The Most Common Handball Injuries: A Systematic Review.

Handball is a team sport involving a great physical demand from its practitioners in which a high number of injuries occur, affecting individual and collective performance. Knowledge of the injuries is of great importance for their prevention. The objective of the present study was to identify, locate and compare the most frequent injuries and injury mechanisms in handball practice. It was carried out following the Preferred Informed Item for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. The source of data collection was direct consultation of the PubMed and Medline databases. Several keywords were used for the documentary retrieval, and the quality of the studies that were selected was evaluated. Of the 707 studies retrieved, only 27 were considered appropriate for the review, and quality scores were obtained that ranged from 10 to 26 points, out of a maximum of 28. The most frequent injuries in handball players are located in the lower limbs (thigh, knee and ankle), and in the shoulder in the upper limbs. Regarding the playing position, the players who play over the 6-m line are the most affected by injuries, while the women players have a higher probability of injury. Most injuries occur during competition.

Does the Physiological Response of a Triathlete Change in the Use or Absence of Drafting?

BACKGROUND: Currently, tactics play an important and decisive role in sprint distance triathlons. One of the most decisive tactical elements is drafting in the cycling sector, depending on whether or not it is allowed by the test regulations. The objective was to analyze the physiological responses in running, in relation to drafting in the cycling sector, according to level and sex. METHODS: To do this, a total of n = 44 subjects were divided into two levels (elite: they got a podium in the national championship, 15.68 ± 0.82 years; amateurs: they compete at the regional level, 15.68 ± 1.62 and 37.9 ± 1.74 years), undergoing two training sessions of four cycling-running multitransitions with variability in the permissibility of drafting were analyzed. A descriptive analysis of the variables was carried out, together with an inferential analysis to know the relationships and associations between the dependent and independent variables. RESULTS: The results showed significant differences in the parameters, as related to running technique, heart rate, speed, and displacement (both between levels and sex). CONCLUSIONS: This study concludes that drafting in the cycling sector generates decisive physiological responses for the running sector.

Analysis of the Objective Internal Load in Portuguese Skydivers in the First Jump of the Day.

The general objective of this study was to identify the variation in heart rate (HR) of Portuguese skydivers during 6 moments in their first jump of the day, bearing in mind the variable level of experience. Thirty-one Portuguese skydivers, 28 men and 3 women, aged between 19 and 62, participated in the study, 12 had A and B licenses (less experienced) and 19 had C and D licences (more experienced). The instrument used to record the heart rate of the skydivers at the different moments of their first jump of the day was the WIMU PRO. A repeated measures analysis of variance was used to analyse HR at different moments in the jump and its relation with the variables level of experience. Bonferroni multiple comparisons were performed to study the importance of the differences observed in HR at the different moments. The effect size was evaluated with partial eta squared. The results showed that average HR in this group of skydivers was 130 bpm, in the different moments of the jump. HR increases from the value recorded at rest until the moment of jumping from the plane and opening the parachute, reaching the highest average at that moment, then decreasing until contact with the ground. Comparing the variable, we found that the less experienced had higher HR than the more experienced at all moments during the jump. Statistically significant differences were found at the different moments of the jump, regarding HR (Max: p < 0.001, ƞ2p = 0.820; Min: p < 0.001, ƞ2p = 0.821; AVG: p < 0.001, ƞ2p = 0.834) Level of experience with jumping moment interaction, we only verified differences related to HR Min (p = 0.007, ƞ2p = 0.056),. With regard to experience, the identified differences were not statistically significant. Skydiving triggers an acute adaptive cardiovascular response which is reflected in the increase in the HR, between the moment of boarding the plane and the moment at which the parachute opens, thereafter decreasing until contact with the ground. The most experienced parachutists recorded the highest HR at the moment of landing and the least experienced at the moment of free fall.

External load of the tasks planned by teachers for learning handball.

