Wide Complex Tachycardia in a Middle-Aged Woman With Diarrhea.

A woman in her mid-60s with a history of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and hypertension presents with 3 days of nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. What would you do next?

Cardiac resynchronization therapy for pacing induced cardiomyopathy: Role of baseline right ventricular pacing burden.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is indicated for patients with heart failure with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and chronic right ventricular (RV) pacing burden ≥40% (pacing-induced cardiomyopathy, PICM). It is uncertain whether baseline RV pacing burden impacts response to CRT. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study of all CRT upgrades for PICM at our hospital from January 2017 to December 2018. Univariate and multivariable-adjusted changes in LVEF, and echocardiographic response (≥10% improvement in LVEF) at 3-12 months post-CRT upgrade were compared in those with RV pacing burden ≥90% versus <90%. RESULTS: We included 75 patients (age 74 ± 11 years, 71% male) who underwent CRT upgrade for PICM. The baseline RV pacing burden was ≥90% in 56 patients (median 99% [IQR 98%-99%]), and <90% in 19 patients (median 79% [IQR 73%-87%]). Improvement in LVEF was greater in those with baseline RV pacing burden ≥90% versus <90% (15.7 ± 9.3% vs. 7.5 ± 9.6%, p = .003). Baseline RV pacing burden ≥90% was a strong predictor of an improvement in LVEF ≥10% after CRT upgrade both in univariate and multivariate-adjusted models (p = .005 and .02, respectively). CONCLUSION: A higher baseline RV pacing burden predicts a greater improvement in LVEF after CRT upgrade for PICM.

Myocardial recovery following left ventricular assist device implantation.

Durable left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) have consistently shown improved mortality and morbidity in patients with end-stage heart failure. Select patients with LVADs may experience significant enough myocardial recovery after device implantation to allow for explantation or decommissioning. While earlier trials suggested a high incidence of recovery, real-world clinical data have demonstrated this to be a much rarer phenomenon. Whether or not patients experience recovery, practices such as speed optimization and usage of guideline-directed medical therapy can improve patient outcomes.

Pharmacotherapy in Ventricular Arrhythmias.

BACKGROUND: Ventricular ectopy is observed in most of the population ranging from isolated premature ventricular contractions to rapid hemodynamically unstable ventricular tachyarrhythmias like ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation. Multiple mechanisms exist for ventricular arrhythmias such as triggered activity, reentry, and automaticity. Scar-based reentry forms the basis of most malignant VA that can lead to sudden cardiac death. Many antiarrhythmic drugs have been utilized for the suppression of ventricular arrhythmia. They are commonly classified using the Vaughan Williams Singh classification which distinguishes them based on the predominant action on different phases of the cardiac action potential. Class Ic agents are widely used in premature ventricular contraction suppression but are contraindicated in patients with prior myocardial infarction or ischemic scar and heart failure. ß-Blockers continue to be a mainstay in the treatment of most symptomatic VA and are well tolerated, relatively safe, and have additional benefits in symptomatic coronary heart disease and left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Amiodarone continues to be used for the management of most cases of serious VA especially in the acute setting when accompanied by hemodynamic perturbations but has the disadvantage of having a poor toxicity profile for long-term use. SUMMARY: Historically used for long-term ventricular arrhythmia suppression and prevention of sudden cardiac death, antiarrhythmics are now used to reduce implantable defibrillator shocks and symptoms. They still have a role in premature ventricular complex suppression in patients with failed catheter ablation or those who are not candidates for invasive therapy. Newer concepts in cardiac imaging and the use of artificial intelligence may help further delineate sudden cardiac risk and identify patients that may benefit from pharmacological management. KEY MESSAGE: Anti-arrhythmic agents continue to perform an important role in the suppression of ventricular arrhythmias especially channelopathies, polymorphic VT, and idiopathic ventricular fibrillation. Judicious use of these agents while recognizing side effects can help reduce the long-term effects of ventricular arrhythmias on cardiac function.

