Anthropometric and bioimpedance equations for fat and fat-free mass in Chilean children 7-9 years of age.

Assessing children's growth adequately is important due to the necessary prevention of adequate body composition, especially at pre-pubertal age. Simpler measurements such as anthropometry or bioimpedance, using equations validated in Caucasian children, have been demonstrated to overestimate or underestimate fat mass percentage (FM%) or fat-free mass (FFM) in Chilean children. In a sample of 424 children (198 boys and 226 girls) of 7-9 years old, the three component (3C) model was assessed, where total body water was determined by 2H dilution and body volume by air displacement plethysmography, in order to design and validate anthropometry and bioimpedance equations. The FM (%) equation specific for Chilean children was validated as (1·743 × BMI z-score) + (0·727 × triceps skinfold) + (0·385 × biceps skinfold) + 15·985, against the 3C model (R2 0·79). The new FFM equation (kg) generated was (log FFM = (0·018 × age) + (0·047 × sex) + (0·006 × weight) + (0·027 × resistance) + 2·071), with an R2 0·93 (female = 1 and male = 2). The Bland-Altman analysis shows a mean difference of 0·27 (sd 3·5) for the FM% in the whole group as well as 0·004 (sd 0·9) kg is the mean difference for the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) FFM (kg) equation. The new equations for FM (%) and FFM (kg) in Chilean children will provide a simple and valid tool for the assessment of body composition in cohort studies or to assess the impact of nutritional programmes or public policies.

Comparison of body fat calculations by sex and puberty status in obese schoolchildren using two and four compartment body composition models.

INTRODUCTION: Determine body composition changes in adiposity can assess an individual. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate total body fat percentage based on two and four compartment models in obese Chilean school children, adjusting for differences in sex and puberty status. METHODS: Sixty-one obese school children (33 boys and 28 girls) between 8 and 13 years of age were evaluated. Two compartment measurements of body fat percentage considered isotope dilution, plethysmography, radiographic absorptiometry and bioelectrical impedance; using the four compartment model as a benchmark. RESULTS: Each method explained between 43-87% of the variance in body fat percentage in Tanner stage I and II children and between 78-96% in Tanner stage III and V children. In both groups of children methods differed significantly for stage I, with the exception of plethysmography. High R2 values were observed for girls in all Tanner stages. Each method explained between 34-92% of the variance in body fat percentage for girls in stages I and II and between 63-93% for stages III and V. In obese boys, R2 values were high for stages III and V. In girls and boys in Tanner stage III and V, the smallest differences were observed for isotopic dilution, and DXA (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) scan for stages I and II. CONCLUSIONS: For obese boys and girls, the two compartment model with isotopic dilution and DXA had the best precision and smallest differences in determining body fat percentage compared to the benchmark.

Comparison of body fat calculations by sex and puberty status in obese schoolchildren using two and four compartment body composition models / Comparación de modelos de dos y cuatro compartimentos para grasa corporal en escolares obesos según su sexo y desarrollo puberal

Introduction: Determine body composition changes in adiposity can assess an individual. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate total body fat percentage based on two and four compartment models in obese Chilean school children, adjusting for differences in sex and puberty status. Methods: Sixty-one obese school children (33 boys and 28 girls) between 8 and 13 years of age were evaluated. Two compartment measurements of body fat percentage considered isotope dilution, plethysmography, radiographic absorptiometry and bioelectrical impedance; using the four compartment model as a benchmark. Results: Each method explained between 43-87% of the variance in body fat percentage in Tanner stage I and II children and between 78-96% in Tanner stage III and V children. In both groups of children methods differed significantly for stage I, with the exception of plethysmography. High R2 values were observed for girls in all Tanner stages. Each method explained between 34-92% of the variance in body fat percentage for girls in stages I and II and between 63-93% for stages III and V. In obese boys, R2 values were high for stages III and V. In girls and boys in Tanner stage III and V, the smallest differences were observed for isotopic dilution, and DXA (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) scan for stages I and II. Conclusions: For obese boys and girls, the two compartment model with isotopic dilution and DXA had the best precision and smallest differences in determining body fat percentage compared to the benchmark (AU)

