Interleukin-1beta-induced apoptosis through adenylyl cyclase and ERK1/2 inhibition in primary cultured thyroid cells.

The programmed cell death plays a crucial role in the regulation of numerous physiological and pathological phenomena. In this study, we show that interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta) induces an early production of endogenous ceramides via N-sphingomyelinase (N-Smase) as well as an inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity in pig thyroid cells. This effect is followed by a down-regulation of the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK1/2) phosphorylation, an activation of caspase-3, and ends by setting up the programmed cell death. The permeable exogenous C(2)-ceramide reproduces IL-1beta effects on: (i) inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity, (ii) down-regulation of ERK1/2 phosphorylation, (iii) activation of caspase-3, and (iv) apoptosis in pig thyroid cells. Cell treatment with a PKA inhibitor down-regulates ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Furthermore, inhibition of ERK1/2 signaling pathway by U-0126 enhances caspase-3 activity and sets up programmed cell death. Both IL-1beta and exogenous C(2)-ceramide effects are reproduced by U-0126 so illustrating the implication of ERK1/2 down-regulation in both caspase-3 activation and apoptosis induction. Our study shows for the first time that endogenous ceramides are important second messengers in IL-1beta-induced apoptosis in pig thyroid cells through inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and ERK1/2 activities.

Low UVA doses activate the transcription factor NFAT in human fibroblasts by a calcium-calcineurin pathway.

UVA radiation induces an inflammatory response as observed in erythema, and the cytokine genes involved in this response are under the control of the transcription factor NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T lymphocytes). The effects of UVA on NFAT DNA binding activity were investigated in cultured human fibroblasts. A dose-dependent increase was observed within the range of 0.6-4.5 J/cm2 UVA. Beyond this value, the activity decreased and a value of 60% of control was found at 13.5 J/cm2. The enhancement of NFAT activity was transient and peaked 45 min after irradiation. Furthermore, immunoblot analysis demonstrated a nuclear translocation of NFAT under low UVA doses. Concomitantly, as assessed by the fluorescent probe Fluo3, UVA induced an increase in intracellular free calcium, with a maximum increase found at 9 J/cm2. The UVA-induced activation of NFAT was prevented by the intracellular calcium trapping drug BAPTA, whereas the extracellular calcium chelator EGTA had no significant effect. In addition, the calcineurin inhibitors cyclosporin A and FK506 both prevented the UVA-induced NFAT activation. Furthermore, the antioxidant vitamin E prevented the UVA-induced increase in both intracellular free calcium and NFAT binding activity. Finally, the cytotoxicity of UVA was enhanced in the presence of the inhibitors cyclosporin and FK506, suggesting that the activation of NFAT might play a protective role after the UVA-induced oxidative stress. These results demonstrate that UVA activates the calcium-calcineurin signaling pathway of NFAT activation, that the calcium ions are mainly released from intracellular stores, and that the increase in calcium is, at least partially, due to the oxidative stress generated under UVA. Because NFAT regulates several genes implicated in the inflammatory response, the enhancement of NFAT activity by low UVA doses might be interpreted in view of the proinflammatory action of solar radiation.

Elastin-derived peptides enhance angiogenesis by promoting endothelial cell migration and tubulogenesis through upregulation of MT1-MMP.

Elastin-derived peptides display a wide range of biological activities in a number of normal and transformed cells but their involvement in angiogenesis has not been reported. In the present study, we show that kappa-elastin and VGVAPG hexapeptide elastin motif accelerated angiogenesis in the chick chorio-allantoic membrane in an in vivo model. They also stimulated pseudotube formation from human vascular and microvascular endothelial cells in the matrigel and collagen models as well as cell migration in an in vitro wound healing assay. Confocal and scanning electron microscopy analyses revealed the main reorganization of actin filaments mediated by elastin-derived peptides and changes in cell shape that correlated with a decrease of the cell form factor determined by computerized image analysis. Such elastin-derived peptide effects were attributed to upregulation of proMT1-MMP and proMMP-2 expression and activation at both the mRNA and protein levels. Batimastat, an inhibitor of furin convertase and TIMP-2, but not TIMP-1, totally abolished the influence of elastin-derived peptides (EDPs) on cell migration and tubulogenesis, thus favoring the involvement of MT1-MMP in such processes. To assess its contribution to EDP-mediated angiogenesis further, we used a small interfering RNA (siRNA) approach for specifically silencing MT1-MMP in human microvascular endothelial cells. Four sets of 21 bp siRNA duplexes targeting MT1-MMP mRNA were synthesized by in vitro transcription. Two of them proved to inhibit MT1-MMP expression efficiently but did not affect MT2-, MT3- and MT5-MMP expression. Seventy-two hours after transfection with 25 nM siRNAs EDP-induced MT1-MMP expression at the mRNA and protein levels was decreased fourfold. In parallel, proMMP-2 activation was inhibited. A scrambled siRNA, used as a negative control, had no effect. Finally, the effect of elastin peptides on pseudotube formation in MT1-MMP-siRNA transfected cells was totally abolished. These data emphasise the crucial role of MT1-MMP in the elastin-induced angiogenic phenotype of endothelial cells.