Leishmanicidal and immunomodulatory activity of Terminalia catappa in Leishmania amazonensisin vitro infection.

Leishmaniases are infectious-parasitic diseases that impact public health around the world. Antileishmanial drugs presented toxicity and increase in parasitic resistance. Studies with natural products show an alternative to this effect, and several metabolites have demonstrated potential in the treatment of various diseases. Terminalia catappa is a plant species with promising pharmaceutical properties. The objective of this work was to evaluate the therapeutic potential of extracts and fractions of T. catappa on Leishmania amazonensis and investigate the immunomodulatory mechanisms associated with its action. In anti-Leishmania assays, the ethyl acetate fraction exhibited activity against promastigotes (IC50 86.07 ± 1.09 µg/mL) and low cytotoxicity (CC50 517.70 ± 1.68 µg/mL). The ethyl acetate fraction also inhibited the intracellular parasite (IC50 25.74 ± 1.08 µg/mL) with a selectivity index of 20.11. Treatment with T. catappa ethyl acetate fraction did not alter nitrite production by peritoneal macrophages stimulated with L. amazonensis, although there was a decrease in unstimulated macrophages treated at 50 µg/mL (p = 0.0048). The T. catappa ethyl acetate fraction at 100 µg/mL increased TNF-α levels (p = 0.0238) and downregulated HO-1 (p = 0.0030) and ferritin (p = 0.0002) gene expression in L. amazonensis-stimulated macrophages. Additionally, the total flavonoid and ellagic acid content for ethyl acetate fraction was 13.41 ± 1.86 mg QE/g and 79.25 mg/g, respectively. In conclusion, the T. catappa ethyl acetate fraction showed leishmanicidal activity against different forms of L. amazonensis and displayed immunomodulatory mechanisms, including TNF-α production and expression of pro and antioxidant genes.

In Vitro Antioxidant and Antitrypanosomal Activities of Extract and Fractions of Terminalia catappa.

Chagas disease is a severe infectious and parasitic disease caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi and considered a public health problem. Chemotherapeutics are still the main means of control and treatment of the disease, however with some limitations. As an alternative treatment, plants have been pointed out due to their proven pharmacological properties. Many studies carried out with Terminalia catappa have shown several biological activities, but its effect against T. cruzi is still unknown. The objective of this work is to evaluate the therapeutic potential of extracts and fractions obtained from T. catappa on the parasite T. cruzi, in addition to analyzing its antioxidant activity. T. catappa ethyl acetate fraction were produced and submitted the chemical characterization by Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS). From all T. catappa extracts and fractions evaluated, the ethyl acetate and the aqueous fraction displayed the best antioxidant activity by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method (IC50 of 7.77 ± 1.61 and 5.26 ± 1.26 µg/mL respectively), and by ferric ion reducing (FRAP) method (687.61 ± 0.26 and 1009.32 ± 0.13 µM of Trolox equivalent/mg extract, respectively). The ethyl acetate fraction showed remarkable T. cruzi inhibitory activity with IC50 of 8.86 ± 1.13, 24.91 ± 1.15 and 85.01 ± 1.21 µg/mL against epimastigotes, trypomastigotes and intracellular amastigotes, respectively, and showed no cytotoxicity for Vero cells (CC50 > 1000 µg/mL). The treatment of epimastigotes with the ethyl acetate fraction led to drastic ultrastructural changes such as the loss of cytoplasm organelles, cell disorganization, nucleus damage and the loss of integrity of the parasite. This effect could be due to secondary compounds present in this extract, such as luteolin, kaempferol, quercetin, ellagic acid and derivatives. The ethyl acetate fraction obtained from T. catappa leaves can be an effective alternative in the treatment and control of Chagas disease, and material for further investigations.

Plant Metabolites as SARS-CoV-2 Inhibitors Candidates: In Silico and In Vitro Studies.

