[Antibody titers to glycolipid chemotype Re and endotoxin binding by leukocytes in suppurative meningitis]. / Titry antitel k glikolipidu khemotipa Re i sviazyvanie éndotoksina leikotsitami pri gnoinykh meningitakh.

The state of immunity to endotoxin of gram-negative bacteria in 45 patients with purulent meningitis caused by meningococci and Escherichia was studied. For comparison, similar characteristics in 35 practically healthy persons were studied. The state of immunity was evaluated by antibody titers in the passive hemagglutination inhibition test with chemotype Re glycolipid and by the content of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, capable of binding endotoxin in the blood of the examinee (in vivo determination), and leukocytes, capable of binding endotoxin during the treatment of thin blood smears (in vitro determination). Leukocytes bound with endotoxin were detected in blood smears in the enzyme immunoassay with the use of the conjugate of horse-radish peroxidase with antibodies to chemotype Re glycolipid. The study revealed that the acute period of bacterial meningitis was characterized by considerable suppression of antiendotoxin immunity. Leukocytes, binding endotoxin in vivo, as well as leukocytes, capable of binding endotoxin in vitro, were practically absent in the patients at the time of their admittance to the hospital. After treatment the characteristics of antiendotoxin immunity restored practically to normal values.

[The Fc-dependent binding of gram-negative bacterial endotoxins by human blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes]. / Fc-zavisimoe sviazyvanie éndotoksinov gramotritsatel'nykh bakterii polimorfnoiadernymi leikotsitami krovi cheloveka.

The treatment of thin blood smears with antibodies to glycolipid of chemotype Re, conjugated with horseradish peroxidase, revealed that under physiological conditions about 3.5% of leukocytes bound endotoxin of gram-negative bacteria by means of the Fc-dependent mechanism. In addition, about 4.9% of leukocytes may bind endotoxin as the result of the treatment of blood smears with the preparation of glycolipid of chemotype Re. At the acute period of bacterial cerebrospinal meningitis leukocytes capable of binding endotoxin in the body or during the treatment of blood smears are practically absent. The conclusion was made that the binding of endotoxins by leukocytes had a protective character.

[The functional activity of anti-endotoxin factors in viral hepatitis A and B]. / Funktsional'naia aktivnost' antiéndotoksinovykh faktorov pri virusnykh gepatitakh A i B.

Bacterial endotoxins (BE) that are lipopolysaccharide complexes (LPS) are a structural component of the external membrane of gram-negative bacteria. In normalcy, BE interact with many types of cells in the mammals. In terms of the concentration, BE may cause cell damage or stimulate the production of many biological mediators, such as interleukins, prostaglandinds, alpha-TNF. Many gastrointestinal bacteria in humans are gram-negative and BE constantly enter the blood. In health, the absence of a toxic response to BE is explained by the presence of natural humoral and cellular antiendotoxic systems and the hepatic absorption of LPS. In patients with hepatitis A and B, the following indices of the blood antiendotoxic systems were determined: the level of antiendotoxic antibodies to Re-chemotype glycolipids was assessed by the passive hemagglutination reaction in the "Antiendotox-1-test"; the count of polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) fixating LPS on their own surface and endotoxin binding function of PMNL was in vitro measured by the strain ELISA and sandwich ELISA with Re-glycolipids, respectively (LPS-test); the endotoxin fixation function of serum high density lipoproteins (HDL) was also assessed. The humoral and cellular antiendotoxic systems in patients with mild advanced hepatitis A and B was studied when the disease was most clinically significant, at an early convalescence, and at convalescence itself. Finally, the findings indicate that there is a significant decrease in Re-antibody levels and there is a greater absorption ability of HDL than that in the control. Six different types of an antiendotoxic fixation reaction of PMNL were identified in patients with viral hepatitis in the different periods of the disease. The alterations observed may play an important role in the pathogenesis of toxemia in patients with viral hepatitis.

[The comparative characteristics of preparations of Yersinia pestis capsular antigen F1 obtained from producer strains with different lipopolysaccharide structures]. / Sravnitel'naia kharakteristika preparatov kapsul'nogo antigena F1 Yersinia pestis, poluchennykh iz shtammov-produtsentov s razlichnoi strukturoi lipopolisakharidov.

The main protective antigen of the causative agent of plague is capsular antigen F1. The preparations of this antigen isolated from Y.pestis strain EV are characterized by a high content of polysaccharide chains of endotoxins. This can be avoided by using R-variants of bacteria as producers. In this work the comparative study of the preparations of antigen F1 obtained from Y.pestis strain EV, Escherichia coli producer strain HB101 pFS1 with the complete structure of LPS and Salmonella minnesota producer strain Re595 pFS1 with maximally reduced LPS has been made. As revealed in this study, the physico-chemical properties of these preparations (the isoelectric point, electrophoretic mobility, the molecular weight of subunits) are identical. The preparation of antigen F1 obtained from S.minnesota has been found to give the highest yield and to have the lowest content of polysaccharide admixtures. This preparation has proved to possess the maximal protective potency, which may be linked with the adjuvant and immunogenic activity of microadmixtures of glycolipid Re, contained in F1.