Pulmonary Vein Occlusion After Surgical Atrial Fibrillation Ablation and Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion.

We report a case of pulmonary vein (PV) occlusion in a patient with a history of surgical atrial fibrillation ablation and left atrial appendage occlusion with unsuccessful endovascular management. Delayed diagnosis of PV stenosis post-ablation can make interventional treatment options less likely to be successful. (Level of Difficulty: Intermediate.).

Cancer Radiation Therapy May Be Associated With Atrial Fibrillation.

Background: The association of atrial fibrillation (AF) with cancer and cancer types is inconclusive. Similarly, data regarding the association of AF with different cancer therapies are controversial. Objectives: To study the association of AF with cancer subtypes and cancer therapies. Methods: We studied all patients aged 18-89 years who presented to the Feist Weiller Cancer Center, with or without a diagnosis of cancer, between January 2011 and February 2016. Electronic health records were systematically queried for baseline demographics and ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes for specific co-morbidities. Patients with a diagnosis of AF were tabulated based on cross-validation with the ECG database and/or by recorded history. We assessed the prevalence and risk of AF based on cancer diagnosis, specific cancer type, and cancer therapy. Results: A total of 14,600 patients were analyzed. Compared to non-cancer patients (n = 6,801), cancer patients (n = 7,799) had a significantly higher prevalence of AF (4.3 vs. 3.1%; p < 0.001). However, following correction for covariates in a multivariable logistic regression model, malignancy was not found to be an independent risk factor for AF (p = 0.32). While patients with solid tumors had a numerically higher prevalence of AF than those with hematological malignancies (4.3 vs. 4.1%), tumor type was not independently associated with AF (p = 0.13). AF prevalence was higher in patients receiving chemotherapy (4.1%), radiation therapy (5.1%), or both (6.9%) when compared to patients not receiving any therapy (3.6%, p = 0.01). On multivariable logistic regression, radiation therapy remained an independent risk factor for AF for the entire study population (p = 0.03) as well as for the cancer population (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Radiation therapy for cancer is an independent risk factor for AF. The known association between cancer and AF may be mediated, at least in part, by the effects of radiation therapy.

Ultrasound guided axillary vein access: An alternative approach to venous access for cardiac device implantation.

INTRODUCTION: Ultrasound guided axillary vein access (UGAVA) is an emerging approach for cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) implantation not widely utilized. METHODS AND RESULTS: This is a retrospective, age and sex-matched cohort study of CIED implantation from January 2017 to July 2019 comparing UGAVA before incision to venous access obtained after incision without ultrasound (conventional). The study population included 561 patients (187 with attempted UGAVA, 68 ± 13 years old, 43% women, body mass index (BMI) 30 ± 8 kg/m2 , 15% right-sided, 43% implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, 15% upgrades). UGAVA was successful in 178/187 patients (95%). In nine patients where UGAVA was abandoned, the vein was too deep for access before incision. BMI was higher in abandoned patients than successful UGAVA (38 ± 6 vs. 28 ± 6 kg/m2 , p < .0001). Median time from local anesthetic to completion of UGAVA was 7 min (interquartile range [IQR]: 4-10) and median procedure time 61 min (IQR: 50-92). UGAVA changed implant laterality in two patients (avoiding an extra incision in both) and could have prevented unnecessary incision in four conventional patients. Excluding device upgrades, there was reduced fluoroscopy time in UGAVA versus conventional (4 vs. 6 min; IQR: 2-5 vs. 4-9; p < .001). Thirty-day complications were similar in UGAVA versus conventional (n = 7 vs. 26, 4 vs. 7%; p = .13, p = .41 adjusting for upgrades), partly driven by a trend towards reduced pneumothorax (n = 0 vs. 3, 0 vs. 1%; p = .22). CONCLUSIONS: UGAVA is a safe approach for CIED implantation and helps prevent an extra incision if a barrier is identified changing laterality preincision.

Ischemic and bleeding outcomes of triple therapy in patients on chronic anticoagulation undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: A meta-analysis of randomized trials.