Since it acquired pandemic status, SARS-CoV-2 has been causing all kinds of damage all over the world. More than 6.3 million people have died, and many cases of sequelae are in survivors. Currently, the only products available to most of the world's population to fight the pandemic are vaccines, which still need improvement since the number of new cases, admissions into intensive care units, and deaths are again reaching worrying rates, which makes it essential to compounds that can be used during infection, reducing the impacts of the disease. Plant metabolites are recognized sources of diverse biological activities and are the safest way to research anti-SARS-CoV-2 compounds. The present study computationally evaluated 55 plant compounds in five SARS-CoV-2 targets such Main Protease (Mpro or 3CL or MainPro), RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), Papain-Like Protease (PLpro), NSP15 Endoribonuclease, Spike Protein (Protein S or Spro) and human Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) followed by in vitro evaluation of their potential for the inhibition of the interaction of the SARS-CoV-2 Spro with human ACE-2. The in silico results indicated that, in general, amentoflavone, 7-O-galloylquercetin, kaempferitrin, and gallagic acid were the compounds with the strongest electronic interaction parameters with the selected targets. Through the data obtained, we can demonstrate that although the indication of individual interaction of plant metabolites with both Spro and ACE-2, the metabolites evaluated were not able to inhibit the interaction between these two structures in the in vitro test. Despite this, these molecules still must be considered in the research of therapeutic agents for treatment of patients affected by COVID-19 since the activity on other targets and influence on the dynamics of viral infection during the interaction Spro x ACE-2 should be investigated.

Effect of treatment with carvacrol and aerobic training on cardiovascular function in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

NEW FINDINGS: What is the central question of this study? Can two non-drug therapies, carvacrol and aerobic physical training, together have additive effects on the reduction of cardiovascular risks and control of arterial hypertension? What is the main finding and its importance? The oral use of carvacrol (20 mg/kg/day) can control sustained hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats, and when this use is associated with aerobic physical training, there is a more pronounced effect on the reduction of blood pressure values, making these therapies an adjunct option in the drug treatment of hypertension. ABSTRACT: Systemic arterial hypertension is considered the foremost cardiovascular risk factor, and it is important to examine different therapies that help prevent and treat it, especially when associated with other cardiovascular risk factors. In this context, it is known that both carvacrol and aerobic physical training benefit the cardiovascular system. This study investigated the effects of treatment with carvacrol combined with aerobic exercise on hypertensive rats with cardiovascular risk parameters. We used an experimental design with six groups: normotensive control (Wistar rats); hypertensive control (spontaneously hypertensive rats, SHR); positive control rats treated with amlodipine (Aml-20 mg); rats treated with carvacrol (Carv-20 mg); rats trained with exercise (Exer); and rats treated with carvacrol and exercise (ExerCarv). The treatment lasted for 4 weeks, monitoring heart rate and systolic blood pressure (SBP). At the end of the treatment, vascular reactivity tests were performed in addition to biochemical measurements of urea, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, triglycerides, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, very low density lipoprotein cholesterol, atherogenic indexes, relative heart weight and histopathological analysis of cardiac perivascular tissue. Significant reductions in SBP were observed after the training period, with the ExerCarv group showing a greater magnitude of reduction (∆SBP = 88 ± 10.0 mmHg, 42%). This group also experienced reductions in atherogenic indices and improvement in all analysed lipid parameters, with no differences observed in the Exer group. The findings indicated that the interaction between aerobic exercise and carvacrol offers a greater BP reduction. Exercise is particularly effective for controlling biochemical parameters of cardiovascular risk, regardless of carvacrol use.

Time de acesso vascular e terapia infusional: satisfação da equipe de saúde em hospital pediátrico / Vascular access and infusional therapy team: satisfaction of the health team at pediatric hospital / Equipo de acceso vascular y terapia infusional: satisfacción del equipo de salud en hospital pediátrico

Objetivos: Conhecer a satisfação e qualidade do serviço sobre time de acesso vascular e terapia infusional (TAVTI) e identificar a importância do TAVTI para a equipe de saúde. Metodo: Trata-se de uma pesquisa de campo exploratória, descritiva, com abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa. Aplicamos formulários para 149 profissionais. Resultados: Dos participantes, 46,97%(n:70) refere total satisfação frente ao TAVTI; a minoria 0,67%(n:1) demonstra insatisfação total; a maioria considera o serviço muito importante 71,14%(n:106) e excelente atuação para 44,96%(n:67). Apenas 1,34%(2) dos profissionais considerou a qualidade do trabalho regular. Dos participantes, 126 declararam: serviço humanizado; seguro para o paciente; necessita de capacitação e treinamento; material seguro; período integral. Conclusão: A atuação do TAVTI demonstra ser efetiva. Constatou-se a satisfação da equipe de saúde e a importância na pediatria devido à preservação do acesso venoso e o desejo dos profissionais em manter o TAVTI período integral. Frente ao percentual de qualidade considerado, excelente e ótimo.(AU)

