Bee Venom Toxic Effect on MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells and Caenorhabditis Elegans.

INTRODUCTION: Bee venom has therapeutics and pharmacological properties. Further toxicological studies on animal models are necessary due to the severe allergic reactions caused by this product. METHOD: Here, Caenorhabditis elegans was used as an in vivo toxicity model, while breast cancer cells were used to evaluate the pharmacological benefits. The bee venom utilized in this research was collected from Apis mellifera species found in Northeast Brazil. The cytotoxicity caused by bee venom was measured by MTT assay on MDA-MB-231 and J774 A.1 cells during 24 - 72 hours of exposure. C. elegans at the L4 larval stage were exposed for three hours to M9 buffer or bee venom. Survival, behavioral parameters, reproduction, DAF-16 transcription factor translocation, the expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and metabolomics were analyzed. Bee venom suppressed the growth of MDA-MB-231 cancer cells and exhibited cytotoxic effects on macrophages. Also, decreased C. elegans survival impacted its behaviors by decreasing C. elegans feeding behavior, movement, and reproduction. RESULTS: Bee venom did not increase the expression of SOD-3, but it enhanced DAF-16 translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. C. elegans metabolites differed after bee venom exposure, primarily related to aminoacyl- tRNA biosynthesis, glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, and sphingolipid and purine metabolic pathways. Our findings indicate that exposure to bee venom resulted in harmful effects on the cells and animal models examined. CONCLUSION: Thus, due to its potential toxic effect and induction of allergic reactions, using bee venom as a therapeutic approach has been limited. The development of controlled-release drug strategies to improve this natural product's efficacy and safety should be intensified.

Acute leucocyte, muscle damage, and stress marker responses to high-intensity functional training.

BACKGROUND: High-intensity functional training (HIFT) has become more popular, and the number of practitioners has increased; however, it remains unclear whether perturbations in the immune parameters occur, even after one single bout. Our aim was to examine acute leucocyte, muscle damage, and stress marker responses following a single 'Cindy' workout session, and compare the results between novice and experienced participants. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-three HIFT practitioners (age 31.0 ± 1.0 years) completed the 'Cindy' workout. They were categorized as novice (3-8 months of experience; n = 10) and experienced (≥18 months; n = 13). White blood cell (WBC) count, plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity, blood cortisol level, and lactate concentration were measured. Blood analysis was performed before (pre-ex), immediately after (post-ex), 30 min after (post-30 min), and 24 h after (post-24 h) a single 'Cindy' workout session. RESULTS: WBC count was higher post-ex (6.8 to 11.8x103/µL) and returned to baseline values within post-30 min (p<0.01). Neutrophil (3.3 to 4.5x103/µL) and lymphocyte levels (2.8 to 5.9x103/µL) were higher post-ex and returned to baseline values after post-24 h, yet lymphocytopoenia (2.2x103/µL) was observed at post-30 min (p<0.01). CK increased post-ex (174.9 to 226.7 U.L-1) and remained elevated post-24 h. Cortisol (14.7 to 17.0 µg/dL) and lactate (1.9 to 13.5 mmol.l-1) responses increased post-ex, but only the lactate level was reduced at post-30 min (p<0.01). The experienced participants had higher WBC, lymphocyte, and cortisol concentrations post-ex than the novice ones (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: A single HIFT session elicited significant acute perturbations in WBC count, stress markers, and muscle tissue, which is like other similar regimens. Importantly, the experienced participants showed greater lymphocyte and cortisol responses than the novice ones.

Effects of high doses of glucocorticoids on insulin-mediated vasodilation in the mesenteric artery of rats.

