ABSTRACT
In the present study, the adjuvant effect of zymosan on human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1)-specific DNA vaccine and the mechanism of this enhancement were studied in a murine model. We coinoculated zymosan with our candidate HIV-1 specific DNA vaccine (pCMV160IIIB) into skeletal muscles of BALB/c mice. Higher levels of both humoral immune response and HIV-specific delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response were observed when zymosan was coinoculated with pCMV160IIIB compared with that obtained using pCMV160IIIB alone. HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity was also enhanced. This enhancing activity was suppressed when coinoculated to the fifth complement (C5)-deficient DDD and AKR mice. The enhanced activity was also suppressed when anti-C3 antibody was inoculated to mice intramuscularly. There was significant induction of immunoglobulin G2a (IgG2a) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in pCMV160IIIB vaccine with zymosan. These results suggest that zymosan-mediated DNA vaccination enhances helper T cell (Th) 1-mediated immunity. The effect is suggested to be based on the consequences of its recruitment and activation of macrophages, dendritic cells or antigen-presenting cells (APC) through complement activation, especially through the alternative pathway. Taken together, these results suggest that zymosan can be an effective immunological adjuvant in DNA vaccination against HIV-1.
Subject(s)
AIDS Vaccines/immunology , Adjuvants, Immunologic , HIV-1/immunology , Vaccines, DNA/immunology , Zymosan/immunology , Animals , Complement Activation/immunology , Cytokines/biosynthesis , Female , HIV Antibodies/biosynthesis , Immunity, Cellular , Immunization , Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis , Mice , Mice, Inbred AKR , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Muscle, Skeletal/immunology , T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunologyABSTRACT
We reviewed 11 knees in ten patients at a mean follow-up of 23 years after a modified Loeffler's medial capsulotomy for osteoarthritis of the knee. The mean age was 59+/-8 years at surgery. The mean knee score (Hospital for Special Surgery) was 59 points before surgery and 79 points at follow-up. The long-term results of this operation were thus maintained over a prolonged period. This is a relatively simple procedure, which may be performed in the elderly, with satisfactory long-term results.