Objectives: To know the satisfaction and quality of service on the vascular access and infusional therapy team (TAVTI) and to identify the importance of TAVTI for the health team. Methodo: This is an exploratory, descriptive field research, with a quantitative and qualitative approach. We apply forms to 149 professionals. Results: Of the participants, 46.97% (n: 70) reported total satisfaction with TAVTI; the minority 0.67% (n: 1) shows total dissatisfaction; the majority considered the service very important 71.14% (n: 106) and excellent performance for 44.96% (n: 67). Only 1.34% (2) of the professionals considered the quality of work to be regular. Of the participants, 126 declared: humanized service; safe for the patient; needs qualification and training; safe material; Full time. Conclusion: The performance of TAVTI proves to be effective. The satisfaction of the health team and the importance in pediatrics were found due to the preservation of venous access and the desire of professionals to maintain TAVTI full time. In view of the percentage of quality considered, excellent and great.(AU)

Objetivos: Conocer la satisfacción y calidad del servicio del equipo de acceso vascular y terapia infusional (TAVTI) e identificar la importancia de TAVTI para el equipo de salud. Metodo: Se trata de una investigación de campo exploratoria, descriptiva, con enfoque cuantitativo y cualitativo. Aplicamos formularios a 149 profesionales. Resultados: De los participantes, el 46,97% (n: 70) reportaron satisfacción total con TAVTI; la minoría 0,67% (n: 1) muestra total insatisfacción; la mayoría consideró el servicio muy importante 71,14% (n: 106) y excelente desempeño para el 44,96% (n: 67). Solo el 1,34% (2) de los profesionales consideró regular la calidad del trabajo. De los participantes, 126 declararon: servicio humanizado; seguro para el paciente; necesita cualificación y formación; material seguro; período integral. Conclusión: La actuación de TAVTI demuestra ser eficaz. La satisfacción del equipo de salud y la importancia en pediatría se encontraron debido a la preservación del acceso venoso y el deseo de los profesionales de mantener TAVTI a tiempo completo. En vista del porcentaje de calidad considerado, excelente y óptimo.(AU)

Percepção do graduando de Enfermagem na segurança do paciente com sistema de medicamentos por dose unitária / Perception of nursing students in patient safety with unit dose medication system / Percepción de estudiantes de enfermería en seguridad del paciente con sistema de medicación de dosis unitaria

Objetivos: Descrever a percepção do graduando de enfermagem sobre a segurança do paciente no Sistema de distribuição de Medicamentos por Dose unitária - SDMDU. Método: Pesquisa de campo exploratória, quantitativa, qualitativa, não probabilística intencional. Realizada em um hospital infantil que utiliza o SDMDU. Foram entrevistados 126 graduandos de enfermagem. Resultados: Percepção positiva para 99(78,57%) dos graduandos de enfermagem, categorizado por Sistema Seguro 45 (45,45%) e, 30(30,30%) relatam que o SDMDU diminui erros. Entretanto 21(16,67%) referiram percepção negativa, afirmam que o Preparo e Administração dos medicamentos 10(47,61%) devem ocorrer pela enfermagem e, consideram o Sistema inseguro, 9(42,85%) entrevistados. Considerações Finais: O SDMDU é um processo que traz maior segurança ao paciente. O enfermeiro deve conhecer a responsabilidade sobre a administração de medicamentos como algo importante dentro do conjunto de atividades que realiza, uma vez que a implantação do SDMDU reflete diretamente nas atividades da equipe de enfermagem.(AU)

