Efeitos combinados de gênero, raça e estressores ocupacionais na saúde mental / Combined effects of gender, race, and occupational stressors on mental health

Resumo Objetivo: analisar os efeitos isolados e combinados do gênero, da raça e dos estressores ocupacionais sobre a saúde mental de trabalhadores e trabalhadoras da saúde. Métodos: estudo transversal com amostra aleatória de trabalhadores(as) da saúde da Bahia, Brasil. As variáveis de exposição principais foram: gênero, raça e estressores ocupacionais, avaliados por meio da escala de Desequilíbrio Esforço-Recompensa (DER). O Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) mensurou os transtornos mentais comuns (TMC), variável desfecho. As medidas de interação foram verificadas com base no critério da aditividade, pelo cálculo do excesso de prevalência, excesso de razão de prevalência e diferença relativa. Resultados: participaram 3.343 trabalhadores, 77,9% do sexo feminino. A prevalência de TMC foi 21,7% maior entre mulheres, negros e pessoas em situações de exposição aos estressores laborais. Entre as mulheres negras em situação de DER, a prevalência de TMC foi três vezes maior em relação aos homens brancos em situação de equilíbrio (grupo de referência). Discussão: trabalhadoras negras acumulam desvantagens sociais e estão mais suscetíveis a ocupações de maior esforço e menor recompensa. A prevalência de TMC foi superior na intersecção das exposições. O efeito combinado dos fatores excedeu a soma dos efeitos isolados, demonstrando interação entre gênero, raça e estressores ocupacionais.

Abstract Objective: analyze the isolated and combined effects of gender, race, and occupational stressors on the mental health of healthcare workers. Methods: cross-sectional study with a random sample of health workers in Bahia, Brazil. The primary exposure variables were gender, race, and occupational stressors, assessed using the Effort-Reward Imbalance (ERI) scale. The Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) measured common mental disorders (CMD), the outcome variable. The interaction measures were verified based on the additivity criterion by calculating the excess prevalence, excess prevalence ratio, and relative difference. Results: 3,343 workers participated, 77.9% were female. CMD prevalence was 21.7% higher among women, Black people, and those exposed to work stressors. Among Black women in a situation of ERI, the prevalence of CMD was three times higher compared with white men in a situation of balance (reference group). Discussion: black women workers accumulate social disadvantages and are more susceptible to occupations that require more significant effort and less reward. CMD prevalence was higher at the intersection of exposures. Combined effect of the factors exceeded the sum of the isolated effects, demonstrating an interaction between gender, race, and occupational stressors.

REMOTE TEACHING DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND HEALTH RISKS FOR PRIVATE TEACHING TEACHERS IN BAHIA / ENSEÑANZA REMOTO DURANTE LA PANDEMIA DE COVID-19 Y RIESGOS PARA LA SALUD DE LOS PROFESORES DE LA ENSEÑANZA PRIVADA EM BAHIA / ENSINO REMOTO NA PANDEMIA DA COVID-19 E RISCOS NA SAÚDE DAS DOCENTES DO ENSINO PRIVADO NA BAHIA

Remote teaching was a new practice used as a strategy for the continuity of educational activities during the Covid-19 pandemic. It involved radical changes with impacts on teacher health. This study aimed to analyze the challenges encountered by teachers of the Private Teaching Network of the State of Bahia in the remote teaching modality and its impact on teacher health. The data originated from the research entitled "Teaching work and health in times of a pandemic (Covid-19)", carried out through an online form, which contained an open subjective question that provided the opportunity to narrate experiences with emergency remote teaching. The empirical material was organized into the following thematic categories: the use of digital technologies in remote teaching; work intensification and professional devaluation; and repercussions on the health of teachers. It was found that the configuration of emergency remote teaching transformed the teachers' homes into spaces for pedagogical activities with improvised organization and working conditions, superimposed on domestic activities. There were reports of moral harassment practices and adverse health effects, such as burnout and psychic suffering, due to the pressure to meet educational demands. This included the need for rapid acquisition of knowledge and management of technological resources that demanded continuously, often without rest breaks, with significant damage to the teacher's mental health.

La enseñanza remoto fue una nueva práctica utilizada como estrategia para la continuidad de las actividades educativas durante la pandemia del Covid-19. Implicó cambios radicales con impactos en la salud de los docentes. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar los desafíos encontrados por los docentes de la Red Privada de Enseñanza del Estado de Bahía en la modalidad de enseñanza a distancia y su impacto en la salud de los docentes. Los datos se originaron a partir de la investigación titulada "Trabajo docente y salud en tiempos de pandemia (Covid-19)", realizada a través de un formulario en línea, que contenía una pregunta subjetiva abierta que brindó la oportunidad de narrar experiencias con la docencia a distancia de emergencia. El material empírico se organizó en las siguientes categorías temáticas: el uso de tecnologías digitales en la enseñanza a distancia; intensificación del trabajo y desvalorización profesional; y repercusiones en la salud de los docentes. Se constató que la configuración de la teleenseñanza de emergencia transformó los domicilios de los docentes en espacios de actividades pedagógicas con organización y condiciones de trabajo improvisadas, superpuestas a las actividades domésticas. Hubo denuncias de prácticas de acoso moral y efectos adversos a la salud, como burnout y sufrimiento psíquico, debido a la presión por atender las demandas educativas. Esto incluía la necesidad de una rápida adquisición de conocimientos y manejo de recursos tecnológicos que exigían continuamente, muchas veces sin pausas de descanso, con daños significativos para la salud mental de los docentes.