The load in tasks planned for sports teaching in physical education classes has received little attention. The purpose of this study was therefore to analyze the external load, eTL, in the tasks designed by physical education teachers from the in-service and pre-service stages, for teaching handball in primary education, and to compare them with the tasks included in the lesson plans designed for handball using the tactical games teaching model. An associative, comparative and cross-sectional methodology was used. Twenty-three teachers, five in the in-service phase and eighteen in the pre-service phase, designed lesson plans for teaching handball, which were compared with lesson plans validated by a panel of experts. The analysis was performed on 1,232 tasks or analysis units. eTL was categorized using the Integrated analysis system of training tasks (SIATE) instrument. A descriptive and associative analysis was made of the variables that make up the eTL and an inferential analysis of the eTL using non-parametric tests. The total eTL of the tasks planned by the in-service and pre-service teachers was low, and significantly lower than the tasks planned using the tactical games model, which showed a high level.

Game Space and Game Situation as Mediators of the External Load in the Tasks of School Handball.

The teacher's didactic intervention also requires knowledge and control of learning tasks' workloads. The objectives of the study were as follows: (i) to quantify the subjective external load-eTL of tasks framed in didactic units designed by in-service teachers; and (ii) to analyze the differences in the subjective eTL according to the game situation and the game space. A total of 306 learning tasks designed by seven in-service teachers (five men and two women), with more than 10 years of teaching practice, were analyzed. These tasks were coded through the Integral System for Training Task Analysis (SIATE, acronym in Spanish). The interobserver reliability of the coded variables obtained a considerable concordance (MKfree > 0.70). The results indicated that there were significant differences in the subjective eTL according to the game situation and game space. The situations of small-sided games in numerical equality or inequality and full games, in medium spaces or large spaces, presented a higher subjective eTL and therefore the highest physiological and motor demands on students. The inclusion of attacking or defending players and an adequate selection of the game space indicated the importance of planning and organizing learning tasks.

On-Match Impact and Outcomes of Scoring First in Professional European Female Football.

BACKGROUND: Scoring first seems to be a determinant in professional football playing; several factors could influence the development of the match and the outcome. This study aimed to identify which factors could influence scoring first and impact match outcomes in professional European female football. METHODS: There were 504 official matches held on 74 match days during the 2018-2019 professional female European football seasons (Primera Iberdrola, D1 Féminine, and Frauen-Bundesliga), analysed using a notational and inferential assessment. RESULTS: There was a direct positive relationship (p < 0.05) between scoring first and winning the match; 75.9% of the winning teams scored first. Moreover, those teams that usually scored first had a better final league classification (p < 0.05). These relationships were not influenced by home or away conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Scoring first is a determinant in the outcomes of professional European female football matches. Physical and tactical training and programming should focus on those variables, leading female teams to score first.

Analysis of the Research Methodology in Spanish Doctoral Theses on Handball. A Systematic Review.

The objective of this investigation was to analyze scientific production assessed by indexed doctoral theses in the Ordered Spanish Theses (TESEO) database, on the topic of the sport of handball in Spain. Productivity was analyzed on the basis of variables grouped by contextual information, methodologies and procedures. Seventy-two indexed theses from between 1976 and 2021 were analyzed. A progressive increase was identified in scientific production based on these theses during this period. The scientific disciplines that presented the highest number of theses were Sport Sciences (n = 33) and Sport Pedagogy (n = 19). The main results show that quantitative approaches are the most common (n = 49), doctoral theses using descriptive studies based on systematic observation represent the majority (73%), the predominant type of data collection was the use of cross-sectional studies (70.8%) versus longitudinal studies (26.4%), and the most used sampling method was that of convenience (n = 65). The results make it possible to ascertain the reality of this research topic, the methodological positioning and research tendencies, and to draw the basic lines for development.