Objectives: To describe the perception of nursing students on patient safety in the Distribution System of Medicines by Unit Dose - SDMDU. Method: Exploratory, quantitative, qualitative, non-probabilistic, intentional field research. Held in a children's hospital that uses the SDMDU. 126 nursing graduates were interviewed. Results: Positive perception for 99 (78.57%) of nursing students, categorized by Sistema Seguro 45 (45.45%) and 30 (30.30%) report that the SDMDU decreases errors. However, 21 (16.67%) reported a negative perception, affirm that the Preparation and Administration of medicines 10 (47.61%) must be performed by nursing staff and, considering the System unsafe, 9 (42.85%) interviewed. Final Considerations: The SDMDU is a process that brings greater safety to the patient. The nurse must know the responsibility for medication administration as something important within the set of activities that he performs, since the implementation of the SDMDU reflects directly on the activities of the nursing team.(AU)

Objetivos: Describir la percepción de los estudiantes de enfermería sobre la seguridad del paciente en el Sistema de Distribución de Medicamentos por Unidad Dosis - SDMDU. Método: Investigación de campo exploratoria, cuantitativa, cualitativa, no probabilística e intencional. Se lleva a cabo en un hospital de niños que utiliza la SDMDU. Se entrevistaron 126 graduados en enfermería. Resultados: La percepción positiva para 99 (78.57%) de estudiantes de enfermería, categorizados por Sistema Seguro 45 (45.45%) y 30 (30.30%) informan que el SDMDU disminuye los errores. Sin embargo, 21 (16,67%) informaron una percepción negativa, afirman que la preparación y administración de medicamentos 10 (47,61%) debe ser realizada por personal de enfermería y, considerando que el sistema no es seguro, 9 (42,85%) entrevistados. Consideraciones Finales: SDMDU es un proceso que brinda mayor seguridad al paciente. La enfermera debe conocer la responsabilidad de la administración de medicamentos como algo importante dentro del conjunto de actividades que realiza, ya que la implementación de la SDMDU se refleja directamente en las actividades del equipo de enfermería.(AU)

Documentação do processo de enfermagem em instituições públicas de saúde / Documentación del proceso de enfermería en centros públicos de salud / Documentation of the nursing process in public health institutions

RESUMO Objetivo Identificar a prevalência de documentação do Processo de Enfermagem nos hospitais e ambulatórios administrados pela Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo. Método Estudo descritivo, realizado por meio de entrevistas com enfermeiros responsáveis por 416 setores de 40 instituições sobre a documentação de quatro fases do Processo de Enfermagem (levantamento de dados, diagnóstico, prescrição e evolução) e de anotações de enfermagem. Resultados Dos 416 setores estudados, 89,9% documentavam pelo menos uma fase; 56,0% documentavam as quatro fases; 4,3% documentavam apenas anotações de enfermagem; 5,8% não documentavam nenhuma fase, nem as anotações de enfermagem. Os tipos de setores que menos documentavam foram: ambulatório, apoio diagnóstico, centro cirúrgico e centro obstétrico; os que mais documentavam: unidades de terapia intensiva, prontos-socorros e unidades de internação. O levantamento de dados e o diagnóstico foram as fases menos documentadas, ambas em 78,8% dos setores. Conclusão A maior parte dos setores estudados documenta o Processo de Enfermagem e faz anotações de enfermagem, mas há setores em que a documentação não corresponde às exigências formais. A viabilidade da documentação de todas as fases do Processo de Enfermagem em determinados tipos de setores precisa ser mais bem estudada.

RESUMEN Objetivo Identificar la prevalencia de documentación del Proceso de Enfermería en los hospitales y ambulatorios administrados por la Secretaría de Estado de la Salud de São Paulo. Método Estudio descriptivo, llevado a cabo mediante entrevistas con enfermeros responsables de 416 sectores de 40 centros acerca de la documentación de cuatro fases del Proceso de Enfermería (inventario de datos, diagnóstico, prescripción y evolución) y de apuntes de enfermería. Resultados De los 416 sectores estudiados, el 89,9% documentaban por lo menos una fase; el 56,0% documentaban las cuatro fases; el 4,3% documentaban solo apuntes de enfermería; el 5,8% no documentaban ninguna fase, ni los apuntes de enfermería. Los tipos de sectores que menos documentaban fueron: ambulatorio, apoyo diagnóstico, quirófano y centro obstétrico; los que más documentaban: unidades de cuidados intensivos, urgencias y unidades de estancia hospitalaria. El inventario de datos y el diagnóstico fueron las bases menos documentadas, ambas en el 78,8% de los sectores. Conclusión La mayor parte de los sectores estudiados documenta el Proceso de Enfermería y hace apuntes de enfermería, pero hay sectores en los que la documentación no corresponde a los requerimientos formales. La factibilidad de la documentación de todas las fases del Proceso de Enfermería en determinados tipos de sectores necesita ser más bien estudiada.