Several pathological conditions predict the use of glucocorticoids for the management of the inflammatory response; however, chronic or high dose glucocorticoid treatment is associated with hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance and can be considered a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Therefore, we investigated the mechanisms involved in the vascular responsiveness and inflammatory profile of mesenteric arteries of rats treated with high doses of glucocorticoids. Wistar rats were divided into a control (CO) group and a dexamethasone (DEX) group, that received dexamethasone for 7 days (2mg/kg/day, i.p.). Blood samples were used to assess the lipid profile and insulin tolerance. Vascular reactivity to Phenylephrine (Phe) and insulin, and O2•-production were evaluated. The intracellular insulin signaling pathway PI3K/AKT/eNOS and MAPK/ET-1 were investigated. Regarding the vascular inflammatory profile, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1ß and IL-18 were assessed. Dexamethasone-treated rats had decreased insulin tolerance test and endothelium-dependent vasodilation induced by insulin. eNOS inhibition caused vasoconstriction in the DEX group, which was abolished by the ET-A antagonist. Insulin-mediated relaxation in the DEX group was restored in the presence of the O2.- scavenger TIRON. Nevertheless, in the DEX group there was an increase in Phe-induced vasoconstriction. In addition, the intracellular insulin signaling pathway PI3K/AKT/eNOS was impaired, decreasing NO bioavailability. Regarding superoxide anion generation, there was an increase in the DEX group, and all measured proinflammatory cytokines were also augmented in the DEX group. In addition, the DEX-group presented an increase in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) and total cholesterol (TC) and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) levels. In summary, treatment with high doses of dexamethasone promoted changes in insulin-induced vasodilation, through the reduction of NO bioavailability and an increase in vasoconstriction via ET-1 associated with generation of O2•- and proinflammatory cytokines.

Phytol, a Chlorophyll Component, Produces Antihyperalgesic, Anti-inflammatory, and Antiarthritic Effects: Possible NFκB Pathway Involvement and Reduced Levels of the Proinflammatory Cytokines TNF-α and IL-6.

Phytol is a diterpene constituent of chlorophyll and has been shown to have several pharmacological properties, particularly in relation to the management of painful inflammatory diseases. Arthritis is one of the most common of these inflammatory diseases, mainly affecting the synovial membrane, cartilage, and bone in joints. Proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-6, and the NFκB signaling pathway play a pivotal role in arthritis. However, as the mechanisms of action of phytol and its ability to reduce the levels of these cytokines are poorly understood, we decided to investigate its pharmacological effects using a mouse model of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis. Our results showed that phytol was able to inhibit joint swelling and hyperalgesia throughout the whole treatment period. Moreover, phytol reduced myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and proinflammatory cytokine release in synovial fluid and decreased IL-6 production as well as the COX-2 immunocontent in the spinal cord. It also downregulated the p38MAPK and NFκB signaling pathways. Therefore, our findings demonstrated that phytol can be an innovative antiarthritic agent due to its capacity to attenuate inflammatory reactions in joints and the spinal cord, mainly through the modulation of mediators that are key to the establishment of arthritic pain.

[High frequency hearing among rural workers exposed to pesticides]. / Audição em altas frequências em trabalhadores rurais expostos a agrotóxicos.

Pesticides may cause a number of health problems and are considered oto-agressive agents. The objective of this study was to investigate the high frequency hearing characteristics of workers both with and without exposure to pesticides, that presented normal conventional audiometry. It involved a cross-sectional study with 87 workers, of both genders, between 19 and 59 years, with formal or informal jobs and some of whom worked with family agriculture, either using pesticides or not, who had taken High-Frequency Audiometry tests. The use of glyphosate was reported by 73% of workers and several pesticide mixtures occurred in 78% of them. There were no cases of proper use of personal protective equipment recommended for the activity. The workers exposed to pesticides had worse results in High-Frequency Audiometry tests in comparison with those who had no contact with pesticides (p < 0.0001). High-Frequency Audiometry has proved to be a useful and effective tool in the early detection of hearing loss caused by pesticides.

Os agrotóxicos podem causar inúmeros problemas de saúde e são considerados agentes otoagressores. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as características auditivas nas altas frequências em trabalhadores com e sem exposição aos agrotóxicos, que apresentaram resultados normais na audiometria convencional. Estudo transversal com 87 trabalhadores, de ambos os gêneros, entre 19 e 59 anos, com vínculo de trabalho formal, informal e/ou que atuavam na agricultura familiar e realizaram Audiometria de Altas Frequências. O uso de glifosato foi relatado por 73% dos trabalhadores e as misturas de agrotóxicos diversos ocorreram em 78% deles. Não foi identificado uso adequado dos equipamentos de proteção individual recomendados para a atividade agrícola. Os trabalhadores expostos a agrotóxicos apresentaram piores resultados na Audiometria de Altas Frequências quando comparados aos que não tiveram contato com agrotóxicos (p < 0,0001). A Audiometria de Altas Frequências pode ser considerada um instrumento sensível para detectar, precocemente, alterações auditivas em trabalhadores expostos a agrotóxicos, e, seu uso em serviços de saúde poderá contribuir para as ações de vigilância em saúde do trabalhador.

