Genital Anaerobic Bacterial Overgrowth and the PrePex Male Circumcision Device, Rakai, Uganda.

The PrePex circumcision device causes ischemic necrosis of the foreskin, raising concerns of anaerobic overgrowth. We compared the subpreputial microbiome of 2 men 7 days after PrePex device placement to that of 145 uncircumcised men in Rakai, Uganda, using 16S ribosomal (rRNA) RNA gene-based quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis and sequencing. PrePex users had higher absolute abundance of all bacteria than uncircumcised men (P = .001), largely due to increased numbers of the following anaerobes: Porphyromonas (5.2 × 10(7) 16S rRNA gene copies/swab in the PrePex group and 1.1 × 10(6) 16S rRNA gene copies/swab in uncircumcised men; P = .002), Peptoniphilus (1.0 × 10(7) and 1.8 × 10(6) 16S rRNA gene copies/swab, respectively; P < .05), Anaerococcus (1.0 × 10(7) and 1.1 × 10(6) 16S rRNA gene copies/swab, respectively; P < .001), and Campylobacter ureolyticus (1.7 × 10(5) and 1.6 × 10(7)16S rRNA gene copies/swab, respectively; P < .001). The PrePex-associated increase in anaerobes may account for unpleasant odor and a possible heightened risk of tetanus.

Effects of medical male circumcision (MC) on plasma HIV viral load in HIV+ HAART naïve men; Rakai, Uganda.

BACKGROUND: Medical male circumcision (MC) of HIV-infected men may increase plasma HIV viral load and place female partners at risk of infection. We assessed the effect of MC on plasma HIV viral load in HIV-infected men in Rakai, Uganda. METHODS: 195 consenting HIV-positive, HAART naïve men aged 12 and above provided blood for plasma HIV viral load testing before surgery and weekly for six weeks and at 2 and 3 months post surgery. Data were also collected on baseline social demographic characteristics and CD4 counts. Change in log10 plasma viral load between baseline and follow-up visits was estimated using paired t tests and multivariate generalized estimating equation (GEE). RESULTS: Of the 195 men, 129 had a CD4 count ≧ 350 and 66 had CD4 <350 cells/mm3. Men with CD4 counts <350 had higher baseline mean log10 plasma viral load than those with CD4 counts ≧ 350 cells/mm3 (4.715 vs 4.217 cps/mL, respectively, p = 0.0005). Compared to baseline, there was no statistically significant increase in post-MC HIV plasma viral loads irrespective of CD4. Multivariate analysis showed that higher baseline log10 plasma viral load was significantly associated with reduction in mean log10 plasma viral load following MC (coef.  = -0.134, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: We observed no increase in plasma HIV viral load following MC in HIV-infected, HAART naïve men.

Use of a mixture of lignocaine and bupivacaine vs lignocaine alone for male circumcision under local anaesthesia in Rakai, Uganda.

OBJECTIVE: To assess self-reported pain control during and after surgery with a mixture of lignocaine and bupivacaine compared with lignocaine alone among male circumcision (MC) service recipients in Rakai, Uganda. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The two formulations of local anaesthesia for MC were used alternatively at weekly intervals in 360 patients; 179 received lignocaine alone and 181 received the lignocaine and bupivacaine mixture (LBmix). The proportions of men reporting pain during or after surgery, and the need for additional anaesthesia during surgery were determined for the LBmix vs lignocaine using Poisson adjusted rate ratios (RRs). Characteristics including age, weight, surgeon (medical officer vs clinical officer), surgical method and duration of surgery were compared between the arms using two-sample t-tests and chi-square tests. RESULTS: Patient and provider characteristics were comparable between the two anaesthetic groups. A higher proportion of patients reported pain during surgery in the lignocaine group (adjusted RR 11.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.5-37.9, P < 0.001), required additional anaesthesia (adjusted RR 4.8, 95% CI 1.4-17.1, P = 0.015), and were more likely to report pain during the immediate postoperative period (adjusted RR 3.4, 95% CI 2.3-5.0, P < 0.001). These differences were particularly marked among patients with MC times longer than the median (adjusted RR 13.4, 95% CI 3.1-57.0, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The LBmix significantly reduced pain associated with MC and the need for additional anaesthesia during MC.