Talent Development in Basketball: A Perspective from Brazilian Coaches / Desarrollo del Talento en Baloncesto: Una Perspectiva de Entrenadores Brasileños

The coach plays a central role in the identification, selection, and development of talent. The aim of this study was to investigate into the opinions of Brazilian coaches about the importance of different factors for the development of young basketball players. A total of 94 coaches from different clubs and with diverse professional experience are administered a questionnaire on anthropometric, physical, technical, tactical, psychological, and environmental characteristics. On a scale of 1 (not at all important) to 5 (extremely important), the coaches indicated to what extent a factor/indicator of athletic potential was important for the development of a young basketball player. Repeated measures ANOVA showed that, in the coaches' opinion, the technical and physical factors were the most important in relation to the other factors for the development of young basketball players, with differences according to the playing position. Most coaches considered the following indicators of the sporting potential as extremely important: Shooting skill, passing and individual defense technique, speed, agility, and lower limb strength. The coaches also considered tactical skills, especially positioning and decision-making, as well as the quality of practice and psychological skills (confidence, withstanding pressure, concentration, dealing with adversity, coachability, and determination) to be extremely important. The relevance of these indicators varied according to the competitive level of the coaches (international vs. regional/national). Our results can potentially help coaches in the process of identifying and developing talents for the Brazilian basketball.(AU)

Career Development of Adapted Sports Coaches: Systematic Review of Qualitative Evidence Literature.

This study aims to synthesize and understand the qualitative and empirical evidence previously published on adapted sports career development. This systematic literature review also aimed at developing a conceptual model of the training and career path of adapted sports coaches. The research was carried out through the following databases: PubMed, Erid, EBSCO, Web of Science and Scopus. We selected nine qualitative studies according to the specific eligibility criteria. Data extraction was carried out independently by different authors, including the assessment of the methodological quality of the articles. We developed a conceptual model composed of four descriptive subjects (adapted sport option; perception of training athletes in adapted sports; development of the adapted sports coach's learning; adapted sports coach reality) about the adapted sports coach's pathway and added three analytical subjects about the difficulties, opportunity and reality of adapted sports. The conceptual model suggests inclusion of practical activity programs, the specificities of related contents with the adapted modalities, and observation in a real context are fundamental.

Training and Profile of Special Olympics Portugal Coaches: Influence of Formal and Non-Formal Learning.

Since coaches play an important role in the development of athletes, the process and mechanisms used by Special Olympics Portugal to develop coaches' skills are worthy of research. In this context, the study aims to identify the training paths and profiles of the Special Olympics Portugal coach. It also aims to analyze the relationship between formal and non-formal learning in the profile and training of this type of coach. The research is descriptive and transversal regarding Special Olympics Portugal coaches, with the participation of 50 subjects. Two questionnaires were used, the Coaches' Training Profile Questionnaire to determine the training routes, and the Coaches' Orientation Questionnaire. The results show that the Special Olympics Portugal coaches have an academic background and a somewhat critical profile. It is imperative to build formal and non-formal learning contexts that focus on the theme of adapted sports, in order to allow the training of more qualified coaches, who are consequently more effective in their interventions with this type of athlete.

Citius, Altius, Fortius; Is It Enough to Achieve Success in Basketball?

The NBA Draft Combine includes a series of standardized measurements and drills that provide NBA teams with an opportunity to evaluate players. The purpose of this research was to identify the Combine tests that explain draft position and future performance in the NBA rookie season. Variables were selected from the previous categories of anthropometric measurements and strength and agility tests. A regression analysis was carried out. Combine variables, anthropometric and agility/strength variables were analyzed to explore their effect on draft position. Moreover, correlation analyses were performed to identify relationships among: (i) Combine anthropometric and strength and agility measures and game performance through game related statistics; and (ii) the draft position and game performance using Pearson's correlation coefficients. Results show that the Combine test does not predict draft position, with the exception of hand width and height in frontcourt players, and standard vertical jump and running vertical jump. Future performance indicators were explained by several Combine tests in all players.

Design and Validation of the Instrument for the Measurement of Learning and Performance in Football.