Audição em altas frequências em trabalhadores rurais expostos a agrotóxicos / High frequency hearing among rural workers exposed to pesticides

Resumo Os agrotóxicos podem causar inúmeros problemas de saúde e são considerados agentes otoagressores. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as características auditivas nas altas frequências em trabalhadores com e sem exposição aos agrotóxicos, que apresentaram resultados normais na audiometria convencional. Estudo transversal com 87 trabalhadores, de ambos os gêneros, entre 19 e 59 anos, com vínculo de trabalho formal, informal e/ou que atuavam na agricultura familiar e realizaram Audiometria de Altas Frequências. O uso de glifosato foi relatado por 73% dos trabalhadores e as misturas de agrotóxicos diversos ocorreram em 78% deles. Não foi identificado uso adequado dos equipamentos de proteção individual recomendados para a atividade agrícola. Os trabalhadores expostos a agrotóxicos apresentaram piores resultados na Audiometria de Altas Frequências quando comparados aos que não tiveram contato com agrotóxicos (p < 0,0001). A Audiometria de Altas Frequências pode ser considerada um instrumento sensível para detectar, precocemente, alterações auditivas em trabalhadores expostos a agrotóxicos, e, seu uso em serviços de saúde poderá contribuir para as ações de vigilância em saúde do trabalhador.

Abstract Pesticides may cause a number of health problems and are considered oto-agressive agents. The objective of this study was to investigate the high frequency hearing characteristics of workers both with and without exposure to pesticides, that presented normal conventional audiometry. It involved a cross-sectional study with 87 workers, of both genders, between 19 and 59 years, with formal or informal jobs and some of whom worked with family agriculture, either using pesticides or not, who had taken High-Frequency Audiometry tests. The use of glyphosate was reported by 73% of workers and several pesticide mixtures occurred in 78% of them. There were no cases of proper use of personal protective equipment recommended for the activity. The workers exposed to pesticides had worse results in High-Frequency Audiometry tests in comparison with those who had no contact with pesticides (p < 0.0001). High-Frequency Audiometry has proved to be a useful and effective tool in the early detection of hearing loss caused by pesticides.

Anti-hyperalgesic effect of (-)-α-bisabolol and (-)-α-bisabolol/ß-Cyclodextrin complex in a chronic inflammatory pain model is associated with reduced reactive gliosis and cytokine modulation.

Chronic pain is a continuous or recurring pain which exceeds the normal course of recovery to an injury or disease. According to the origin of the chronic pain, it can be classified as inflammatory or neuropathic. This study aimed to evaluate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effect of (-)-α-bisabolol (BIS) alone and complexed with ß-cyclodextrin (ßCD) in preclinical models of chronic pain. Chronic pain was induced by Freund's Complete Adjuvant (FCA) or partial lesion of the sciatic nerve (PLSN). Swiss mice were treated with BIS, BIS-ßCD (50 mg/kg, p.o) or vehicle (control) and mechanical hyperalgesia, thermal hyperalgesia, muscle strength and motor coordination were evaluated. In addition, levels of TNF-α and IL-10 and expression of the ionized calcium-binding adapter protein (IBA-1) were assessed in the spinal cord of the mice. The complexation efficiency of BIS in ßCD was evaluated by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. BIS and BIS-ßCD reduced (p < 0.001) mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia. No alterations were found in force and motor coordination. In addition, BIS and BIS-ßCD inhibited (p < 0.05) TNF-α production in the spinal cord and stimulated (p < 0.05) the release of IL-10 in the spinal cord in PLSN-mice. Further, BIS and BIS-ßCD reduced IBA-1 immunostaining. Therefore, BIS and BIS-ßCD attenuated hyperalgesia, deregulated cytokine release and inhibited IBA-1 expression in the spinal cord in the PLSN model. Moreover, our results show that the complexation of BIS in ßCD reduced the therapeutic dose of BIS. We conclude that BIS is a promising molecule for the treatment of chronic pain.