Introducción: determinar la composición corporal permite valorar cambios en la adiposidad de un individuo. Objetivo: el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la grasa corporal total basada en modelos de dos compartimentos (2C) y compararlos con el modelo de cuatro compartimentos (4C) en escolares chilenos obesos, considerando potenciales diferencias por sexo y desarrollo puberal. Métodos: 61 escolares obesos (33 niños y 28 niñas), de entre 8 y 13 años. La medición de la grasa corporal por 2C consideró dilución isotópica, pletismografía, absorciometría radiográfica y bioimpedanciometría; utilizando como patrón de referencia el modelo de 4 compartimentos. Resultados: cada método dio cuenta de 43-87% de la varianza para determinar el porcentaje de grasa corporal en niños en etapa I y II y 78-96% en etapa III y IV. En ambos grupos de niños, las pendientes difirieron significativamente en la etapa I, con la excepción de la pletismografía. En niñas los valores de R2 altos se observaron en todas las etapas del desarrollo puberal. Cada método dio cuenta de 34-92% de la varianza para determinar el porcentaje de grasa corporal en niñas etapa I y II y 63-93% en etapa III y IV, respectivamente. En niños obesos, los valores de R2 fueron altos, principalmente en el grupo de etapa III y IV. En niños y niñas de Tanner III y IV, las menores diferencias con el patrón de referencia fueron con dilución isotópica; en cuanto a Tanner I y II, las menores diferencias se obtuvieron con DEXA. Conclusiones: en ambos sexos, el modelo de dos compartimentos con dilución isotópica y DEXA tuvo la mayor precisión y las menores diferencias para determinar la grasa corporal en los niños y adolescentes obesos, en comparación con el patrón de referencia (AU)

[Longitudinal assessment of body composition by different methods as product of a integral intervention for treating obesity in Chilean children school]. / Longitudinal assessment of body composition by different methods as product of a integral intervention for treating obesity in chilean children school

INTRODUCTION: In Chile, the main nutritional problem of children, is obesity. The alarming increase in childhood obesity, has generated an urgent need to develop prevention and treatment programs, unfortunately, the results have been disappointing because they have not achieved the expected impact on the nutritional status of the target population. For this it is necessary to use other strategies, such as incorporating exercise of muscle strength. OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of an integral intervention (exercise, nutritional education and psychological support) in the body composition of obese school children after the intervention and post-intervention. METHODS: The sample consisted of 61 obese children (BMI = p 95) of both sex, between 8 and 13 years old, who participated in an integral intervention for treating childhood obesity in the short term (3 months) and medium term (12 months). Body composition was assessed by isotope dilution, plethysmography, radiographic absorptiometry and four-compartment model of Fuller. RESULTS: There was a significant increase over time in FFM (kg) by 4C in both sex, GC (%) by isotope dilution in boys was reduced in the post-intervention, while in girls decreased significantly over time and FFM (kg) by isotope dilution significantly increased in both sex. According to the magnitude and direction of change in time, there was only significant difference by sex in FFM (%) by isotope dilution, the increase was significantly higher in boys a result of the intervention (p = 0,000). CONCLUSIONS: An intervention that includes programmed exercise improves body composition. However, its effect is reversed in the medium term if training ceases. This reaffirms the need for sustainability of interventions over time.

Introducción: En Chile, el principal problema nutricional de la población infantil, lo constituye la obesidad. El alarmante incremento de la obesidad infantil, ha generado la imperiosa necesidad de desarrollar programas de prevención y tratamiento, pero los resultados han sido poco alentadores ya que no han logrado el impacto esperado en el estado nutricional de la población objetivo. Para lo cual es necesario utilizar otras estrategias, como la incorporación del ejercicio físico de fuerza muscular. Objetivo: Determinar el impacto de una intervención integral (ejercicio físico, educación alimentaria y apoyo psicológico) en la composición corporal de escolares obesos al finalizar la intervención y en la post-intervención. Métodos: La muestra fue de 61 niños obesos (IMC = p 95) de ambos sexos, entre 8 y 13 2013s, que participaron en una intervención integral para tratar la obesidad infantil a corto plazo (3 meses) y mediano plazo (12 meses). Se evaluó la composición corporal por dilución isotópica, pletismografía, absorciometría radiográfica y el modelo de cuatro compartimentos de Fuller. Resultados: En ambos sexos se produjo un incremento significativo en el tiempo en MLG (kg) por 4C, en GC (%) por dilución isotópica en niños se redujo en la post-intervención, mientras en las niñas disminuyó significativamente en el tiempo y en MLG (kg) por dilución isotópica aumentó significativamente en ambos sexos. En relación a la magnitud y dirección de los cambios en el tiempo, sólo hubo diferencia significativa por sexo en MLG (%) por dilución isotópica, el incremento fue significativamente mayor en niños, como producto de la intervención (p=0,000). Conclusiones: Una intervención que incluye ejercicio físico programado mejora la composición corporal, pero su efecto se revierte a mediano plazo si el entrenamiento cesa. Lo anterior, reafirma la necesidad de la sostenibilidad de las intervenciones en el tiempo.

