic acid and neutrophil overactivation. These findings suggest that neuraminidase inhibitors can serve as host-directed interventions to dampen neutrophil dysfunction in severe infections.

Trace element bioaccumulation in hypersaline ecosystems and implications of a global invasion.

Hypersaline ecosystems are under increasing threat due to anthropogenic pressures such as environmental pollution and biological invasions. Here we address the ecotoxicological implications of the Artemia franciscana (Crustacea) invasion in saltpans of southern Spain. This North American species is causing the extinction of native Artemia populations in many parts of the globe. The bioaccumulation of trace elements (As, Cd, Cu, Co, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in native populations (A. parthenogenetica) from Cabo de Gata and Odiel saltpans and invasive Artemia from Cádiz saltpan was studied at different salinities. Furthermore, in Odiel, the most polluted study site, we also analysed the bioaccumulation of trace elements by Chironomus salinarius larvae (Diptera) and Ochthebius notabilis adults (Coleoptera). High levels of trace elements were detected in the studied saltpans, many of them exceeding the recommended threshold guidelines for aquatic life. Bioaccumulation of trace elements by Artemia was lowest at the highest salinity. The invasive A. franciscana showed higher potential to bioaccumulate trace elements than its native counterpart (in particular for As, Cd, Ni and Cr). In Odiel, O. notabilis stood out as showing the highest potential to bioaccumulate As and Cu. Results showed that the shift from a native to an alien Artemia species with a higher bioaccumulation capacity may increase the transfer of trace elements in hypersaline food webs, especially for waterbirds that depend on Artemia as food. Thus, our study identifies an indirect impact of the Artemia franciscana invasion that had not previously been recognised.

Life history and physiological responses of native and invasive brine shrimps exposed to zinc.

Although a substantial amount of research exists on pollution and biological invasions, there is a paucity of understanding of how both factors interact. Most studies show that pollution favours the establishment of invasive species, but pollution may also promote local adaptation of native species and prevent the establishment of new incomers. However, evidence for this is extremely limited because most studies focus on successful invasions and very few on cases where an invasion has been resisted. Here we provide evidence of local adaptation of native species to pollution combining life history and physiological data. We focused on the invasion of the North American brine shrimp Artemia franciscana, which is causing a dramatic biodiversity loss in hypersaline ecosystems worldwide, and one of the last native Artemia populations in SW Europe (A. parthenogenetica from the historically polluted Odiel estuary, SW Spain). Life table response experiments were carried out in the laboratory to compare the demographic responses of A. parthenogenetica and a nearby A. franciscana population to long-term Zn exposure (0.2 mg L-1). We also evaluated oxidative stress by measuring antioxidant defences (catalase, glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase) and lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances). A high concentration of Zn induced strong mortality in A. franciscana, which also showed high levels of lipid peroxidation, suggesting relatively poor physiological resistance to pollution compared with A. parthenogenetica. The age at maturity was shorter in A. parthenogenetica, which may be an adaptation to the naturally high mortality rate observed in the Odiel population. Exposure to Zn accelerated age at first reproduction in A. franciscana but not in A. parthenogenetica. In contrast, Zn had a stimulatory effect on offspring production in A. parthenogenetica,which also showed higher reproductive parameters (number of broods, total offspring and offspring per brood) than A. franciscana. Overall, the results of this study strongly suggest that native Artemia from Odiel estuary is locally adapted (at both, reproductive and physiological levels) to Zn contamination and that A. franciscana is highly sensitive. This is a good example of how pollution may play a role in the persistence of the last native Artemia populations in the Mediterranean.

O Pró-Saúde e o PET-Saúde como ferramentas transformadoras do ensino em saúde: uma revisão integrativa / The PRó-Saúde and the PET-Saúde programs as transformative tools in health education: an intgrative review

Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura, onde foi realizado um levantamento de estudos junto às bases de dados eletrônicas da CAPES e da biblioteca digital de teses e dissertações da UFC, cujo objetivo é identificar e caracterizar as produções científicas derivadas do Pró-Saúde e do PET-Saúde no Brasil. A análise dos resultados dos 15 estudos selecionados foi realizada de forma descritiva, sendo dividida em dois subitens, com a finalidade de caracterizar as publicações, sendo eles: perfil das publicações e as categorias encontradas com maior relevância. Assim, a partir dos achados constatase que após a implementação desses programas, mudanças significativas vêm sendo induzidas na perspectiva da reorientação da formação profissional em saúde. Apesar, da existência de algumas limitações e fragilidades no processo de implementação dos programas, que se constituem como desafios a serem enfrentados para o alcance efetivo de mudanças no ensino na área da saúde.

Assessing estuarine quality: A cost-effective in situ assay with amphipods.