Evaluation of the heterogeneity of studies estimating the association between risk factors and the use of potentially inappropriate drug therapy for the elderly: a systematic review with meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to evaluate the heterogeneity of studies estimating the association between risk factors (age, gender, and polypharmacy) and the use of potentially inappropriate drug therapy for the elderly (PIDT). METHODOLOGY: This study is a systematic review with meta-analysis of observational studies. LILACS, PubMed, Scopus, and the Web of Science databases were reviewed. The following data were extracted from the included studies: country, type of study, characteristics of the sample, practice scenarios, instruments to evaluate potentially inappropriate drug therapy for the older adults, and patient-related variables. RESULTS: Twenty-nine articles (17 cross-sectional and 12 cohort) were included. The majority of the studies were conducted in Europe. Regarding the study durations, 3 to 18 months was necessary to perform the research. As for the sample characteristics, all the studies analyzed involved the older adults and included anywhere from 96 patients to 33,830,599 outpatient consultations. Of the variables analyzed, only polypharmacy presented a positive association with the use of PIDT. All meta-analysis studies showed high heterogeneity, indicating the lack of a methodological standardization of the studies included, among other factors.

The use of the virtual reality as intervention tool in the postoperative of cardiac surgery.

INTRODUCTION: Cardiac surgery has been the intervention of choice in many cases of cardiovascular diseases. Susceptibility to postoperative complications, cardiac rehabilitation is indicated. Therapeutic resources, such as virtual reality has been helping the rehabilitational process. The aim of the study was to evaluate the use of virtual reality in the functional rehabilitation of patients in the postoperative period. METHODS: Patients were randomized into two groups, Virtual Reality (VRG, n = 30) and Control (CG, n = 30). The response to treatment was assessed through the functional independence measure (FIM), by the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) and the Nottingham Health Profile (NHP). Evaluations were performed preoperatively and postoperatively. RESULTS: On the first day after surgery, patients in both groups showed decreased functional performance. However, the VRG showed lower reduction (45.712.3) when compared to CG (35.0612.09, P<0.05) in first postoperative day, and no significant difference in performance on discharge day (P>0.05). In evaluating the NHP field, we observed a significant decrease in pain score at third assessment (P<0.05). These patients also had a higher energy level in the first evaluation (P<0.05). There were no differences with statistical significance for emotional reactions, physical ability, and social interaction. The length of stay was significantly shorter in patients of VRG (9.410.5 days vs. 12.2 1 0.9 days, P<0.05), which also had a higher 6MWD (319.9119.3 meters vs. 263.5115.4 meters, P<0.02). CONCLUSION: Adjunctive treatment with virtual reality demonstrated benefits, with better functional performance in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.

The use of the virtual reality as intervention tool in the postoperative of cardiac surgery / O uso da realidade virtual como ferramenta complementar no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca

INTRODUCTION: Cardiac surgery has been the intervention of choice in many cases of cardiovascular diseases. Susceptibility to postoperative complications, cardiac rehabilitation is indicated. Therapeutic resources, such as virtual reality has been helping the rehabilitational process. The aim of the study was to evaluate the use of virtual reality in the functional rehabilitation of patients in the postoperative period. METHODS: Patients were randomized into two groups, Virtual Reality (VRG, n = 30) and Control (CG, n = 30). The response to treatment was assessed through the functional independence measure (FIM), by the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) and the Nottingham Health Profile (NHP). Evaluations were performed preoperatively and postoperatively. RESULTS: On the first day after surgery, patients in both groups showed decreased functional performance. However, the VRG showed lower reduction (45.712.3) when compared to CG (35.0612.09, P<0.05) in first postoperative day, and no significant difference in performance on discharge day (P>0.05). In evaluating the NHP field, we observed a significant decrease in pain score at third assessment (P<0.05). These patients also had a higher energy level in the first evaluation (P<0.05). There were no differences with statistical significance for emotional reactions, physical ability, and social interaction. The length of stay was significantly shorter in patients of VRG (9.410.5 days vs. 12.2 1 0.9 days, P<0.05), which also had a higher 6MWD (319.9119.3 meters vs. 263.5115.4 meters, P<0.02). CONCLUSION: Adjunctive treatment with virtual reality demonstrated benefits, with better functional performance in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.

