ABSTRACT
From a personal point of view as diabetic and board member of diabetes associations in UK and Europe, attention is paid to the need for counseling and education. The role of patient associations in education is underlined, stressing also the negative aspects of the social position of diabetics in several European countries.
Subject(s)
Association , Diabetes Mellitus/rehabilitation , Health Services Needs and Demand , Patient Education as Topic/methods , Adult , Humans , Male , Patient Satisfaction , Self CareABSTRACT
Four industries prepared optical coatings with a common design that permits an easy determination of cross-correlation laws between the rough interfaces in the stack. Different pairs of materials and deposition processes were used. After clarifying the differences between scalar and vector theories of light scattering caused by rough interfaces in optical multilayers, we compare the experimental values with both theories. Factors such as variations of correlation with spatial frequency, residual roughness, and slight errors in the design are taken into account for comparison with the vector theory of angular scattering. Correlation of the interface roughnesses is found to be high for practically all coatings. However, at low scatter-loss levels, scattering by localized defects in the coatings appears to dominate over the scattering caused by rough interfaces.
Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus , International Cooperation , Voluntary Health Agencies , Europe , Humans , Patient AdvocacyABSTRACT
The optical performance of an ideal thin film can be represented by a single point on a triangular coordinate graph, because the sum of the reflectance, transmittance, and absorption is unity. Several examples are presented to show how the triangular coordinate graph provides a useful perspective to the interplay between the performance and the optical properties of a semitransparent metal film.
ABSTRACT
A periodic multilayer reflector composed of two nonabsorbing materials is found to have a phase retardance that is a function of the refractive indices of the materials, the periodic design, and the incidence angle. The addition of a reflection enhancing periodic multilayer to a mirror causes the phase retardance to change to a unique value that depends on the properties of the added layers and the incidence angle. After reaching this limiting value the retardance is not changed by the further addition of reflection enhancing layers with the same periodic structure. Equations for the limiting phase retardance of a periodic multilayer reflector are provided.
ABSTRACT
When multilayer reflectors are used at nonnormal incidence, the two planes of polarization generally have different phase shifts. This difference, known as phase retardance, depends on the multilayer design, the incidence angle, and the wavelength. Heretofore, the design of reflectors with specific phase retardance has been carried out by computer optimization except for the case of a single layer on a metal substrate. A graph of phase retardance D vs the average phase shift A as a function of layer thickness provides a means for visualization that is useful in reflector designs. A D-A graph predicts the phase properties of a reflector as a function of the index and thickness of an added layer. Graphs of phase retardance vs average phase for two different materials can be superposed to predict the composite performance of a multilayer reflector. This graphical technique is employed to design and analyze reflectors with specified phase retardance.
ABSTRACT
Equations and tables are provided for designing high reflectors with reduced peak electric field intensity. This approach should enhance the laser damage threshold for reflectors in which the damage is correlated with peak electric field intensity in one of the two coating materials.
ABSTRACT
The recursion equation for electric field strength in a multilayer thin film system yields only the tangential component of the field. This paper discusses the relationship between the tangential component, the peak value, and the time average value of the total electric field for the two planes of polarization. This approach leads to easy understanding of the discontinuous field strength for p polarization and the relationship between the peak and time average field strengths. The results are applied to a polarizing beam splitter of the type used with high energy lasers.
ABSTRACT
Graphical displays of complex reflectance for nonabsorbing multilayer optical coatings based upon circle diagrams are presented. Similar displays are then developed for absorbing films. The two types of display are used to analyze several common multilayers, and a repetitive structure with period characteristics is introduced.
