Use of a predictive equation for diagnosis of acute gangrenous cholecystitis.

BACKGROUND: Factors previously identified by multivariate logistic regression that were predictive for gangrenous cholecystitis (GC) were used to develop a predictive equation. Our objective was to evaluate the sensitivity, specificity, and positive (PPV) and negative (NPV) predictive values of this equation for detecting GC in patients with acute cholecystitis (AC). METHODS: Medical records of patients who presented to a tertiary care hospital with AC were reviewed. Twenty-one patient and clinical variables were recorded. We prospectively tested the results of the following equation against pathologic diagnosis: P=e((0.7116+0.9944.DM+1.7157.WBC-1.0319.ALT.2.0518.ALP+2.7078.PCF))/(1+e([-0.7116+0.9944.DM+1.7157.WBC-1.0319.ALT-2.0518.ALP+2.7078.PCF])), where P = predicted value; DM = diabetes mellitus; WBC = white blood cell count; ALT = alanine aminotransferase; AST = aspartate aminotransferase; and PCF = pericholecystic fluid. RESULTS: Ninety-eight patients presented with AC and 18% had GC (18 of 98). Using a cutoff of P = 0.724, our equation had a specificity of 93%, sensitivity of 83%, PPV of 71%, and NPV of 96%, P <0.001 for the detection of GC. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates the equation may be useful in detecting the subset of AC patients who have GC.

Prognostic factors for the development of gangrenous cholecystitis.

BACKGROUND: The operative morbidity and mortality for patients with gangrenous cholecystitis (GC) remains high. Our objective was to identify preoperative prognostic factors for GC in order to distinguish this subset of patients with acute cholecystitis (AC). METHODS: From 1/98 to 11/01 the medical records of patients who presented with the diagnosis of AC were reviewed. Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed on this retrospective data. RESULTS: Of 113 patients with acute cholecystitis, 45 (39.8%) had histologically confirmed gangrenous cholecystitis. Nine variables were identified that were associated with GC by univariate analysis: age > or =51 years, African-American race, white blood cell count > or =15,000, diabetes, pericholecystic fluid, asparate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and lipase. Two variables were identified by multivariate analysis: diabetes, and white blood cell count. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that patients with a history of diabetes and white blood cell count >15,000 to be at an increased risk for having GC upon presentation and they should have urgent surgical intervention.

The effect of recombinant factor VIIa on noncoagulopathic pigs with grade V liver injuries.

BACKGROUND: Recombinant Factor VIIa (rFVIIa) has been used to decrease bleeding in a number of settings, including hemophilia, liver transplantation, intractable bleeding, and cirrhosis. It has also been shown to reduce bleeding in coagulopathic pigs with Grade V liver injuries when used as an adjunct to packing. This study was performed to determine if rFVIIa would reduce blood loss after a Grade V liver injury in noncoagulopathic pigs when used as sole therapy. STUDY DESIGN: Thirty normothermic animals were randomized to receive either 150 microg/kg of rFVIIa or normal saline intravenously. After laparotomy and splenectomy, a standardized Grade V liver injury was made with a liver clamp. Thirty seconds after injury, blinded therapy was given. Blood loss was measured 15 minutes after injury and the abdomen was closed. Animals were resuscitated to their baseline blood pressure and the study was continued for 2 hours. Serial coagulation parameters were obtained. Following the study period, blood loss was measured and an autopsy was performed. Grossly normal areas of lung were examined for evidence of intravascular thrombosis. RESULTS: Mean Factor VII:C levels increased 155-fold in the treatment group after infusion of rFVIIa. The mean prothrombin time in the treatment group decreased from 9.8 +/- 0.4 seconds to 7.3 +/- 0.2 seconds and remained significantly different from the control group throughout the study (p < 0.01). There were no differences in other coagulation parameters. Mean initial blood loss was 822 +/- 266 mL in the treatment group and 768 +/- 215 mL in the control group (p = 0.6). Rebleeding blood volume was 397 +/- 191 mL in the treatment group and 437 +/- 274 mL (p = 0.6) in the control group. Lung histology revealed no evidence of abnormal microvascular thrombosis. CONCLUSIONS: rFVIIa does not reduce blood loss after Grade V liver injury when it is used as sole therapy in warm noncoagulopathic pigs.