INTRODUÇÃO: A cirurgia cardíaca tem sido a intervenção de escolha em muitos casos de doenças cardiovasculares. Pela susceptibilidade a complicações pós-operatórias, a reabilitação cardíaca é indicada. Recursos terapêuticos, como a realidade virtual, tem favorecido o processo reabilitacional. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o uso da realidade virtual na reabilitação funcional de pacientes pós-cirurgia cardíaca. MÉTODOS: Os pacientes foram randomizados em dois grupos, Realidade Virtual (GRV, n=30) e Grupo Controle (GC, n=30). A resposta ao tratamento foi avaliada por meio do Questionário de Medida de Independência Funcional (MIF), Teste de caminhada de 6 minutos e do Perfil de Saúde de Nottingham (PSN). Os questionários foram aplicados no pré e pós-operatório. RESULTADOS: No primeiro dia de pós-operatório, os pacientes de ambos os grupos demonstraram diminuição do desempenho funcional. No entanto, essa perda foi menor no GRV (45,712,3) em relação ao GC (35,0612,09, P<0,05), sem diferença significativa no momento da alta hospitalar (P>0,05). Na avaliação do PSN, foi observada menor intensidade da dor no terceiro momento de avaliação no GRV (P<0,05). Esses pacientes também apresentaram maior nível de energia na primeira avaliação (P<0,05). Não foram encontradas diferenças com significância estatística para reações emocionais, habilidade física e interação social. O tempo de internação foi significativamente menor nos pacientes do GRV (P<0,05), que também apresentaram maior distância percorrida no TC6 (319,9119,3 metros vs. 263,5115,4 metros, P<0,02). CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento com a realidade virtual foi eficaz em proporcionar melhor desempenho funcional pós-operatório.

Epidemiological aspects of dengue in Aracaju, State of Sergipe, Brazil / Aspectos epidemiológicos da dengue em Aracaju, Estado de Sergipe, Brasil

INTRODUCTION: The dengue fever remains to be a disease of serious public health concern, and its incidence has increased in the past decades. This study aimed to characterize the epidemiological incidence of dengue in the period 2001-2010. METHODS: This is an epidemiological study of dengue in the municipality of Aracaju, state of Sergipe, in the period between 2001 and 2010, whose data were obtained from the Information System of Diseases Notifications. A descriptive analysis of the number of confirmed cases of dengue, according to year, semester, sanitary district, age, and sex, was performed. RESULTS: There were 16,462 confirmed cases, especially in 2008, which obtained the highest incidence of the disease, with 10,485 confirmed cases. The first semester obtained the highest registration of cases during the years of research; this was predominated by females between 15 and 49 years old. With regard to the territorial distribution, the second district of the municipality obtained the highest number of cases. CONCLUSIONS: In 2008, in the City of Aracaju, SE, a significant increase in the proportion of dengue cases compared with other years was verified. However, a fast decline in the other years was observed, possibly because of the intensification of preventive actions to combat the mosquito that transmits the dengue virus.

INTRODUÇÃO: A dengue permanece como uma doença de elevada significância para a saúde pública e sua incidência tem aumentado nas últimas décadas. Este estudo objetivou caracterizar a incidência epidemiológica da dengue no período de 2001-2010. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico da dengue no município de Aracaju, Sergipe, no período de 2001 a 2010, cujos dados foram obtidos do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificações. Foi realizada a análise descritiva do número de casos confirmados de dengue segundo ano, semestre, distrito sanitário, faixa etária e sexo. RESULTADOS: Foram confirmados 16.462 casos, com destaque para o ano de 2008, o qual obteve maior incidência da doença, com 10.485 casos confirmados. O primeiro semestre obteve maior registro dos casos em todos os anos da pesquisa, com predomínio do sexo feminino e da faixa etária de 15-49 anos. Com relação à distribuição territorial, destaque para o segundo distrito do município que apresentou maior número de casos. CONCLUSÕES: Verificou-se que no ano de 2008, na Cidade de Aracaju, SE, houve aumento significativo da proporção de casos de dengue em relação aos demais anos. No entanto, nota-se um declínio vertiginoso nos anos posteriores, possivelmente devido à intensificação de ações de prevenção e combate ao mosquito transmissor do vírus da dengue.

Chemical composition, acute toxicity, and antinociceptive activity of the essential oil of a plant breeding cultivar of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.).