BACKGROUND: Triple therapy (TT) that includes oral anticoagulation and dual antiplatelet therapy is recommended in patients who are on chronic anticoagulation and undergo percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The randomized clinical trials (RCTs) comparing the effectiveness and safety of TT compared to double therapy (DT), which consists of an oral anticoagulation and one of the P2Y12 inhibitors, have shown increased risk of bleeding; however, none of the individual studies were powered to show a difference in ischemic outcomes. To compare the clinical outcomes of TT and DT, we performed this meta-analysis of RCTs. METHODS: Electronic search of PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane CENTRAL databases was performed for RCTs comparing TT and DT in patients who were on oral anticoagulation (Vitamin K antagonist or non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant) who underwent PCI. All-cause and cardiovascular mortality, myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, stent thrombosis (ST) and TIMI major and minor bleeding were the major outcomes. RESULTS: An analysis of 5 trials including 10,592 total patients showed that TT, compared to DT, resulted in non-significant difference in risk of all-cause [odds ratio (OR); 1.14;95% confidence interval (CI):(0.80-1.63); P = 0.46) and cardiovascular mortality [1.43(0.58-3.36); P = 0.44], MI [0.88 (0.64-1.21); P = 0.42], stroke [1.10(0.75-1.62); P = 0.63] and ST [0.82(0.46-1.45); P = 0.49]. TT, compared to DT resulted in higher risk of TIMI major bleeding [1.61(1.09-2.37); P = 0.02], TIMI minor bleeding [1.85(1.23-2.79); P = 0.003] and TIMI major and minor bleeding [1.81 (1.38-2.38); P < 0.0001; I2 = 52%]. CONCLUSION: Compared to DT, the patients receiving TT are at a higher risk of major and minor bleeding with no survival benefit or impact on thrombotic outcomes.

Pressure-Guided cryoablation of pulmonary veins in atrial fibrillation: A fast and effective strategy.

BACKGROUND: Cryoballoon ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF) involves successful electrical pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). Pulmonary vein (PV) ostial occlusion with cryoballoon is classically assessed using PV angiography. A pressure-guided technique to assess ostial occlusion has been evaluated in small cohorts with mixed results. We evaluated the efficacy of this pressure-guided PVI technique and its impact on reducing contrast and fluoroscopy time as compared to the traditional approach. METHODS: We evaluated patients with paroxysmal AF, who underwent cryoballoon PVI. Patients prior to January 20th, 2013 underwent confirmation of PV occlusion by angiography only. Patients ablated after this time had PV occlusion initially determined by pressure monitoring and further confirmed by contrast injection into the PV in most cases (Pressure-guided PVI). Differences in the volume of contrast used and fluoroscopy time were evaluated. RESULTS: 46 patients had pressure-guided PVI and29 patients had occlusion of PV confirmed by angiography alone. Pressure-guided PVI was 99.5% successful in ablating AF, which was non-inferior to traditional method of PV isolation. This technique used an average of 8cc of contrast and 21.5min of fluoroscopy time, which was significantly less than the contrast amount used, and fluoroscopy time with angiographic isolation of PV. CONCLUSION: Pressure-guided PVI is an effective method for cryoablation of AF. This method not only significantly reduces the volume of contrast used but also decreases the fluoroscopy without compromising the success of PVI.

Q Fever Endocarditis Presenting with Superior Mesenteric Artery Embolism and Renal Infarction.

Q fever is a zoonotic disease with a reservoir in mammals, birds, and ticks. Acute cases in human beings can be asymptomatic, or they can present with a flu-like illness, pneumonia, or hepatitis. Approximately 5% of cases progress to chronic Q fever. Endocarditis, the most typical manifestation of chronic Q fever, is usually associated with small vegetations that occur in patients who have had prior valvular damage or who are immunocompromised. We present what we think is the first reported case of superior mesenteric artery embolism from Q fever endocarditis of the aortic valve, in a 39-year-old woman who needed surgical embolectomy and subsequent aortic valve replacement.