[The use of donor blood plasma with a high titer of natural antiendotoxin antibodies, irradiated by ultraviolet light, in the combined detoxification therapy of peritonitis]. / Primenenie plazmy krovi donorov s vysokim titrom estestvennykh antiéndotoksinovykh antitel, obluchennoi ul'trafioletovym svetom, v kompleksnoi detoksikatsionnoi terapii peritonitov.

The ultraviolet (UV) irradiation of donor blood plasma with an elevated level of natural antibodies to Re-glycolipid with doses ranging from 100 to 200 J/m2 has been found to lead to a statistically significant rise in its protective activity. The use of such plasma in clinical practice has made it possible to decrease the frequency of lethal outcomes from 24.3% to 16.5% (p < 0.01), the occurrence of secondary infectious complications from 62% to 44.4% (p < 0.01) and the duration of patients' stay in a hospital by 6-8 days. These data make it possible to regard the use of UV-irradiated plasma with an elevated level of Re-antibodies as an effective method of the immunotherapy of septic complications caused by gram-negative bacteria.

[The function of the humoral antiendotoxic systems in patients with acute intestinal infections]. / Sostoianie nekotorykh gumoral'nykh antiéndotoksicheskikh sistem u bol'nykh s ostrymi kishechnymi infektsiiami.

The authors propose an original approach to the problem of intoxication syndrome observed in patients with acute intestinal infections (AII). They focus on such endogenic humoral antiendotoxic systems as Re-hemotype glycolipid antibodies and high-density lipoproteins. The titers of Re-antibodies in patients with light and moderate AII at the height of intoxication remained within control levels, whereas in patients with a severe AII course the titers values remained low throughout 7 days of the follow-up. Indometac administration induced changes in the antibodies formation. Lipoprotein endotoxin-binding activity persisted at low levels to the end of 7-day follow-up. Mechanisms involved in changing functional activity of the body antiendotoxic systems are considered.

[The use of blood plasma with elevated titers of antibodies to Re-chemotype glycolipid in peritonitis]. / Primenenie plazmy krovi s povyshennymi titrami antitel k glikolipidu Re-khemotipa pri peritonitakh.

The article analyzes the possibility of immunotherapy of septic complications in cases of peritonitis caused by gram-negative bacteria. A strictly inverse correlation between the severity of intoxication and the level of antibodies to glycolipid Re in blood serum has been established. About 5% of healthy nonimmunized donors have elevated Re-antibody titers (1:128 and higher) in their blood plasma. Screening of blood preparations from more than 1000 donors permitted the creation of the blood plasma bank used for the treatment of peritonitis patients. Immunotherapy of such patients has made it possible to decrease almost two-fold the death rate and to reduce the severity and duration of the intoxication syndrome in patients, as well as to improve the results of the treatment of peritonitis.

[Stimulation of nonspecific antibacterial resistance of mice to opportunistic gram-negative microorganisms with triterpene glycosides from Holothuroidea]. / Stimuliatsiia triterpenovymi glikozidami goloturii nespetsificheskoi antibakterial'noi rezistentnosti myshei k uslovnopatogennym gramotritsatel'nym mikroorganizmam.

A total fraction of triterpenic glycosides from Cucumaria japonica named cucumarioside was used as a stimulator of nonspecific resistance to bacterial infections in mice. After intraperitoneal administration to mice subsequently infected with various strains of E. coli and Proteus mirabilis, cucumarioside provided survival of 40 to 90 per cent of the infected animals against 100 per cent in the control group. The protective effect directly depended on the dose of cucumarioside. It was optimal to administer the preparation 3 days before the infection. When the preparation was administered at such periods LD50 for Neisseria meningitidis BT-2 and Salmonella minnesota SF 1111 lowered 5 and 4.3 times, respectively. Therefore, the total fraction of triterpenic glycosides from Far Eastern holothuria had a marked ability to increase natural resistance of the animals to infections caused by various gram-negative organisms.

[Anti-bacterial and anti-endotoxic immunity, induced by the administration of an enterobacterial vaccine]. / Antibakterial'nyi i antiéndotoksicheskii immunitet, indutsirovannyi vvedeniem énterobakterial'noi vaktsiny.

The work demonstrates that the sera of animals immunized with enterobacterial vaccine, when adsorbed on sheep red blood cells sensitized with glycolipid Re, lose their capacity of decreasing the lethal effect of Shigella sonnei endotoxin, which is indicative of the antiendotoxic action of antibodies. At the same time, immune sera obtained after immunization with enterobacterial vaccine contain antibodies having also other specificity and thus ensuring antibacterial immunity.