ABSTRACT Objective To identify the prevalence of nursing process documentation in hospitals and outpatient clinics administered by the São Paulo State Department of Health. Method A descriptive study conducted through interviews with nurses responsible for 416 sectors of 40 institutions on the documentation of four phases of the Nursing Process (data collection, diagnosis, prescription and evaluation) and nursing annotations. Results Of the 416 sectors studied, 89.9% documented at least one phase; 56.0% documented the four phases; 4.3% only documented nursing annotations; 5.8% did not document any phase, nor did the nursing notes. The types of sectors which were less documented were: ambulatory, diagnostic support, surgical center and obstetric center; while the ones which were most documented included: intensive care units, emergency rooms and hospitalization units. The data collection and diagnosis were the least documented phases, both in 78.8% of the sectors. Conclusion Most of the studied sectors document the Nursing Process and do nursing annotations, but there are sectors where documentation does not meet formal requirements. The viability of documentation of all the Nursing Process phases in certain types of sectors needs to be better studied.

Documentation of the nursing process in public health institutions. / Documentação do processo de enfermagem em instituições públicas de saúde.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the prevalence of nursing process documentation in hospitals and outpatient clinics administered by the São Paulo State Department of Health. METHOD: A descriptive study conducted through interviews with nurses responsible for 416 sectors of 40 institutions on the documentation of four phases of the Nursing Process (data collection, diagnosis, prescription and evaluation) and nursing annotations. RESULTS: Of the 416 sectors studied, 89.9% documented at least one phase; 56.0% documented the four phases; 4.3% only documented nursing annotations; 5.8% did not document any phase, nor did the nursing notes. The types of sectors which were less documented were: ambulatory, diagnostic support, surgical center and obstetric center; while the ones which were most documented included: intensive care units, emergency rooms and hospitalization units. The data collection and diagnosis were the least documented phases, both in 78.8% of the sectors. CONCLUSION: Most of the studied sectors document the Nursing Process and do nursing annotations, but there are sectors where documentation does not meet formal requirements. The viability of documentation of all the Nursing Process phases in certain types of sectors needs to be better studied.

In vitro anthelmintic effects of Spigelia anthelmia protein fractions against Haemonchus contortus.

Gastrointestinal nematodes are a significant concern for animal health and well-being, and anthelmintic treatment is mainly performed through the use of chemical products. However, bioactive compounds produced by plants have shown promise for development as novel anthelmintics. The aim of this study is to assess the anthelmintic activity of protein fractions from Spigelia anthelmia on the gastrointestinal nematode Haemonchus contortus. Plant parts were separated into leaves, stems and roots, washed with distilled water, freeze-dried and ground into a fine powder. Protein extraction was performed with sodium phosphate buffer (75 mM, pH 7.0). The extract was fractionated using ammonium sulfate (0-90%) and extensively dialyzed. The resulting fractions were named LPF (leaf protein fraction), SPF (stem protein fraction) and RPF (root protein fraction), and the protein contents and activities of the fractions were analyzed. H. contortus egg hatching (EHA), larval exsheathment inhibition (LEIA) and larval migration inhibition (LMIA) assays were performed. Proteomic analysis was conducted, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) chromatographic profiles of the fractions were established to identify proteins and possible secondary metabolites. S. anthelmia fractions inhibited H. contortus egg hatching, with LPF having the most potent effects (EC50 0.17 mg mL-1). During LEIA, SPF presented greater efficiency than the other fractions (EC50 0.25 mg mL-1). According to LMIA, the fractions from roots, stems and leaves also reduced the number of larvae, with EC50 values of 0.11, 0.14 and 0.21 mg mL-1, respectively. Protein analysis indicated the presence of plant defense proteins in the S. anthelmia fractions, including protease, protease inhibitor, chitinase and others. Conversely, secondary metabolites were absent in the S. anthemia fractions. These results suggest that S. anthelmia proteins are promising for the control of the gastrointestinal nematode H. contortus.