The assessment of tactical-technical knowledge of football is essential to develop optimal and integral teaching processes for students. Therefore, the aim of this study was to design and validate an instrument so that teachers, coaches, and researchers can observe and codify both the tactical behaviors and technical skills performed by the students in the game of football. The design and validation of the instrument were carried out in four phases: a) review of the literature and previous instruments; b) design of the Instrument for the Measurement of Learning and Performance in Football (IMLPFoot). It assesses all the offensive and defensive play actions, with and without the ball, as well as their three components (decision-making, technical execution, and final result); c) sample selection of experts (N = 12); and d) quantitative (Likert-type scale from 1 to 10) and qualitative assessment of degree the pertinence, unambiguity, and importance of each of the 33 items included in the IMLPFoot. Aiken's V coefficient was used to determine content validity. Likewise, internal consistency was calculated using Cronbach's α coefficient. The results showed demanding levels of validity (V ≥ 0.77), internal consistency (α = 0.983), inter-rater, and intra-rater reliability. Therefore, it is a valid and reliable instrument that makes possible a complete assessment of football in physical education classes and/or in the sports context (out-of-school football).

Physical and Physiological Profiles of Aerobic and Anaerobic Capacities in Young Basketball Players.

Current trends in the analysis of the physical fitness of athletes are based on subjecting the athlete to requirements similar to those found in competition. Regarding physical fitness, a thorough study of the capacities that affect the development of team sports in different ages and gender is required since the demands are not equivalent. The objective of this paper was to characterize the physical-physiological demands of athletes in an aerobic and anaerobic test specific to basketball players, as well as the evolution of the variables according to age and gender. The research was carried out in 149 players from different training categories (n = 103 male; n = 46 female). The athletes performed two field tests that evaluated both aerobic capacity and lactic anaerobic capacity. Each athlete was equipped with an inertial device during the tests. Sixteen variables (equal in both tests) were analyzed. Three of them evaluated technical-tactical aspects, four variables of objective internal load, six kinematic variables of objective external load (two related to distance and four related to accelerometry) and three neuromuscular variables of objective external load. The obtained results show significant differences in the variables analyzed according to the age and gender of the athletes. They are mainly due to factors related to the anthropometric maturation and development inherent in age and have an impact on the efficiency and technical and tactical requirements of the tests carried out and, therefore, on the obtained results in the tests.

Quantification of Internal and External Load in School Football According to Gender and Teaching Methodology.

The design of teaching tasks determines the physical and physiological demands that students are exposed to in physical education classes. The purpose of this study is to quantify and compare, according to gender and teaching methodology, the external (eTL) and internal (iTL) load resulting from the application of two programs that follow different teaching methodologies, i.e., a Tactical Games Approach (TGA) and Direct Instruction (DI), to teach school football. The Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPEs) recorded in the assessments were also studied. A total of 41 students in the fifth year of primary education from a state school from Spain participated in the study (23 boys and 18 girls), aged from 10 to 11 (M ± SD, 10.63 ± 0.49 years) and divided into two class groups. All the sessions were monitored with inertial devices that made it possible to record physical activity and convert the information into kinematic parameters. The results indicated that the students who followed the TGA method recorded higher iTL values (heart rate) and spent more time performing high-intensity activities. Boys recorded higher eTL, iTL, and RPE values than girls. There was an evolution in the RPE between the assessments, with both groups presenting a more efficient RPE in the posttest. The TGA method favors student physical fitness and health, thus, this method is recommended when planning physical education sessions.

Monitoring the External and Internal Load Under 2 Teaching Methodologies.