Ocimum basilicum L. is an aromatic herb used in Brazil to treat illnesses such as respiratory and rheumatic problems, vomiting, and pain. In the present study, the chemical composition, acute toxicity, and antinociceptive effects of the essential oil (EO) of the cultivar "Maria Bonita" obtained from O. basilicum L. PI 197442 genotype were evaluated in Swiss mice (20-35 g each). Lethal dose to cause 50 % death (LD50) was calculated from a dose-response curve (100-5000 mg/kg body wt.; n = 6) as 532 mg/kg body wt. In the acetic acid-induced writhing test (0.6 % i. p.), EO (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg body wt., n = 8, s. c.) was effective in reducing the abdominal contractions at all doses (48-78 %). In the hot-plate test, EO significantly increased the latency at 50 mg/kg body wt. at all times (37-52 %, n = 8, s. c.). However, the effects of morphine and EO at 50 mg/kg were reverted in the presence of naloxone, an opioid antagonist. In the formalin test, EO significantly reduced paw licking time in the first and second phases of pain at 200 mg/kg body wt. (38 and 75 %, respectively, n = 8, s. c.). The results suggested that the peripheral and central antinociceptive effects of EO are related to the inhibition of the biosynthesis of pain mediators, such as prostaglandins and prostacyclins, and its ability to interact with opioid receptors.

Epidemiological aspects of dengue in Aracaju, State of Sergipe, Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: The dengue fever remains to be a disease of serious public health concern, and its incidence has increased in the past decades. This study aimed to characterize the epidemiological incidence of dengue in the period 2001-2010. METHODS: This is an epidemiological study of dengue in the municipality of Aracaju, state of Sergipe, in the period between 2001 and 2010, whose data were obtained from the Information System of Diseases Notifications. A descriptive analysis of the number of confirmed cases of dengue, according to year, semester, sanitary district, age, and sex, was performed. RESULTS: There were 16,462 confirmed cases, especially in 2008, which obtained the highest incidence of the disease, with 10,485 confirmed cases. The first semester obtained the highest registration of cases during the years of research; this was predominated by females between 15 and 49 years old. With regard to the territorial distribution, the second district of the municipality obtained the highest number of cases. CONCLUSIONS: In 2008, in the City of Aracaju, SE, a significant increase in the proportion of dengue cases compared with other years was verified. However, a fast decline in the other years was observed, possibly because of the intensification of preventive actions to combat the mosquito that transmits the dengue virus.

Pharmacological properties of lichen Cladonia clathrata.

Cladonia clathrata Ahti & L. Xavier-Filho (Cladoniaceae) is a lichen; several Cladonia species extracts have been used for various remedies in folk medicine. In order to evaluate the actions of this lichen, studies were performed on antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. The hydroalcoholic extract (HE) of C. clathrata stems was used in the following experiments. Oral treatment with the HE of C. clathrata elicited inhibitory activity (p < 0.001) on acetic acid-induced abdominal writhes at 100 (47.2%), 200 (47.2%), and 400 mg/kg (86.4%), and reduced the formalin-induced nociception on both the neurogenic (400 mg/kg, p < 0.01) and inflammatory phases (200 and 400 mg/kg, p < 0.01). It was not associated with non-specific effects, such as muscle relaxation or sedation. The HE reduced the carrageenan-induced edema formation at 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg (p < 0.05) and inhibited neutrophil migration into the peritoneal cavity at 400 mg/kg (p < 0.001). The HE of C. clathrata reacted with the DPPH radical and reduced the same by 50.19%, and exhibited an IC(50) value of 69.25 +/- 0.65 mug/mL. The HE of C. clathrata stems shows antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities, with a moderate antioxidant potential.

Cardiovascular effects induced by Cymbopogon winterianus essential oil in rats: involvement of calcium channels and vagal pathway.