[Protective activity of preparations of blood plasma from donors with a high titer of natural antibodies to Re-glycolipid of gram-negative bacteria]. / Protektivnaia aktivnost' preparatov plazmy krovi donorov s vysokim titrom estestvennykh antitel k Re-glikolipidu gramotritsatel'nykh bakterii.

The screening of the preparations of blood plasma obtained from 1,608 donors made it possible to establish the presence of high titers of natural antibodies to Re-glycolipid in 3% of the donors. Donor plasma containing antibodies to Re-glycolipid in a titer of 1:128 ensured a high level of protection for mice in experimental fecal peritonitis. The treatment of 10 patients having commonly occurring forms of peritonitis, caused by Gram-negative bacteria, with the use of such plasma yielded a positive clinical effect. The presence of correlation between the titers of antibodies to Re-glycolipid in blood plasma preparations and the content of high-density lipoproteids, expressed in per cent, was noted.

[Preventive and therapeutic action of sera to the Re mutant of Salmonella minnesota in experimental generalized meningococcal infection]. / Preventivnoe i lechenoe deistvie syvorotok k Re-mutantu Salmonella minnesota pri éksperimental'noi generalizovannoi meningokokkovoi infektsii.

The preparations of the blood plasma of humans and the sera of animals immunized with enterobacterial vaccine proved to have elevated titers of antibodies to deep determinants of the core of the gram-negative bacterial endotoxin molecule (to glycolipid of chemotype Re) and protected animals from infection with live cultures or serogroup A, B, or C meningococcal endotoxins. Sera from nonimmunized animals and normal donor blood plasma showed no protective activity. In experiments carried out on different models immune plasma possessed both a pronounced protective activity and a curative effect. The efficacy of protection depended not on the serogroup of the infective agent, but on the virulence of the strain used in the experiment, being statistically significant in all cases.

[Content and properties of the antibodies to the outer membrane Re-glycolipid of enterobacteria in mothers and newborn infants]. / Soderzhanie i svoistva antitel k RE-glikolipidu vneshnei membrany Re-glikolipidu énterobakterii u materei i novorozhdennykh.

Antibodies to Re-glycolipid of the outer membrane of enterobacteria have been detected in higher titers in the blood and milk of mothers and in the umbilical blood of newborns than in the blood of nonpregnant women. Re-antibodies in the umbilical blood are mainly resistant to 2-mercaptoethanol and possess higher protective activity with respect to Escherichia coli than Re-antibodies in the venous blood of mothers.

[Effect of immunization with an enterobacterial vaccine on the rate of plating out of Shigella from the intestinal mucosa of mice orally infected]. / Vliianie immunizatsii énterobakterial'noi vaktsinoi na vysevaemost' shigell iz slizistoi kishechnika myshei pri peroral'nom zarazhenii.

The oral and subcutaneous immunization of mice with the vaccine prepared from S. minnesota strain R595, chemotype Re, known as enterobacterial vaccine, was found to significantly decrease the number of shigellae in cultures obtained by the inoculation of homogenized mucosal samples taken from the large intestine of mice, the vaccine prepared from S. minnesota isogeneous strain SF 1111 with the intact structure of lipopolysaccharide had no such activity. Antisera, obtained by the immunization of rabbits with enterobacterial vaccine, contained high titers of antibodies to Re-glycolipid and were capable of decreasing the isolation rate of shigellae from homogenized mucosal samples taken from the large intestine of mice; at the same time S. flexneri were found capable of binding with antibodies to glycolipid of Re-chemotype.

[Characteristics of bacteria in the genus Proteus isolated from patients with sporadic and group intestinal diseases]. / Kharakteristika bakterii roda Proteus, vydelennykh ot bol'nykh pri sporadicheskikh i gruppovykh kishechnykh zabolevaniiakh.

The biochemical and biological properties of 148 Proteus strains isolated from patients both in sporadic intestinal infections and in a case of group infection in children's hospital was studied. The study revealed that the etiological factor of the group infection was P. mirabilis belonging to rare serovar 48:2. Proteus organisms isolated in sporadic infections belonged to a great number of serovars. No relationship between the isolated serovar and the nosological form of the intestinal disease was established. Among the Proteus strains under study, 82 strains showed atypical biochemical properties in 1 test or more. No correlation between the clinical diagnosis and the occurrence of atypical strains was established.

[Immunological activity and toxicity of a peroral vaccine made from mutant Re Salmonella minnesota]. / Immunologicheskaia aktivnost' i toksichnost' peroral'noi vaktsiny iz mutanta Re Salmonella minnesota.

The possibility of the oral use of heated corpuscular vaccine prepared from S. minnesota mutant R 595 (chemotype Re) for protection against Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been studied. Oral immunization in 3 doses, each containing 10(9) cells of the vaccine strain, has been shown to protect mice from death after the intravenous injection of P. aeruginosa culture in a dose of 5 LD50 and induce a rise in the titers of antibodies to Re-glycolipid (Re-hemagglutinins). After multiple oral administration Re-vaccine shows low acute and chronic toxicity and induces local and systemic immunological transformation.