González-Espinosa, S, Antúnez, A, Feu, S, and Ibáñez, SJ. Monitoring the external and internal load under 2 teaching methodologies. J Strength Cond Res 34(10): 2920-2928, 2020-The purpose of this study was to analyze and compare the physical demands produced by the implementation of 2 sport teaching methods during a class and their relation with the learning achieved by the students. Two intervention programs were used to teach the sport of basketball, one based on the direct instruction (DI) method and the other on the tactical-game approach (TGA). The intervention programs were administered to 4 groups of students, 2 for each methodology, with 88 students participating in the study. A total of 10 practical sessions were given, as well as a pre-test and post-test. The practical sessions and the tests were recorded with an inertial system for monitoring and recording physical activity and movement in real time. Differences were found between the methodologies in the teaching sessions in the variables m·min, acc·min, PL·min, and HRmax (p < 0.000). In the assessment tests, there were also differences between both methodologies in the walk and sprint variables (p < 0.005). The results obtained from the analysis of the sessions using each methodology show that the TGA method obtained better results in the variables of external and internal loads than the DI methodology. The TGA methodology permitted a greater development of the students' physical fitness. Moreover, performance in play was not associated with the achievement of higher values in the results of external and internal load in the tests. The students trained with the TGA methodology recorded better performance indicators in the game. These results lead us to recommend physical education teachers to use a student-centered approach in their lessons because it improved both the students' physical fitness and their sports performance.

Efficiency of the goalkeepers in the women's World Handball Championship in Germany 2017 / Eficácia dos goleiros no Campeonato Mundial de Handebol feminino Alemão de 2017

Abstract The performance of goalkeepers can predict the final ranking of teams in tournaments. The aim of the study was to examine the percentages of goalkeepers of different national teams, according to the position on the field from which the pitch was taken, the location of the pitch in the goal and the ranking of the game. To this end, a documentary study based on the data collected by the International Handball Federation was carried out with 24 national teams that took part in the last absolute handball world championship (Germany 2017). The sample consisted of 7606 pitches made in 83 matches. The results showed that the highest percentage of saves was obtained with shots taken from the 9 meters and to the central and middle zone of the goal, and the lowest with throws in fast-breaks and to the lower and lateral areas of the goal. There were no significant differences in the variables analyzed according to the game ranking, except in pitching zone 1.

Resumo O desempenho do goleiro pode prever a classificação final das equipas em torneios. O objetivo do estudo foi examinar as porcentagens de defesas feitas por goleiros de diferentes seleções, de acordo com a posição no campo de onde o chute foi feito, a localização do chute no gol e o ranking do jogo. Para tal, foi realizado um estudo documental baseado em dados recolhidos pela Federação Internacional de Handebol com 24 equipes que participaram no último Campeonato do Mundo de Handebol absoluto (Alemanha 2017). A amostra consistiu em 7606 lances feitos em 83 partidas. Os resultados mostraram que a maior porcentagem de defesas foi obtida a partir dos chutes de 9 metros e da zona central e média do gol, e a menor porcentagem de defesas a partir dos chutes de contra-ataque e das zonas baixa e lateral do gol. Não houve diferenças significativas nas variáveis analisadas de acordo com o ranking do jogo, exceto na zona 1 de arremesso.

Analysis of sex-related differences in external load demands on beach handball / Análise das diferenças relacionadas ao sexo nas demandas de carga externa no handebol de praia

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to analyze the sex-related differences in beach handball workload. A total sample of 105 handballers (male, n=50; female, n=55) belonging to six U'16 teams, seven U'18 teams and eight senior teams were monitored in the final round of 2018-2019 beach handball tournament celebrated during 3-days congested-fixture design. The external load variables Steps, Jumps, Player Load, Total Impacts (>2G) and Total Impacts per Intensities (very low, 2-4G; low, 4-6G; moderate, 6-8G; high, 8-10G; very high, >10G) through WIMUTM inertial devices. Statistical analysis was composed by t-test and Cohen's d for anthropometrical variables and by MANOVA and omega partial square for sex and categories related differences. Greater values in male handballers were found in height, weight and age in each categories (U'16: p<0.05; d=0.50-2.26; U'18: p<0.05; d=0.95-2.21; senior: p<0.05; d=1.01-1.99), except in age in U'18 (p=0.97; d=0.01). Respect to external workload, differences were found related to category (p<0.01; ωp²= 0.02-0.05, small) and sex (p<0.01; ωp²= 0.04-0.21, small to high), except in Steps (p=0.47; ωp²= 0.00), finding the greatest sex-related differences in U'16 category. From the differences found in anthropometrical characteristics and external workload, their evaluation during competition allows designing specific training sessions with the purpose of sports performance enhancement in beach handball.

