Purification and separation of glucomannan from porang tuber flour (Amorphophallus muelleri) using microwave assisted extraction as an innovative gelatine substituent.

Gelatine is frequently used as a food ingredient. However, Indonesia imports almost all of its gelatine, totaling 3990152 tons annually. Gelatine could be replaced with glucomannan compound which was found in porang tubers. However, it also contains calcium oxalate, which is harmful for the human body. In this study, calcium oxalate was first eliminated by the purification process using 10 % NaCl (w/w). Moreover, the microwave-assisted extraction method was used to extract the glucomannan compound by applying 300 W of microwave power with different extraction times (5, 10, 15, and 20 min) and different ethanol concentrations (60, 70, 80, and 96 %). Statistical analysis was used to optimize and identify significant parameters influencing the glucomannan concentration. The best conditions for glucomannan extraction were an extraction time of 10 min and an ethanol concentration of 80 % (v/v), resulting in a glucomannan yield of ≥96 %. Machine learning was successfully applied for data modelling using a Long Short-Term Memory block with an average R-square of 0.9772 (97.72 % accuracy) and an average MSE of 4.7719. Furthermore, physical and chemical characteristics of the extracted porang flour were accorded with SNI gelatine standards 06-3735 in 1995, which consisted of glucomannan (96.359 ± 1.164 %), calcium oxalate (0.009 ± 0.001 %), water (2.290 ± 0.986 %), ash (0.018 ± 0.002 %), fat (0.0235 ± 0.120 %), heavy metals (not identified), and pH (6.455 ± 0.191). Finally, the extracted glucomannan can be used as a potential regional substitute for gelatine production.

Optimization and kinetic study of biodiesel production from nyamplung oil with microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) technique.

Nyamplung oil (Calophyllum inophyllum), which has a high oil content and non-edible, has a lot of potential as a raw material in the production of biodiesel. Therefore, it has no impact on food security. In this research, response surface methodology was used to find the optimum conditions of biodiesel production from nyamplung, and the kinetics model of esterification reaction of free fatty acid (FFA) in the MAE method was determined. This study used RSM with central composite design (CCD) to find the optimal operating conditions. The RSM optimization with TG recovery shows 95.49% and FFA recovery 31.42% with operating conditions respectively at 423 W and 427 W and extraction time for 40 and 38 min. According to kinetic experiments conducted at various microwave power levels, the conversion of nyamplung into biodiesel follows the first, second, and third-order reactions. According to the data, the maximum R2 is found in the second and third-order reactions. It was determined the activation energy and kinetic rate constants. The reaction rate constants significantly increased at 150, 300, and 450 W, namely 0.0005 mol-1, 0.0008 mol-1, and 0.0008 mol-1. Nevertheless, it drops at 600 W to 0.0004 mol-1. It was found that the activation energy value using the MAE method was 604.43 J/mol. This value was smaller than the value of the activation energy using the conventional method, 4831.26 J/mol. It was shown that biodiesel production from nyamplung oil with the MAE method could change the conventional method because it needs less energy and less time. So, the production process is more efficient.

Isolation and identification of cholestane and dihydropyrene from Calophyllum inophyllum.

The highest population of Calophyllum inophyllum is in Indonesia. One of the bioactive compound contained in C. inophyllum leave is cholestane. The extraction method was employed to obtain crude extract from these leaves. It was followed by identification of the bioactive compounds. The purpose of this research was to develop a process for isolating and identifying cholestane and dihydropyrene from methanolic extract of C. inophyllum leaves in high yield and purity. The effect of crude extract to non-polar solvent mass ratio and non-polar solvent types on the separation of the bioactive compounds were also systematically investigated. New compounds (trans-2-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-10b,10c-dimethyl-10b, 10c-dihydropyrene and anti-4-aza-B-homo-5.alpha-cholestane-3-one) were also identified in C. inophyllum leaves. The successful separation was obtained by employing CS2 as the solvent and crude extract to CS2 mass ratio of 1/10 (g/g).

Kinetic data of extraction of cyanide during the soaking process of cassava leaves.

With the toxicity problems arising from the consumption of hydrogen cyanide (HCN), an acceptable method of processing edible leaves with low HCN level while maintaining maximum nutritional content remain a challenge. This data focuses on the extraction kinetics of cyanide in cassava leaves during the soaking process. Various process parameters conducted at 26 ± 2 °C were evaluated, such as contact times (1-20 h) between the leaves and solvent, as well as the water-to-leaves ratios (spanning a range of 10-50 mL/g). After ten h of extraction with water, all experiments resulted in less than 9.5 ppm of HCN, which is less than the toxicity level recommended by the World Health Organization (10 ppm). The mild approach resulted in protein loss from 36.01% to 23.10-25.38%. Water-to-leaves ratios of 10, 30 and 50 mL/g resulted in a calculated effective cyanide diffusion coefficient of 0.864 × 10-13, 1.39 × 10-13, and 1.61 × 10-13 m2/s. The experimental data were also analyzed using empirical mathematical models to depict the leaching process. Accordingly, the data was predominantly fitted by Diffusion approach and Verma models with coefficients of determination (R2) of 0.999.