Acute exercise modulates the mental stress-induced responses in healthy and obese young adults / O exercício agudo modula as respostas induzidas pelo estresse mental em adultos jovens saudáveis e obesos

Abstract The aim of this study was to verify whether obesity and acute physical exercise could influence the reactivity to mental stress. Twelve normal weight (NW) and ten obese (Ob) (31.82% women), normotensive individuals between 18 and 40 years old were evaluated. The Stroop color test was performed under two conditions: 1) Baseline and 2) 30 min after the end of aerobic physical exercise. Individuals performed 30 min of physical exercise (NW: 3.38 and Ob: 2.99 km·h-1; p< 0.05) between 50-60% of heart rate reserve (NW: 139±7 and Ob: 143±7 bpm). The reactivity to mental stress for systolic blood pressure - SBP (Δ2 min) and diastolic blood pressure - DBP (Δ2 and Δ4 min) was lower (p< 0.05) in Ob compared to NW group. The SBP reactivity to mental stress was less (p< 0.05) post-exercise in all moments (Δ2 and Δ4 min), regardless of obesity, while the DBP reactivity to mental stress was less post-exercise, only in NW. BP reactivity to stress correlated negatively with obesity indicators (r/Rho = - 0.42 to - 0.64), under the baseline condition, but not post-physical exercise. Obesity blunted BP reactivity to mental stress in normotensive young adults. Moderately-intensity acute aerobic exercise reduced SBP reactivity to mental stress, regardless of obesity, while it reduced DBP reactivity to mental stress, only in NW. In summary, acute physical exercise may be a one means to prevent cardiovascular changes.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se a obesidade e o exercício físico agudo podem influenciar a reatividade ao estresse mental. Foram avaliados 12 indivíduos eutróficos (E) e dez obesos (Ob) (31,82% mulheres), normotensos entre 18 e 40 anos. O teste de cor Stroop foi realizado em duas condições: 1) Linha de base e 2) 30 min após o término do exercício físico aeróbio. Os indivíduos realizaram 30 min de exercício físico (E: 3,38 e Ob: 2,99 km•h-1; p<0,05) entre 50-60% da frequência cardíaca de reserva (E 139±7 e Ob: 143±7 bpm). A reatividade ao estresse mental para pressão arterial sistólica - PAS (Δ2 min) e pressão arterial diastólica - PAD (Δ2 e Δ4 min) foi menor (p< 0,05) no grupo Ob comparado ao grupo E. A reatividade da PAS ao estresse mental foi menor (p< 0,05) pós-exercício em todos os momentos (Δ2 e Δ4 min), independente da obesidade, enquanto a reatividade da PAD ao estresse mental foi menor pós-exercício, apenas no E. A reatividade da PA ao estresse correlacionou-se negativamente com os indicadores de obesidade (r/Rho = - 0,42 a - 0,64), na condição basal, mas não pós-exercício físico. A obesidade embotou a reatividade da PA ao estresse mental em adultos jovens normotensos. O exercício aeróbico agudo de ientesidade moderada reduziu a reatividade da PAS ao estresse mental, independentemente da obesidade, enquanto reduziu a reatividade da PAD ao estresse mental, apenas no E. Em resumo, o exercício físico agudo pode ser um meio de prevenir alterações cardiovasculares.

Influence of family history of hypertension on blood pressure and heart rate variability in young adults: a meta-analysis.

PURPOUSE: This meta-analysis evaluates the impact of family history of hypertension (FHH + ) on blood pressure (BP) and heart rate variability (HRV) in young adults. METHODS: Observational studies that evaluated adults (aged between 18 and 40 years) of both sexes, are without cardiometabolic disease diagnosis, are published in English, and are reporting on the influence of FHH + (father, mother, or both) on BP and HRV were included. In June 2021, we made a search of the electronic database MEDLINE (accessed by PubMed). Random-effects models were used, and data are reported as standardized mean difference and 95% confidence limits. RESULTS: Thirty-eight studies with a total of 2025 individuals were included. Clinic systolic [3.13 mmHg (1.75-4.51)] and diastolic [2.85 mmHg (1.65-4.04)] BPs were higher ( P < 0.001) in individuals with an FHH + . Only 24-h systolic BP was higher [1.76 mmHg (0.05-3.47); P = 0.04] in individuals with an FHH + . As for HRV indices in time-domain, RMSSD: -7.00 ms (-10.75 to -3.26), SDNN: -13.93 ms (-23.56 to -4.30), and HF [-6.82 n. u. (-9.76 to -3.89)] were lower ( P < 0.05), and LF [4.78 ms (2.52-7.03)] and LF/HF ratio [0.32 (0.14-0.50)] were higher ( P < 0.001) in individuals with an FHH + . CONCLUSION: FHH + negatively impacts BP and HRV in young adults.