Resumo Objetivou-se analisar as diferenças relacionadas ao sexo na carga de trabalho de handebol de praia. Uma amostra total de 105 jogadores de handebol (masculino, n = 50; feminino, n = 55) pertencentes a seis equipes sub-16, sete equipes sub-18 e oito equipes seniores foi monitorada na rodada final do torneio de handebol de praia 2018-2019 durante 3 dias de projeto. As variáveis ​​de carga externa Etapas, Saltos, Carga do jogador, Impactos totais (> 2G) e Impactos totais por intensidade (muito baixo, 2-4G; baixo, 4-6G; moderado, 6-8G; alto, 8-10G; muito alto,> 10G) foram mensurados por meio de dispositivos inerciais WIMUTM. A análise estatística foi composta pelo teste t, d de Cohen e MANOVA. Maiores valores nos handebolistas masculinos foram encontrados em estatura, massa corporal e idade em cada categoria (U'16: p <0,05; d = 0,50-2,26; U'18: p <0,05; d = 0,95-2,21; sénior: p <0,05 ; d = 1,01-1,99), exceto na idade nos U'18 (p = 0,97; d = 0,01). No que diz respeito à carga de trabalho externa, foram encontradas diferenças relacionadas à categoria (p <0,01; ωp² = 0,02-0,05, pequeno) e sexo (p <0,01; ωp² = 0,04-0,21, pequeno a alto), exceto nas etapas (p = 0,47; ωp² = 0,00), encontrando as maiores diferenças relacionadas ao sexo na categoria U'16. A partir das diferenças encontradas nas características antropométricas e na carga de trabalho externa, sua avaliação durante a competição permite projetar sessões de treinamento específicas com o objetivo de melhorar o desempenho esportivo no handebol de praia.

Relación entre bienestar espiritual, calidad de vida y sentido del sufrimiento en una población de ancianos religiosos residentes en centros españoles / Relation between spiritual wellbeing, quality of life and sense of suffering in a population of eldery religious resident in Spanish centres

Objetivo: Analizar la relación entre el bienestar espiritual, la satisfacción con la calidad de vida, el estado funcional y el sentido del sufrimiento de una población de religiosos ancianos residentes. Método: Estudio descriptivo, correlacional y transversal. La muestra fue de N = 435 residentes (media de 83,17 años, DT = 7,04). Se utilizaron las escalas FACIT Sp Ex, Humanizar sobre el sentido del sufrimiento, Filadelfia de Lawton e índice de Barthel. Se calcularon la t de Student y correlaciones de Pearson. Resultados: Existe un alto porcentaje (42,3%, N = 88) de residentes insatisfechos con su calidad de vida en la vejez. La media del sentido del sufrimiento como cambio (M = 3,62) fue significativamente (p < 0,05) mayor que como carga (M = 2,36), que mostró correlación significativa (p < 0,01) moderada y positiva con todas las dimensiones del bienestar espiritual (r = 0,276), bienestar general (r = 0,315) y propósito/paz (r = 0,343). El grupo de independencia (según el índice de Barthel) obtuvo una media significativamente mayor (p < 0,05) en las dimensiones paz y propósito (M = 26,28), bienestar general (M = 40,36), bienestar espiritual (M = 78,29) y actitudes hacia la vejez (M = 2,72) que el grupo de dependencia (M = 24,45, M = 38,07, M = 74,63 y M = 2,25, respectivamente). Conclusión: La atención a mayores debe incluir el plano espiritual. El sentido de sufrimiento como carga explicita la transformación interior que la población de religiosos puede dar al sufrimiento. Se destaca la importancia de fomentar la satisfacción con las relaciones sociales y actitudes positivas hacia la vejez, ya que genera bienestar, reduce los niveles de ansiedad y evita la insatisfacción derivada de miedos ante el hecho de hacerse mayor