Designing and usage of a low-cost penile model for male medical circumcision skills training in Rakai, Uganda.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the designing and usage of a locally made low-cost penile model used for male medical circumcision (MMC) skills training. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The Rakai MMC training team has experienced a number of challenges during conduct of MMC skills training, one of which was the lack of a model to use for MMC skills training. To address this challenge, the Rakai MMC skills training team has designed and developed a low-cost penile model for use in MMC skills training. RESULTS: The model has been successfully used to demonstrate external penile anatomy, to describe the biological mechanisms through which male circumcision (MC) prevents HIV acquisition, and for demonstration and practice of the MMC procedures. CONCLUSIONS: With an initial cost of only $10 and a recurrent cost of $5, this is a cost-efficient and useful penile model that provides a simulation of normal penile anatomy for use in MC training in resource-limited settings. It has also been used as a visual aid in preoperative education of patients before receiving male circumcision. The model can be improved and scaled up to develop cheaper commercial penile models.

The number of procedures required to achieve optimal competency with male circumcision: findings from a randomized trial in Rakai, Uganda.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the number of procedures required to achieve optimal competency (time required for surgery with minimal adverse events) in Rakai, Uganda, and thus facilitate the development of guidelines for training providers, as male circumcision reduces the acquisition of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in men and is recommended for HIV prevention. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a randomized trial, 3011 men were circumcised, using the sleeve method, by six physicians who had completed training, which included 15-20 supervised procedures. The duration of surgery from local anaesthesia to wound closure, moderate or severe surgery-related adverse events (AEs), and wound healing were assessed in relation to the number of procedures done by each physician. RESULTS: The median age of the patients was 24 years. The number of procedures per surgeon was 20-981. The mean time required to complete surgery was approximately 40 min for the first 100 procedures and declined to 25 min for the subsequent 100 circumcisions. After controlling for the number of procedures there was no significant difference in duration of the surgery by patient HIV status or age. The rate of moderate and severe AEs was 8.8% (10/114) for the first 19 unsupervised procedures after training, 4.0% for the next 20-99 (13/328) and 2.0% for the last 100 (P for trend, 0.003). All AEs resolved with management. CONCLUSION: The completion of more than 100 circumcisions was required before newly trained physicians achieved the optimum duration of surgery. AEs were higher immediately after training and additional supervision is needed for at least the first 20 procedures after completing training.

The safety of adult male circumcision in HIV-infected and uninfected men in Rakai, Uganda.

BACKGROUND: The objective of the study was to compare rates of adverse events (AEs) related to male circumcision (MC) in HIV-positive and HIV-negative men in order to provide guidance for MC programs that may provide services to HIV-infected and uninfected men. METHODS AND FINDINGS: A total of 2,326 HIV-negative and 420 HIV-positive men (World Health Organization [WHO] stage I or II and CD4 counts > 350 cells/mm3) were circumcised in two separate but procedurally identical trials of MC for HIV and/or sexually transmitted infection prevention in rural Rakai, Uganda. Participants were followed at 1-2 d and 5-9 d, and at 4-6 wk, to assess surgery-related AEs, wound healing, and resumption of intercourse. AE risks and wound healing were compared in HIV-positive and HIV-negative men. Adjusted odds ratios (AdjORs) were estimated by multiple logistic regression, adjusting for baseline characteristics and postoperative resumption of sex. At enrollment, HIV-positive men were older, more likely to be married, reported more sexual partners, less condom use, and higher rates of sexually transmitted disease symptoms than HIV-negative men. Risks of moderate or severe AEs were 3.1/100 and 3.5/100 in HIV-positive and HIV-negative participants, respectively (AdjOR 0.91, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.47-1.74). Infections were the most common AEs (2.6/100 in HIV-positive versus 3.0/100 in HIV-negative men). Risks of other complications were similar in the two groups. The proportion with completed healing by 6 wk postsurgery was 92.7% in HIV-positive men and 95.8% in HIV-negative men (p = 0.007). AEs were more common in men who resumed intercourse before wound healing compared to those who waited (AdjOR 1.56, 95% CI 1.05-2.33). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the safety of MC was comparable in asymptomatic HIV-positive and HIV-negative men, although healing was somewhat slower among the HIV infected. All men should be strongly counseled to refrain from intercourse until full wound healing is achieved. TRIAL REGISTRATION: http://www.ClinicalTrials.gov; for HIV-negative men #NCT00425984 and for HIV-positive men, #NCT000124878.