Aerobic fitness influences cardiac autonomic modulation in police officers regardless of specific duties.

PURPOSE: This study assesses whether the specific duties of a police officer or aerobic fitness influences blood pressure (BP) and cardiac autonomic modulation. METHOD: Police officers (n = 161) were divided into administrative and operational (34.72 ± 5.98 vs. 33.95 ± 5.61 years old) groups, and subsequently divided into lower and higher aerobic fitness (35.49 ± 4.32 vs. 45.39 ± 13.10 mL·kg-1·min-1). RESULTS: Higher SBP (125 ± 10 vs. 121 ± 10 mmHg; P = 0.02) and aerobic fitness (42.10 ± 5.57 vs. 38.51 ± 6.67 mL·kg-1·min-1; P < 0.01) were observed in the operational group. On the other hand, lower obesity indicators and higher heart rate variability (HRV) indices (SD1: 26.67 ± 14.19 vs. 20.98 ± 9.12; SD2: 54.04 ± 19.81 vs. 47.32 ± 18.85; RMSSD: 36.50 ± 18.78 vs. 29.90 ± 12.51; SDNN: 42.80 ± 16.05 vs. 36.85 ± 14.23 ms; pNN50: 17.32 ± 17.54 vs. 10.60 ± 10.77 %) were observed in the higher aerobic fitness group (P ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSION: In summary, although the operational occupation had shown a negative influence on SBP, the HRV was not impaired in police officers. Additionally, aerobic fitness was related to differences in obesity indicators and HRV regardless of police duties. Our findings encourage the inclusion of BP and HRV measurements in routine health checks to screen for early hypertension and autonomic dysfunction.

Parasympathetic modulation during sleep time is reduced after maximal exercise, correlated with aerobic fitness in young women / A modulação parassimpática durante o sono é reduzida após o exercício máximo e está correlacionada com a aptidão aeróbia em mulheres jovens

abstract It is known that cardiovascular risk is increased during exercise and recovery. Thus, it is necessary to assess all the risk associated with exercise to minimize the possibility of cardiovascular events. The aim of this study was to verify whether a maximal exercise alters ambulatory cardiac autonomic modulation in untrained women and whether aerobic fitness is correlated to cardiac autonomic modulation. Twelve women (25.35 ± 5.44 years) were outfitted with the Holter monitor on an experimental (after maximum exercise) and a control day to heart rate variability (HRV) evaluation. Maximal exercise increased 24 h heart rate (82 ± 14 vs 77 ± 11 bpm; p = 0.04) and during sleep time (72 ± 14 vs. 65 ± 9 bpm; p = 0.01), reduced parasympathetic modulation (HF - n.u. 49.96 ± 11.56 vs 42.10 ± 14.98; p = 0.04), and increased low-frequency/high-frequency ratio (2.88 ± 3.24 vs 1.31 ± 0.60; p = 0.03) during sleep time compared to the control day. Aerobic fitness was correlated positively with LF, HF, and HF (n.u.) indices (r = 0.61 to 0.73, p < 0.05) and correlated negatively with LF (n.u.) and LF/HF ratio (Rho = - 0.57 to - 0.69; p < 0.05). Maximal exercise alters parasympathetic modulation during sleep time in untrained women. Ambulatory cardiac autonomic modulation after exercise is related to aerobic fitness.

resumo Sabe-se que o risco cardiovascular aumenta durante o exercício e sua recuperação. Assim, é necessário avaliar todo o risco associado ao exercício para minimizar a chance de eventos cardiovasculares. Objetivou-se verificar se um exercício máximo altera a modulação autonômica cardíaca ambulatorial em mulheres não treinadas e se a aptidão aeróbia está correlacionada à modulação autonômica cardíaca. Doze mulheres (25,35 ± 5,44 anos) foram equipadas com monitor Holter em um dia experimental (após exercício máximo) e dia controle para avaliação da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC). O exercício máximo aumentou a frequência cardíaca de 24 h (82 ± 14 vs 77 ± 11 bpm; p = 0,04) e durante o sono (72 ± 14 vs 65 ± 9 bpm; p = 0,01), bem como reduziu a modulação parassimpática (HF - nu 49,96 ± 11,56 vs 42,10 ± 14,98; p = 0,04) e aumentou a razão de baixa frequência / alta frequência - LF/HF (2,88 ± 3,24 vs 1,31 ± 0,60; p = 0,03) durante o período do sono em comparação com o dia controle. A aptidão aeróbia foi correlacionada positivamente com os índices LF, HF e HF (nu) (r = 0,61 a 0,73, p <0,05) e negativamente correlacionada com LF (nu) e razão LF / HF (Rho = - 0,57 a - 0,69; p <0,05). O exercício máximo altera a modulação parassimpática durante o sono em mulheres não treinadas. A modulação autonômica cardíaca ambulatorial após o exercício foi correlacionada com a aptidão aeróbia.