Objective: To analyze the relationship between spiritual wellbeing, quality of life satisfaction, functional status, and sense of the suffering in a population of religious elderly residents. Methods: Descriptive, transversal and correlational study. The sample included N=435 residents (average age=83.17, SD=7.04). FACIT Sp Ex scale, Sense of Suffering Humannizing scale, Lawton's Philadelphia scale and Barthel's Index were used. Student's T and Pearson's correlations were obtained. Results: There is a high percentage (42.3 %, N=88) of unsatisfied residents with quality of life in the oldness. The average of sense of suffering as change (M=3.62) was significantly (p<.05) greater than as a charge (M=2.36), which showed moderate and positive significant correlation (p<.01) with all dimensions of spiritual well-being (r=.276), overall well-being (r=.315) and purpose/ peace (r=.343). Independence group (according to Barthel index) earned a significantly higher average (p <.05) in dimensions peace and purpose (M=26.28), overall well-being (M=40.36), spiritual well-being (M=78.29) and attitudes towards old age (M=2.72) than dependence group (M=24.45, M=38.07, M=74.63 and M=2.25 respectively). Conclusions: Elderly care must include the spiritual dimension. The sense of suffering as a charge explicits inner transformation that religious population can give to the suffering. It is highlighted the importance of promoting social relationship satisfaction and positive attitudes towards old age in order to generate well-being, reduce levels of anxiety and prevent dissatisfaction due to fear to getting older

Incidencia de los parámetros organizativos en la cuantificación de carga externa de las tareas diseñadas para la enseñanza del baloncesto escolar / Incidence of Organizational Parameters in the Quantification of the External Training Load of the Tasks designed for Teaching of the School Basketball / Incidência de parâmetros organizacionais na quantificação da carga externa de tarefas destinadas ao ensino do basquetebol escolar

Conocer la carga externa (external Training Load, eTL) a la que serán sometidos los aprendices durante la práctica deportiva resulta fundamental para la optimización del aprendizaje. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar, en función de las partes de sesión y los medios de enseñanza, la eTL de las tareas diseñadas por los profesores en fase de pre-servicio para la enseñanza del baloncesto escolar. Se categorizaron 283 tareas diseñadas por seis profesores en fase de pre-servicio mediante el Sistema Integral para el Análisis de las Tareas de Entrenamiento (SIATE). La cuantificación de eTL de las tareas se obtuvo a través de seis variables: grado de oposición, densidad de la tarea, porcentaje de ejecutantes simultáneos, carga competitiva, Espacio de juego e implicación cognitiva. Se realizo un análisis descriptivo e inferencial mediante los RTC y la prueba H de Kruskal-Wallis, estableciendo el tamaño del efecto a través de la d de Cohen. Los profesores en fase de pre-servicio planifican con niveles de eTL más bajos de los requeridos en las partes de animación y fundamental, dependiendo dichos niveles de los parámetros organizativos seleccionados durante el diseño de las tareas. Asimismo, el medio de enseñanza influye en la cuantificación de eTL

To know the external Training Load (eTL) of the tasks which students will develop during sports is essential for the optimization of learning. The aim of this study was to analyze, depending on the parts of session and the means of teaching, the eTL of the tasks designed by pre-service teachers for the teaching of school basketball. A total of 283 tasks designed by six pre-service teachers were categorized through the Integral System for Training Tasks Analysis (SIATE). The quantification of eTL of the tasks was obtained through six variables: degree of opposition, density of the task, percentage of simultaneous performers, competitive load, game area and cognitive involvement. Descriptive and inferential analysis were performed through TCR and Kruskal-Wallis H test, establishing the size of the effect through Cohen's d. Pre-service teachers plan with levels of eTL lower than those required in the animation part and in the fundamental part, depending on these levels of the organizational parameters selected during the design of the tasks. The mean of teaching influences the quantification of eTL