Evaluación longitudinal de la composición corporal por diferentes métodos como producto de una intervención integral para tratar la obesidad en escolares chilenos / Longitudinal assessment of body composition by different methods as product of a integral intervention for treating obesity in Chilean children school

Introducción: En Chile, el principal problema nutricional de la población infantil, lo constituye la obesidad. El alarmante incremento de la obesidad infantil, ha generado la imperiosa necesidad de desarrollar programas de prevención y tratamiento, pero los resultados han sido poco alentadores ya que no han logrado el impacto esperado en el estado nutricional de la población objetivo. Para lo cual es necesario utilizar otras estrategias, como la incorporación del ejercicio físico de fuerza muscular. Objetivo: Determinar el impacto de una intervención integral (ejercicio físico, educación alimentaria y apoyo psicológico) en la composición corporal de escolares obesos al finalizar la intervención y en la post-intervención. Métodos: La muestra fue de 61 niños obesos (IMC > p 95) de ambos sexos, entre 8 y 13 años, que participaron en una intervención integral para tratar la obesidad infantil a corto plazo (3 meses) y mediano plazo (12 meses). Se evaluó la composición corporal por dilución isotópica, pletismografía, absorciometría radiográfica y el modelo de cuatro compartimentos de Fuller. Resultados: En ambos sexos se produjo un incremento significativo en el tiempo en MLG (kg) por 4C, en GC (%) por dilución isotópica en niños se redujo en la post-intervención, mientras en las niñas disminuyó significativamente en el tiempo y en MLG (kg) por dilución isotópica aumentó significativamente en ambos sexos. En relación a la magnitud y dirección de los cambios en el tiempo, sólo hubo diferencia significativa por sexo en MLG (%) por dilución isotópica, el incremento fue significativamente mayor en niños, como producto de la intervención (p=0,000). Conclusiones: Una intervención que incluye ejercicio físico programado mejora la composición corporal, pero su efecto se revierte a mediano plazo si el entrenamiento cesa. Lo anterior, reafirma la necesidad de la sostenibilidad de las intervenciones en el tiempo (AU)

Introduction: In Chile, the main nutritional problem of children, is obesity. The alarming increase in childhood obesity, has generated an urgent need to develop prevention and treatment programs, unfortunately, the results have been disappointing because they have not achieved the expected impact on the nutritional status of the target population. For this it is necessary to use other strategies, such as incorporating exercise of muscle strength. Objective: To determine the impact of an integral intervention (exercise, nutritional education and psychological support) in the body composition of obese school children after the intervention and post-intervention. Methods: The sample consisted of 61 obese children (BMI > p 95) of both sex, between 8 and 13 years old, who participated in an integral intervention for treating childhood obesity in the short term (3 months) and medium term (12 months). Body composition was assessed by isotope dilution, plethysmography, radiographic absorptiometry and four-compartment model of Fuller. Results: There was a significant increase over time in FFM (kg) by 4C in both sex, GC (%) by isotope dilution in boys was reduced in the post-intervention, while in girls decreased significantly over time and FFM (kg) by isotope dilution significantly increased in both sex. According to the magnitude and direction of change in time, there was only significant difference by sex in FFM (%) by isotope dilution, the increase was significantly higher in boys a result of the intervention (p = 0,000). Conclusions: An intervention that includes programmed exercise improves body composition. However, its effect is reversed in the medium term if training ceases. This reaffirms the need for sustainability of interventions over time (AU)

Modulation of Helicobacter pylori colonization with cranberry juice and Lactobacillus johnsonii La1 in children.

OBJECTIVE: Probiotics and cranberry have been shown to inhibit Helicobacter pylori in vitro owing to bacteriocin production and high levels of proanthocyanidins, respectively. These effects have been confirmed in clinical trials with H. pylori-positive subjects. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether regular intake of cranberry juice and the probiotic Lactobacillus johnsonii La1 (La1) may result in an additive or synergistic inhibition of H. pylori in colonized children. METHODS: A multicentric, randomized, controlled, double-blind trial was carried out in 295 asymptomatic children (6-16 y of age) who tested positive for H. pylori by (13)C-urea breath test (UBT). Subjects were allocated in four groups: cranberry juice/La1 (CB/La1), placebo juice/La1 (La1), cranberry juice/heat-killed La1 (CB), and placebo juice/heat-killed La1 (control). Cranberry juice (200 mL) and La1 product (80 mL) were given daily for 3 wk, after which a second UBT was carried out. A third UBT was done after a 1-mo washout in those children who tested negative in the second UBT. RESULTS: Two hundred seventy-one children completed the treatment period (dropout 8.1%). Helicobacter pylori eradication rates significantly differed in the four groups: 1.5% in the control group compared with 14.9%, 16.9%, and 22.9% in the La1, CB, and CB/La1 groups, respectively (P < 0.01); the latter group showed a slight but not significant increase when compared with the other treated groups. The third UBT was carried out only in 19 of the 38 children who tested negative in the second UBT and H. pylori was detected in 80% of them. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that regular intake of cranberry juice or La1 may be useful in the management of asymptomatic children colonized by H. pylori; however, no synergistic inhibitory effects on H. pylori colonization were observed when both foodstuffs were simultaneously consumed.