OBJECTIVES: This study has investigated the cardiovascular effects of the Cymbopogon winterianus essential oil (EOCW) in rats. C. winterianus is a plant used in folk medicine for the treatment of hypertension. METHODS: For the measurement of haemodynamic and ECG parameters, male Wistar rats under anaesthesia were cannulated in the abdominal aorta and lower vena cava and electrodes were subcutaneously implanted in their paws. For an in-vitro approach, the rats were killed and the superior mesenteric artery was removed and cut into rings (1-2 mm). These rings were then mounted in organ baths containing Tyrode's solution at 37 degrees C and gassed with carbogen. KEY FINDINGS: In rats, EOCW (1-20 mg/kg, i.v.) induced dose-dependent hypotension and tachycardia. These effects were not affected by L-NAME or indometacin, but were partially reduced after atropine administration. EOCW (20 mg/kg only) also induced bradycardia-associated sinoatrial blockade, junctional rhythm, and first-degree atrioventricular block, which was abolished after atropine administration or vagotomy. In arterial rings, EOCW (0.1-3000 microg/ml) induced relaxation of phenylephrine tonus that was not affected by removal of the endothelium. These relaxations were similar to those observed in rings without endothelium precontracted with KCl 80 mm. EOCW was able to antagonize the CaCl(2) (30-300 mum) induced contractions in depolarizing solution (KCl 60 mm). CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrated that EOCW induced hypotension and vasorelaxation. These effects appeared to be mainly mediated by Ca(+2)-channel blocking. Furthermore, the higher dose of EOCW induced transient bradycardia and arrhythmias due to a cardiac muscarinic activation secondary to a vagal discharge.

Production of an antimicrobial substance against Cryptococcus neoformans by Paenibacillus brasilensis Sa3 isolated from the rhizosphere of Kalanchoe brasiliensis.

An antifungal substance produced by Paenibacillus brasilensis strain Sa3 was preliminary characterized and showed to be stable after treatment with different enzymes and organic solvents and at a wide range of pH, and presented a molecular weight between 3 and 10 kDa. In vitro antagonism of this strain towards Cryptococcus neoformans was investigated by optical and electronic microscopic analyses and a fungicidal effect on C. neoformans was observed. Ultrastructural analysis showed intense changes on the fungus when it was paired cultured with strain Sa3, mainly the detachment of the capsule from the cell wall and the presence of altered organelles in the cytoplasm. This novel antifungal substance produced by P. brasilensis Sa3 may represent a new insight in antifungal therapy mainly against emergent fungi. Also, prospective studies on rhizobacteria of plants as Kalanchoe brasiliensis may offer a potential source for the discovery of bioactive compounds with medical value.

Proliferative effect of the aqueous extract of Hyptis pectinata on liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in rats.

PURPOSE: This study was carried out to assess the effects of the aqueous extract of Hyptis pectinata leaves on liver regeneration and on serum enzymes (AST, ALT and gamma-GT) after 67% partial hepatectomy in rats. METHODS: AST, ALT and gamma-GT, were determined by conventional procedures using a spectrophotometer (Model E2250-CELM). Liver regeneration was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). RESULTS: Oral pretreatment during 4 days at 100 mg/kg increased liver regeneration index. At 200 mg/kg, AST level was statistically decreased in comparison to the group submitted to distilled water administration. The other enzymes assessed disclosed no difference when all groups were compared. CONCLUSION: The present study shows that the aqueous extract of Hyptis pectinata leaves contains some biological active principles that stimulate liver regeneration at 100 mg/kg and cause slight hepatic protection at 200 mg/kg.

Effect of the aqueous extract of Sida cordifolia on liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy.

PURPOSE: The use of medicinal plants for the treatment of human diseases has increased worldwide. Many of them are used by oral administration and, after absorption, may affect many organs. Therefore, this study aimed at assessing the effects of the aqueous extract of Sida cordifolia leaves, popularly known in Brazil as "malva-branca", on liver regeneration. METHODS: Twenty rats were divided into four groups: control, Sida100, Sida200 and Sida400 groups. All animals were submitted to oral administration of distilled water, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of the aqueous extract of Sida cordifolia, respectively. Immediately after this, they underwent 67% partial hepatectomy. Twenty four hours later, their livers were removed. Hepatic regeneration was assessed by immunohistochemical staining for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) using the PC-10 monoclonal antibody. RESULTS: Sida100 and Sida200 groups disclosed higher liver regeneration indices than control group (p<0.001 and p<0.05, respectively). CONCLUSION: The aqueous extract of Sida cordifolia stimulates liver regeneration after 67% partial hepatectomy in rats.