In vitro acaricidal activity of Crescentia cujete L. fruit pulp against Rhipicephalus microplus.

Cattle tick (Rhipicephalus microplus) is an important constraint on livestock production, particularly in tropical and subtropical areas. Synthetic acaricides are the primary method of control this thick. Resistance of R. microplus to synthetic acaricides has given rise to the need of new scientific investigations on alternative ways to control it. The objective of this work was to conduct a chemical investigation of Crescentia cujete L. fruit pulp and to evaluate the acaricide effect on R. microplus larvae of extracts, fractions, and isolated substances from this species. Crescentia cujete is a Bignoniaceae and it is characteristic of tropical climates. Its most distinctive feature is its fruit, which is spherical and gourd-like, with a hard woody shell and gelatinous pulp. The fruit pulp of C. cujete was extracted with ethanol by maceration yielding an extract and a residue. The extract was partitioned giving an ethyl acetate phase (EAF) that was fractionated by chromatographic procedures yielding cinnamic acid and benzoic acid. The remained botanic material from the ethanol extraction was further and successively extracted with ethyl ether and methanol under reflux. The acaricide effect of all extracts and fractions was evaluated against R. microplus using the larval packet test. The best result was observed for the EAF that caused 100% of mortality when a 10% solution was used and with LC50 of 5.9%. Cinnamic acid was also tested showing 63.0% of mortality with LC50 of 6.6% at the same concentrations and time of the experiment. The data obtained in this study provides information related to the chemical nature and the acaricide activity of the C. cujete epicarp that has not been previously reported. This study shows that the ethyl acetate phase of the ethanol extract of C. cujete fruit pulp is a potential alternative control for R. microplus and its activity is in part associated to cinnamic acid, its major compound.

Assessment of different Lippia sidoides genotypes regarding their acaricidal activity against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus.

The aim of this study was to select different genotypes of Lippia sidoides with the highest activity against larvae and engorged females of the tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. The germplasms studied were LSID006, LSID102, LSID103 and LSID104. The LSID104 genotype, that presented carvacrol as a major constituent, was the germplasm with the worst larvicide effect (LC50 2.99 mg/mL). The LSID006 genotype was the least effective against engorged females (LC50 12.46 mg/mL), and it was chemically similar to the LSID102 genotype, which presented the highest acaricide activity (LC50 2.81 mg/mL). We conclude that chemical similarity of the germplasms was not correlated with acaricide activity against R. (B.) microplus. The essential oil of L. sidoides is a potent natural agent. However, the findings of this work provide a better understanding for product development based on this natural product, which must consider synergic effects or the action of minor compounds.

Assessment of different Lippia sidoides genotypes regarding their acaricidal activity against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus / Avaliação da atividade carrapaticida do óleo essencial de diferentes genótipos de Lippia sidoides sobre Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

Abstract The aim of this study was to select different genotypes of Lippia sidoides with the highest activity against larvae and engorged females of the tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. The germplasms studied were LSID006, LSID102, LSID103 and LSID104. The LSID104 genotype, that presented carvacrol as a major constituent, was the germplasm with the worst larvicide effect (LC50 2.99 mg/mL). The LSID006 genotype was the least effective against engorged females (LC50 12.46 mg/mL), and it was chemically similar to the LSID102 genotype, which presented the highest acaricide activity (LC50 2.81 mg/mL). We conclude that chemical similarity of the germplasms was not correlated with acaricide activity against R. (B.) microplus. The essential oil of L. sidoides is a potent natural agent. However, the findings of this work provide a better understanding for product development based on this natural product, which must consider synergic effects or the action of minor compounds.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi selecionar genótipos de Lippia sidoides que apresentem maiores atividades em larvas e fêmeas ingurgitadas do carrapato Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Os genótipos estudados foram LSID006, LSID102, LSID103 e LSID104. O genótipo LSID104, o único a conter o monoterpeno carvacrol como um dos principais constituintes, foi o que apresentou o menor efeito larvicida (CL50 2,99 mg/mL). O genótipo LSID006 apresentou menor efeito sobre fêmeas ingurgitadas (CL50 12,46 mg/mL), entretanto foi quimicamente similar ao genótipo LSID102, que apresentou a maior atividade carrapaticida (CL50 2,81 mg/mL). Conclui-se que a semelhança química dos genótipos não se correlaciona com a atividade carrapaticida contra R. (B.) microplus. O óleo essencial de L. sidoides é um agente natural potente e os resultados deste trabalho proporcionam um melhor entendimento para o desenvolvimento de produtos com base neste produto natural, devendo ser considerado os efeitos sinérgicos ou a ação de compostos presentes em menores concentrações.

