Dose-dependent Effects of Cacao Polyphenol Intake on Lipid Metabolism in Rats.

Cacao polyphenols (CPs) are known to suppress the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein and cholesterol absorption. Herein, we examined the impact of CP on the lipid metabolism in rats fed CP-rich chocolate, by analyzing liver weight and histology, via hematoxylin-eosin staining. The high-CP group had significantly lighter livers than the CP-free group. Histologically, the high-CP group showed significantly lower liver fat accumulation than the CP-free group. These results suggest that CPs prevent liver fat accumulation, being potentially useful against obesity and related diseases.

Deep slow nasal respiration with tight lip closure for immediate attenuation of severe tics.

BACKGROUND: Severe intractable tics, which are associated with Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorder (TS/CTD), severely affect the quality of life. Common less-invasive treatments are often unable to attenuate tics with deep brain stimulation currently being the only effective treatment. We aimed to assess the anti-tic effect of deep slow nasal respiration with tight lip closure using patients with TS/CTD. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 10 consecutive patients (9 men, 1 woman; 23-41 years old). We instructed the patients to perform the procedure for 120 s and to obtain a video recording of before and during the procedure. The videos were used to count tics and determine lip competency or incompetency. The counted tics were rated using the modified Rush Video Rating Scale. RESULTS: Compared with before the procedure, there were significantly lower frequencies of motor and phonic tics, as well as video scored, during the procedure. Eight patients presented with lip incompetency before the procedure and none after the procedure (P = 0.041). There were no side effects associated with the procedure. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that deep slow nasal respiration with tight lip closure ameliorates tics in patients with TS/CTD. In accordance with our results, lip opening and oral breathing could be causes of tics, in addition to heritability. Therefore, this novel procedure could improve tics. Furthermore, our findings could contribute toward the development of tic treatments and elucidate their pathophysiology regarding the reward system, hypersensitivity, autonomic nerves, and nasal airway.