Proliferative effect of the aqueous extract of Hyptis pectinata on liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in rats / Efeito do extrato aquoso da Hyptis pectinata na regeneração hepática após hepatectomia parcial em ratos

PURPOSE: This study was carried out to assess the effects of the aqueous extract of Hyptis pectinata leaves on liver regeneration and on serum enzymes (AST, ALT and gamma-GT) after 67 percent partial hepatectomy in rats. METHODS: AST, ALT and gamma-GT, were determined by conventional procedures using a spectrophotometer (Model E2250-CELM). Liver regeneration was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). RESULTS:Oral pretreatment during 4 days at 100 mg/kg increased liver regeneration index. At 200 mg/kg, AST level was statistically decreased in comparison to the group submited to distilled water administration. The other enzymes assessed disclosed no difference when all groups were compared. CONCLUSION: The present study shows that the aqueous extract of Hyptis pectinata leaves contains some biological active principles that stimulate liver regeneration at 100 mg/kg and cause slight hepatic protection at 200 mg/kg.

OBJETIVO: Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de verificar o efeito do extrato aquoso da Hyptis pectinata na regeneração hepática bem como nos níveis das enzimas séricas (AST, ALT e gama-GT) após hepatectomia parcial de 67 por cento em ratos. MÉTODOS: AST, ALT e gama-GT, foram determinadas pelo método cinético utilizando um espectrofotômetro (Modelo E2250-CELM). A regeneração hepática foi avaliada por imunohistoquímica (PCNA). RESULTADOS: O pré-tratamento oral de 100 mg/kg foi realizado durante 4 dias e causou aumento na regeneração hepática O pré-tratamento oral com 200 mg/kg diminuiu significativamente os níveis de AST quando comparado com o grupo submetido ao pré-tratamento com água destilada. As demais enzimas avaliadas não apresentaram diferenças quando comparadas entre os grupos estudados. CONCLUSÃO: O presente estudo mostra que o extrato aquoso da Hyptis pectinata, numa concentração de 100 mg/kg possui alguma atividade biológica estimulando a regeneração hepática e causando também um leve efeito hepatoprotetor numa concentração de 200 mg/kg.

Effect of the aqueous extract of Sida cordifolia on liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy / Efeito do extrato aquoso de Sida cordifolia na regeneração hepática após hepatectomia parcial

PURPOSE: The use of medicinal plants for the treatment of human diseases has increased worldwide. Many of them are used by oral administration and, after absorption, may affect many organs. Therefore, this study aimed at assessing the effects of the aqueous extract of Sida cordifolia leaves, popularly known in Brazil as "malva-branca", on liver regeneration. METHODS: Twenty rats were divided into four groups: control, Sida100, Sida200 and Sida400 groups. All animals were submitted to oral administration of distilled water, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of the aqueous extract of Sida cordifolia, respectively. Immediately after this, they underwent 67 percent partial hepatectomy. Twenty four hours later, their livers were removed. Hepatic regeneration was assessed by immunohistochemical staining for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) using the PC-10 monoclonal antibody. RESULTS: Sida100 and Sida200 groups disclosed higher liver regeneration indices than control group (p<0.001 and p<0.05, respectively). CONCLUSION: The aqueous extract of Sida cordifolia stimulates liver regeneration after 67 percent partial hepatectomy in rats.

INTRODUÇÃO: O uso de plantas medicinais para o tratamento de patologias humanas tem aumentado em todo mundo. Muitas delas são usadas por administração oral, e após a absorção podem afetar muitos órgãos. OBJETIVO: Esse estudo, tem como objetivo verificar o efeito do extrato aquoso de Sida cordifolia, popularmente conhecida no Brasil como "malva-branca", na regeneração hepática. MÉTODOS: Vinte ratos foram divididos em 4 grupos: controle, Sida 100, Sida 200 e Sida 400. Os animais foram submetidos a administração oral de água destilada, 100, 200 e 400 mg/kg de extrato aquoso de Sida cordifolia, respectivamente. Imediatamente após, foi realizada hepatectomia parcial 67 por cento. Vinte quatro horas após, os fígados foram removidos. A regeneração hepática foi avaliada por imunohistoquímica (PCNA), usando o anticorpo monoclonal PC-10. RESULTADOS: Os grupos Sida100 e Sida200 mostraram índices de regeneração hepática maiores que o grupo controle (p<0.001 e p<0.05, respectivamente). CONCLUSÃO: O extrato aquoso de Sida cordifolia estimula a regeneração hepática após hepatectomia parcial a 67 por cento em ratos.