Nursing process documentation: rationale and methods of analytical study.

OBJECTIVE: to describe the methods used to analyze the associations between variables of service, nursing and the nursing process documentation in institutions of the Department of Health of the State of São Paulo. METHOD: multilevel analytical study with data obtained in the domains of institution, units of the institution and nursing professionals who work there, using standardized instruments. The analyses had as axis the degree of completeness of the nursing process documentation in units or institutions and their association with variables of nursing personnel, of units and of institutions. CONCLUSION: This study will provide important empirical evidence on the factors involved in the nursing process documentation.

Documentação do processo de enfermagem: justificativa e métodos de estudo analítico / Documentación del proceso de enfermería: justificativa y métodos de estudio analítico / Nursing process documentation: rationale and methods of analytical study

RESUMO Objetivo: descrever os métodos usados para analisar as associações entre variáveis do serviço, da enfermagem e da documentação do processo de enfermagem nas instituições da Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo. Método: estudo analítico multinível, com dados obtidos nos âmbitos da instituição, dos setores da instituição e dos profissionais de enfermagem que neles atuam, por meio de instrumentos padronizados. As análises tiveram como eixo o grau de completude da documentação do processo de enfermagem nos setores ou nas instituições e suas associações com variáveis do pessoal de enfermagem, das unidades e das instituições. Conclusão: este estudo empírico fornecerá importantes evidências sobre os fatores envolvidos na documentação do processo de enfermagem. Descritores: Processos de Enfermagem; Pesquisa Metodológica em Enfermagem; Pesquisa em Enfermagem.

RESUMEN Objetivo: describir los métodos usados para analizar las asociaciones entre variables del servicio, de la enfermería y de la documentación del proceso de enfermería en las instituciones de la Secretaria de Estado de la Salud de São Paulo. Método: estudio analítico multi-nivel, con datos obtenidos en los ámbitos de la institución, de los sectores de la institución y de los profesionales de enfermería que en ellos actúan, por medio de instrumentos empadronados. Los análisis tuvieron como eje el grado de la documentación completa del proceso de enfermería en los sectores o en las instituciones y sus asociaciones con variables del personal de enfermería, de las unidades y de las instituciones. Conclusión: este estudio empírico fornecerá importantes evidencias sobre los factores envueltos en la documentación del proceso de enfermería.

ABSTRACT Objective: to describe the methods used to analyze the associations between variables of service, nursing and the nursing process documentation in institutions of the Department of Health of the State of São Paulo. Method: multilevel analytical study with data obtained in the domains of institution, units of the institution and nursing professionals who work there, using standardized instruments. The analyses had as axis the degree of completeness of the nursing process documentation in units or institutions and their association with variables of nursing personnel, of units and of institutions. Conclusion: This study will provide important empirical evidence on the factors involved in the nursing process documentation.