Reproducibility of Heart Rate Variability Indices at Post-maximal Exercise.

To analyze whether heart rate variability is reproducible after maximal exercise, 11 men (22.1±3.2 years) performed four incremental exercise tests followed by passive or active recovery. There was high reliability (intraclass coefficient correlation: 0.72-0.96) and fair-to-excellent agreement (coefficient of variation: 7.81-22.09%) in passive recovery, as well as moderate-to-high reliability (intraclass coefficient correlation: 0.50-0.87) and good agreement (coefficient of variation: 11.08-20.89%) in active recovery for LnRMSSD index. There was moderate-to-high reliability (intraclass coefficient correlation: 0.51-0.81) and good agreement (coefficient of variation: 10.41-18.87%) in most of the analyzed time points, in both recovery types for LnSDNN. In both types of recovery, the time domain heart rate variability 5-10 min indices (passive: intraclass coefficient correlation : 0.87-0.88; coefficient of variation: 7.67-13.44%; active: intraclass coefficient correlation 0.59-0.80; coefficient of variation: 14.62-16.26%) presented higher intraclass coefficient correlation and lower coefficient of variation than the spectral heart rate variability indices (passive: intraclass coefficient correlation: 0.71-0.87; coefficient of variation: 12.33-34.21%; active: intraclass coefficient correlation: 0.46-0.77; coefficient of variation: 24.41-105.12%). The LnRMSSD and LnSDNN indices analyzed in 30 s segments and the heart rate variability 5-10 min indices after maximal exercise in untrained healthy men showed satisfactory reproducibility, regardless of the type of recovery, with the time-domain indices showing higher reproducibility than the frequency-domain indices.

Aerobic fitness and recovery type influence post-exercise heart rate in young women / Aptidão aeróbia e tipo de recuperação influenciam a frequência cardíaca pós-exercício em mulheres jovens

This study aimed to analyze both influence of aerobic fitness and active recovery in heart rate (HR) reduction after maximum exercise (i.e. maximum incremental test) in untrained young women. Seventeen women were evaluated (23.88 ± 4.85 years), divided by the medium of peak of consumption of oxygen (30.80 mL. kg-1.min-1), in higher or lower aerobic fitness obtained during a maximum incremental test performed on a cycle ergometer. The post-exercise recovery was performed actively and passively, on two randomly non-consecutive days. It was noticed that HR at 6th and from the 6th to 10th min after the passive and active recovery, respectively, was lower in the higher aerobic fitness group, beyond that, the values of %HR reduction from the 6th to 10th min at 6th min after passive and active recovery, respectively, were higher in the higher aerobic fitness group. After active recovery, HR in 8th and 9th min and %HR reduction of the 8th to 10th min were lower and higher, respectively (p<0.05) than passive recovery in the lower aerobic fitness group. In short, the aerobic fitness influenced HR reduction after maximum exercise in untrained young women, mainly, after passive recovery. Besides that, the active recovery showed benefits in HR reduction in lower aerobic fitness group....(AU)

O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar a influência da aptidão aeróbia e recuperação ativa na redução da frequência cardíaca (FC) após o exercício máximo (teste incremental máximo) em mulheres jovens não treinadas. Foram avaliadas dezessete mulheres jovens (23,88 ± 4,85 anos), divididas pela mediana do consumo pico de oxigênio (30,80 mL∙kg-1 ∙min-1 ), em maior ou menor aptidão aeróbia obtida durante um teste incremental máximo. A recuperação pós-exercício foi realizada de forma ativa e passiva, em dois dias experimentais randomizados e não consecutivos. Foi observado que, a FC foi menor no grupo de maior aptidão aeróbia no 6º min após a recuperação passiva e do 6º ao 10º min após a recuperação ativa, além disso, os valores do percentual de redução da FC foram maiores no grupo de maior aptidão aeróbia do 6º ao 10º min e no 6º min após a recuperação passiva e ativa, respectivamente. Após a recuperação ativa, a FC no 8º e 9º min e o percentual de redução da FC do 8º ao 10º min foram menores e maiores, respectivamente (p <0,05) do que após a recuperação passiva no grupo com menor aptidão aeróbia. Em suma, a aptidão aeróbia influenciou na redução da FC pós-exercício máximo em mulheres jovens não treinadas, principalmente após a recuperação passiva. Além disso, a recuperação ativa auxiliou na redução da FC no grupo com menor aptidão aeróbia....(AU)