In situ assays based on feeding depression can be powerful ecotoxicological tools that can link physiological organism-level responses to population and/or community-level effects. Amphipods are traditional target species for toxicity tests due to their high sensitivity to contaminants, availability in the field and ease of handling. However, cost-effective in situ assays based on feeding depression are not yet available for amphipods that inhabit estuarine ecosystems. The aim of this work was to assess a short-term in situ assay based on postexposure feeding rates on easily quantifiable food items with an estuarine amphipod. Experiments were carried out under laboratory conditions using juvenile Echinogammarus marinus as the target individual. When 60 Artemia franciscana nauplii (as prey) were provided per individual for a period of 30 min in dark conditions, feeding rates could be easily quantified. As an endpoint, postexposure feeding inhibition in E. marinus was more sensitive to cadmium contamination than mortality. Assay calibration under field conditions demonstrated the relevance of sediment particle size in explaining individual feeding rates in uncontaminated water bodies. An evaluation of the 48-h in situ bioassay based on postexposure feeding rates indicated that it is able to discriminate between unpolluted and polluted estuarine sites. Using the harmonized protocol described here, the in situ postexposure feeding assay with E. marinus was found to be a potentially useful, cost-effective tool for assessing estuarine sediment and water quality.

Addressing the recovery of feeding rates in post-exposure feeding bioassays: Cyathura carinata as a case study.

Post-exposure bioassays are used in environmental assessment as a cost-effective tool, but the effects of organism's recovery after exposure to pollutant has not yet been addressed in detail. The recoveries of post-exposure feeding rates after being exposed to two sublethal concentrations of cadmium during two different exposure periods (48h and 96h) were evaluated under laboratory conditions using the estuarine isopod Cyathura carinata. Results showed that feeding depression was a stable endpoint up to 24h after cadmium exposure, which is useful for ecotoxicological bioassays.

Ações de enfermagem para administração segura de medicamentos: uma revisão integrativa / Las acciones de enfermería para la administración segura de medicamentos: una revisión integradora / Nursing actions for a safe medications administration: an integrative review

Objective: To present the nursing actions published on the errors prevention during the medications administration in the ICU. Method: This is a survey of integrative review, by including papers on nursing actions to reduce errors during the medications administration, published in the period from 2005 to 2011 and indexed in the following databases: LILACS, BDENF and SciELO. Results: we have selected and analyzed 13 papers that met the selection criteria. The discussion was designed from the types of errors. It became clear that the most cited actions to prevent errors during the medications administration were: to adopt protocols and guidelines for the medications administration; to identify the drug to be administered in the patient through barcodes; and to use incompatible connectors in different routes. Conclusion: the nursing should know the types of errors and adopt actions aimed at reducing errors the medications administration.

Objetivo: Apresentar as ações de enfermagem publicadas sobre a prevenção de erros na administração de medicamentos na UTI. Método: Trata-se de uma pesquisa de revisão integrativa, incluindo artigos sobre ações de enfermagem para reduzir erros na administração de medicamentos, publicados no período de 2005 a 2011 e indexados nas seguintes bases de dados: LILACS, BDENF e SciELO. Resultados: foram selecionados e analisados 13 artigos que atendiam aos critérios de seleção. A discussão foi elaborada a partir dos tipos de erros. Evidenciou-se que as ações para a prevenção de erros na administração de medicamentos mais citadas foram: adotar protocolos para a administração dos medicamentos; identificar o medicamento a ser administrado por código de barras; e usar conectores incompatíveis em vias diferentes. Conclusão: a enfermagem deve conhecer os tipos de erros e adotar ações para reduzir erros na administração de medicamentos.

Objetivo: Proporcionar cuidados de enfermería publicados en la prevención de errores en la administración de medicamentos en la UCI. Método: Se trata de un estudio de revisión integradora que incluye artículos sobre las acciones de enfermería para reducir los errores en la administración de medicamentos, publicados entre 2005 a 2011 indexados en bases de datos: LILACS, SciELO y BDENF. Resultados: Se seleccionaron y analizaron 13 artículos que cumplieron con los criterios de selección. La discusión se ha elaborado a partir de los tipos de errores. Quedó claro que las acciones para prevenir errores en la administración de medicamentos fueron más citados adoptar protocolos y directrices para la administración de medicamentos, identificar el fármaco a ser administrado por código de barras, y utilizan conectores incompatibles de diferentes maneras. Conclusión: La enfermería debe conocer los tipos de errores y tomar medidas para reducir los errores en la administración de medicamentos.

A singularidade da assistência de enfermagem a gestante no momento do parto: refletindo sobre a integralidade do cuidado / The uniqueness of nursing care for pregnant women at delivery: reflecting on the comprehensive care

Objetivo: refletir sobre as concepções apontadas pela literatura de como se aplica a assistência de enfermagem de forma integral e peculiar a cada parturiente. Metodologia: trata-se de uma pesquisa bibliográfica utilizando-se para a classificação dos artigos a relação entre o conteúdo, título, resumo, e se atendiam ao objeto do presente estudo, realizadas na base de indexados: LILACS, BDENF e SCIELO e em uma busca livre de textos completos atendendo aos critérios do Qualis Capes, no período de 2001 a 2009. Resultados: a integralidade do cuidado envolve dimensões como o compreender, o acolher, conhecer características, na troca de informações, valorizando o conhecimento, centrada no cotidiano da parturiente, e das políticas de saúde, visando adequar as práticas às necessidades da realidade visualizada. Conclusão: as obras apontam para as necessidades individuais de cada mulher, de forma a personalizar o atendimento de forma edificante, para alcançar-se a integralidade. Logo, todos os profissionais devem refletir e se conscientizar sobre a atenção à saúde de forma totalizadora, humanizada, contextualizada, integral.(AU)