Conhecer a carga externa (external Training Load, eTL) a que os aprendizes serão submetidos durante a prática desportiva é fundamental para a otimização da aprendizagem. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar, de acordo com as partes de sessão e meios de ensino, o eTL das tarefas projetadas pelos professores na fase de pré-serviço para o ensino de basquete escolar. Um total de 283 tarefas projetadas por seis professores na fase de pré-serviço foram categorizadas através do Sistema Integral de Análise de Tarefas de Treinamento (SIATE). A quantificação do eTL das tarefas foi obtida através de seis variáveis: grau de oposição, densidade de tarefas, porcentagem de executores simultâneos, carga competitiva, espaço de jogo e implicação cognitiva. Uma análise descritiva e inferencial segundo os RTC e pelo teste H de Kruskal-Wallis, estabelecendo o tamanho do efeito através d de Cohen. Os Professores na fase de pré-serviço planejam com níveis de eTL menores do que os requeridos na parte de animação e na parte fundamental, dependendo esses níveis dos parâmetros organizacionais selecionados durante o projeto das tarefas. Da mesma forma, o meio de ensino influencia na quantificação do eTL

Load Variability of Training Sessions and Competition in Female Basketball / Variabilidad em la carga de las sesiones de entrenamiento e la competición en baloncesto feminino de formación / Variabilidad en la Carga de las Sesiones de Entrenamiento y la Competición en Baloncesto Femenino de Formación

To know how the efforts are distributed throughout the training week and competition it is necessary a planning of the training loads. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the load profile of the training session based on its weekly order and competition. A competitive period of a sub 13 women's basketball team was registered. Each player was monitored with a GARMINTM heart rate band and a WIMUTM inertial system during training and competition. The objective was to determine the load profile of the session based on its weekly order and compare it with competition. The main results identified a constant pattern in the modulation of the load during the week. In this profile, the first session gets lower values than the rest of the week. The intermediate sessions obtain higher values and decreasing in the last prematch session. These results can be used to design fitness programs that optimize the performance of basketball players

Para una correcta planificación de las cargas de entrenamiento, es necesario saber cómo se distribuyen los esfuerzos a lo largo de la semana de entrenamiento y también definir las demandas que genera la competición deportiva. Por tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el perfil de carga de la sesión de entrenamiento en función de su orden semanal, además de la competición deportiva. Para ello se registró un periodo competitivo de un equipo sub 13 de baloncesto femenino dónde se monitorizó a cada jugadora con una banda de frecuencia cardíaca GARMINTM y un sistema inercial WIMUTM durante el entrenamiento y la competición. El objetivo fue determinar el perfil de carga de la sesión en función de su orden semanal y compararlo con la competición deportiva. Los principales resultados identificaron un patrón constante en la modulación de la carga durante la semana. En dicho perfil, la primera sesión obtiene valores inferiores al resto de la semana y, son las sesiones intermedias las que obtienen valores superiores, disminuyendo en la última sesión pre partido. Estos resultados pueden ser utilizados para el diseño de programas de acondicionamiento físico que optimicen el rendimiento de las jugadoras de baloncesto

Para um planejamento adequado das cargas de treinamento, é necessário conhecer como os esforços são distribuídos ao longo da semana de treinamento e também definir as demandas geradas pela competição esportiva. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o perfil de carga da sessão de treinamento com base em sua ordem semanal, além da competição esportiva. Para isso, foi registrado um período competitivo de um time de basquete sub 13 feminino, onde cada jogador foi monitorado com uma faixa de ritmo cardíaco GARMINTM e um sistema de inércia WIMUTM durante o treinamento e competição. O objetivo foi determinar o perfil de carga da sessão com base em sua ordem semanal e compará-la com a competição esportiva. Os principais resultados identificaram um padrão constante na modulação da carga durante a semana. Neste perfil, a primeira sessão obtém valores menores que o resto da semana e, são as sessões intermediárias que obtêm valores mais altos, diminuindo na última sessão pré-jogo. Esses resultados podem ser usados para projetar programas de condicionamento físico que otimizem o desempenho de jogadores de basquete