Anthelmintic activity of Leucaena leucocephala protein extracts on Haemonchus contortus.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of protein extracts obtained from the plant Leucaena leucocephala on the nematode parasite Haemonchus contortus. The seeds, shell and cotyledon of L. leucocephala were separated and their proteins extracted using a sodium phosphate buffer, and named as TE (total seed extract), SE (shell extract) and CE (cotyledon extract). Soluble protein content, protease, protease inhibitory and chitinase activity assays were performed. Exsheathment inhibition of H. contortus larvae were performed at concentrations of 0.6 mg mL-1, and egg hatch assays were conducted at protein concentrations of 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0.1 and 0.05 mg mL-1. The effective concentration for 50% hatching inhibition (EC50) was estimated by probit. Different proportions of soluble proteins, protease and chitinase were found in TE and CE. Protease inhibitory activity was detected in all extracts. The EC50 of the CE and TE extracts were 0.48 and 0.33 mg mL-1, respectively. No ovicidal effects on H. contortus were detected in SE extracts, and none of the protein extracts demonstrated larvicidal effects on H. contortus. We therefore conclude that protein extracts of L. leucocephala had a detrimental effect on nematode eggs, which can be correlated with the high protease and chitinase activity of these extracts.

Anthelmintic activity of Leucaena leucocephala protein extracts on Haemonchus contortus / Atividade anti-helmíntica de extratos proteicos de Leucaena leucocephala sobre Haemonchus contortus

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of protein extracts obtained from the plant Leucaena leucocephala on the nematode parasite Haemonchus contortus. The seeds, shell and cotyledon of L. leucocephala were separated and their proteins extracted using a sodium phosphate buffer, and named as TE (total seed extract), SE (shell extract) and CE (cotyledon extract). Soluble protein content, protease, protease inhibitory and chitinase activity assays were performed. Exsheathment inhibition of H. contortus larvae were performed at concentrations of 0.6 mg mL–1, and egg hatch assays were conducted at protein concentrations of 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0.1 and 0.05 mg mL–1. The effective concentration for 50% hatching inhibition (EC50) was estimated by probit. Different proportions of soluble proteins, protease and chitinase were found in TE and CE. Protease inhibitory activity was detected in all extracts. The EC50 of the CE and TE extracts were 0.48 and 0.33 mg mL–1, respectively. No ovicidal effects on H. contortus were detected in SE extracts, and none of the protein extracts demonstrated larvicidal effects on H. contortus. We therefore conclude that protein extracts of L. leucocephala had a detrimental effect on nematode eggs, which can be correlated with the high protease and chitinase activity of these extracts.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a atividade anti-helmíntica de extratos proteicos de leucena (Leucaena leucocephala) sobre Haemonchus contortus. As sementes, as cascas e os cotilédones foram moídos separadamente e as proteínas extraídas com tampão fosfato de sódio e denominados: TE (extrato total), SE (extrato casca) e CE (extrato cotilédone). O teor de proteínas, atividade proteolítica, inibitória de protease e quitinolítica dos extratos foram verificados, além da ação sobre a eclosão de ovos e desembainhamento larvar de H. contortus. A concentração efetiva para inibição de 50% da eclosão dos ovos (EC50) foi calculada através do probit. Foi demonstrado que TE e CE possuem, em diferentes proporções, proteínas solúveis, protease e quitinase. Atividade inibitória de protease foi encontrada em todos os extratos. A EC50 dos extratos CE e TE foram 0,48 e 0,33 mg de proteína mL–1, respectivamente. O extrato SE não apresentou atividade sobre a eclosão dos ovos. Os extratos proteicos não apresentaram efeito larvicida sobre H. contortus. Conclui-se que a ação de extratos proteicos de L. leucocephala afetam negativamente a eclodibilidade dos ovos, correlacionando-se com a alta atividade de protease e quitinase dos extratos testados.

Acaricidal activity of Lippia gracilis essential oil and its major constituents on the tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus.

The present study aimed to evaluate the activity of Lippia gracilis Schauer essential oil obtained from different L. gracilis genotypes and their major components, carvacrol and thymol against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (cattle tick) larvae and engorged females. The larval test was performed parallel to the adult immersion test for engorged females for four L. gracilis genotypes. Similar tests were further performed for their major compounds carvacrol and thymol. Carvacrol (LC50 of 0.22 and 4.46 mg/mL, to larvae and engorged females, respectively) was more efficient than thymol (LC50 of 3.86 and 5.50 mg/mL, to larvae and engorged females, respectively). The lethal concentrations obtained for the isolated essential oil from genotypes LGRA-201 against larvae (1.31 mg/mL) and LGRA-106 against engorged females (4.66 mg/mL) confirmed the acaricidal activity of L. gracilis essential oil and its effectiveness in controlling the southern cattle tick.