Reproducibility of Heart Rate Variability Threshold in Untrained Individuals.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility of the heart rate variability threshold (HRVT) by different HRV indexes and determination criteria. 68 untrained participants, 17 women (24.09±4.91 years old; 21.54±1.97 kg∙m-2) and 51 men (24.52±3.52 years old; 26.51±6.31 kg∙m-2), were evaluated on 2 different days (test and retest). The HRVT was determined during an incremental exercise test using 2 indexes (SD1 and RMSSD) and criteria (HRTV1, first intensity of physical effort with index<3 ms, and HRVT2, first intensity of physical effort, in which the index presents a difference<1 ms between 2 consecutive intensities). There was no significant difference (p<0.05) between the test and retest for any of the variables evaluated. All variables, except for the rate of perceived exertion at HRVT2, presented moderate to high intraclass correlation coefficient (HRVT1: 0.55-0.85 and HRVT2:0.58-0.69). All variables at HRVT1 and the heart rate at HRVT2 showed coefficient of variation ~ 10%. The HRVT, regardless of criteria and HRV index used, showed satisfactory reproducibility. Thus, these criteria can be used to assess clinically autonomic cardiac modulation and aerobic capacity, and to analyze the effect of different interventions.

Higher blood pressure and lower cardiac vagal activity in obese young individuals in supine and seated position.

BACKGROUND: Obesity triggers alterations in hemodynamic and autonomic control. There are few studies that investigate the effects of overweight and obesity in early adulthood on hemodynamic and autonomic variables. AIM: The aim of this study was to determine whether overweight and obesity in young individuals cause alterations in hemodynamic parameters and heart rate variability (HRV) in supine and seated position, and to correlate these variables with anthropometric features. METHODS: Measurements were performed in 40 young untrained male study participants. The subjects were eutrophic (22.8 ± 0.3 kg/m2, N = 19), overweight (27.0 ± 0.5 kg/m2, N = 10), and obese (33.5 ± 0.8 kg/m2, N = 11). After 5 min in supine and seated position, the R-R intervals and blood pressure (BP) were recorded. RESULTS: The systolic blood pressure were higher in overweight (supine, 122.9 ± 2.3 mmHg) and obese (supine, 123.9 ± 2.2; seated, 121.7 ± 2.3 mmHg) individuals compared to eutrophic individuals (supine, 111.8 ± 1.64; seated, 111.3 ± 1.8 mmHg) (p ⩽ 0.05). Obese subjects exhibited lower HRV (SD1, RMSSD, pNN50) compared to eutrophic individuals when seated. In obese subjects, the heart rate (HR) increased and HRV decreased (p ≤ 0.05) when seated versus supine position. The body mass, body mass index (BMI), and waist and abdominal circumferences correlated positively with BP (r = 0.40-0.64, p ≤ 0.05), while the BMI, waist circumference, BP, and HR were negatively correlated (r = -0.32 -0.62, p ≤ 0.05) with HRV (pNN50 and HF) in both body positions. BMI, waist circumference, BP and HR correlated negat- ively with additional HRV indices (SD1, SD2, RMSSD, TP, and LF) when seated. CONCLUSIONS: Obese and overweight individuals presented higher SBP, and obese individuals had lower HRV and cardiac vagal activity, associated with anthropometric variables. RELEVANCE FOR PATIENTS: The monitoring of HRV in obese subjects in seated position allows improved prognosis of metabolic consequences to cardiac autonomic control.

Blood pressure and cardiac autonomic modulation at rest, during exercise and recovery time in the young overweight

This study aimed to assess the blood pressure (BP), cardiac autonomic modulation at rest, in physical exercise and in the recovery in untrained eutrophic (E) and overweight (O) youth. The body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), systolic BP-SBP (E: 109.80 ± 10.05; O: 121.85 ± 6.98 mmHg) and diastolic BP - DBP (E: 65.90 ± 7.28; O: 73.14 ± 12.22 mmHg) were higher in overweight and the heart rate recovery (%HRR) was lower as compared with E volunteers. The BMI was associated with SBP (r= 0.54), DBP (r= 0.65), load on the heart rate variability threshold - HRVT (r= -0.46), %HRR 2' (r= -0.48) and %HRR 5' (r= -0.48), and WC was associated with SBP (r= 0.54), DBP (r= 0.64) and HRR 2' (r= -0.49). The %HRR was associated to SBP, DBP and HRVT. In summary, the anthropometric variables, BP and cardiac autonomic modulation in the recovery are altered in overweight youth.