ABSTRACT
Although Romania has one of the highest incidence of cervical cancer in Europe (30 new cases/100 000 women), little is known about the distribution of the human papillomaviruses (HPV) genotypes in this population. We seek to determine the distribution of HPV genotypes in women with normal and abnormal cervical cytology. We analyzed 460 cervical cytology specimens from women who self-referred to the gynecologic clinic. HPV was detected and genotyped using the commercially available INNOLiPA (INNOGENETICS NV) kit based on the reverse hybridization principle. HPV DNA was detected in 279 cases (60.7%) with a median age of 32.9 years. In HGSIL (High Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion) cytology, the presence of HPV DNA was confirmed in 82.7% of cases. The most frequent high-risk genotype was HPV16, found in 32.6% of HPV-positive samples. The next common high-risk genotypes were HPV18, HPV31 and HPV51. Our findings on the distribution and frequency of the HPV genotypes in Romanian population confirmed the utility of the current available HPV vaccines, HPV16 and 18 being detected in 28.7% of cases in the investigated area.
Subject(s)
Papillomaviridae/isolation & purification , Papillomavirus Infections/virology , Adolescent , Adult , Chi-Square Distribution , DNA, Viral/chemistry , DNA, Viral/genetics , Female , Genotype , Humans , Middle Aged , Nucleic Acid Hybridization/methods , Papillomaviridae/genetics , Papillomavirus Infections/epidemiology , Papillomavirus Infections/pathology , Romania/epidemiology , Vaginal Smears , Young AdultABSTRACT
UNLABELLED: Many of the risk factors for postmenopausal breast cancer are related to excess estrogen exposure. Hyperinsulinemia associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus may promote breast cancer via increased peripheral production of estrogens and direct mitogenic effect of insulin itself. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Our retro-prospective study compares breast cancer characteristics between two study groups consisting of 53 diabetic and 391 non-diabetic patients diagnosed and treated for breast cancer. RESULTS: Almost 12% of the patients presenting breast cancer were diabetic and menopause occurred at 48.71 years for diabetic patients and at 49.87 years for the non-diabetic ones. Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients were treated by diet and oral agents, had greater body mass index (32.18 kg/m2), presented well differentiated (57% in G1) but greater (68% in T2) tumors and an increased incidence of lobular (13%) and mixed type (19%) carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: Diet and physical exercises as methods for preventing type 2 diabetes mellitus together with screening strategies among diabetic patients could contribute to decreasing the incidence of breast cancer.