O ensino remoto foi uma prática nova utilizada como estratégia para a continuidade das atividades educacionais durante a pandemia de Covid-19. Envolveu mudanças radicais com impactos na saúde docente. Este estudo objetivou analisar os desafios encontrados por docentes da Rede Privada de Ensino do Estado da Bahia na modalidade de ensino remoto e sua repercussão na saúde docente. Os dados originaram-se da pesquisa intitulada "Trabalho docente e saúde em tempos de pandemia (Covid-19)", realizada por meio de formulário online, no qual constava uma questão subjetiva aberta que oportunizou a narrativa das experiências com o ensino remoto emergencial. O material empírico foi organizado nas seguintes categorias temáticas: o uso das tecnologias digitais no ensino remoto; a intensificação do trabalho e a desvalorização profissional; e repercussão na saúde dos docentes. Verificou-se que a configuração do ensino remoto emergencial transformou os domicílios das docentes em espaços de atividades pedagógicas com organização e condições de trabalho improvisadas e sobrepostas às atividades domésticas. Registraram-se relatos de práticas de assédio moral e efeitos adversos à saúde, como burnout e sofrimento psíquico, em função da pressão para corresponder às demandas educacionais. Isso incluiu a necessidade de aquisição rápida de conhecimentos e manejo de recursos tecnológicos que demandavam continuamente, muitas vezes sem pausas de descanso, com prejuízos significativos à saúde mental docente.

Unpaid domestic work: persistence of gender-based labor division and mental disorders.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluating characteristics of unpaid domestic work and its association with mental disorders, exploring gender differences. METHODS: We analyzed cross-sectional data from the second wave of an urban population cohort (n = 2,841) aged 15 and older from a medium-sized city in Bahia (BA). The representative population sample was randomly selected in subsequent multiple steps. We interviewed the survey participants at their homes. This study analyzed sociodemographic, occupational, unpaid domestic work and mental illness data, stratified by sex (gender). We investigated the association between the work-family-personal time conflict, the effort-reward imbalance in domestic and family work and the occurrence of common mental disorders, such as generalized anxiety disorder and depression. We estimated prevalence, prevalence ratios and their respective 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: Among the participants, the unpaid domestic activities were performed by 71.3% of men and 95.2% of women, who were responsible for the investigated activities, except for minor repairs. The percentages of paid work were higher among men (68.1% versus 47.2% among women). The distribution of stressors and conflict experiences showed an inverse situation between genders: men depicted the highest high percentage of low work-family-personal time conflict (39.0%), while among women, the highest percentage was of high conflict (40.0%); 45.8% of the men reported low effort-reward imbalance in domestic and family work, while only 28.8% of women reported low imbalance. The investigated mental disorders were more prevalent among women, who showed a significant association between work-family-personal time conflict and common mental disorders, as well as depression; among men, conflict was positively associated with common mental disorders. The effort-reward imbalance, in turn, was strongly related to CMD (Common Mental Disorders), generalized anxiety disorder and depression among women. Amid men, this discrepancy was only associated to depression. CONCLUSIONS: Domestic work persists as a mostly feminine assigned activity. The stressful situations of unpaid domestic work and the work-family-personal time conflict were more strongly associated with adverse effects on the female mental health.

Associação entre infecção pelo vírus Chikungunya e sintomas depressivos entre trabalhadores e trabalhadoras da saúde / Association between Chikungunya infection and depressive symptoms among healthcare workers

Resumo Objetivo: analisar a associação entre infecção prévia por Chikungunya e sintomas depressivos em trabalhadores da saúde. Métodos: estudo transversal com amostra probabilística de trabalhadores atuantes na atenção primária e na média complexidade de um município do estado da Bahia, Brasil. Utilizou-se o teste rápido DPP-ZDC-IgM/IgG para identificar infecção recente (IgM) ou prévia (IgG) pelo vírus Chikungunya. O Patient Health Questionnaire-PHQ-9 foi usado para avaliar sintomas depressivos. Regressão de Poisson com variância robusta foi usada para estimar razões de prevalência e intervalos de confiança 95%. Resultados: participaram da pesquisa 392 trabalhadores, sendo 83,2% do sexo feminino. A frequência de infecção pelo vírus Chikungunya foi de 8,9%. A prevalência de sintomas depressivos foi de 22,7%. Na análise ajustada, a infecção por Chikungunya associou-se positivamente aos sintomas depressivos (RP=2,00; IC95%:1,29;3,07). As análises estratificadas apontaram associação de maior magnitude no sexo masculino (RP=7,57;1,15;50,06), em comparação ao feminino (RP=1,68;1,03;2,74). Conclusão: os achados corroboram a hipótese de associação positiva entre Chikungunya e sintomas depressivos. Mecanismos fisiopatológicos decorrentes de ação viral, bem como fatores emocionais, comportamentais e psicossociais associados à doença podem explicar os achados. Reitera-se a importância do cuidado em saúde mental para os trabalhadores da saúde.

Abstract Objective: to analyze the association between previous Chikungunya infection and depressive symptoms among healthcare workers. Methods: a cross-sectional study with a probabilistic sample of healthcare workers in primary and medium-complexity care settings in a municipality in the state of Bahia, Brazil. We used the rapid test DPP-ZDC-IgM/IgG to identify recent (IgM) or previous (IgG) Chikungunya virus infection, and the Patient Health Questionnaire-PHQ-9 to assess depressive symptoms. We applied regression with robust variance to estimate prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Results: 392 workers participated, 83.2% female. The frequency of Chikungunya virus infection was 8.9%. The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 22.7%. In the adjusted analysis, Chikungunya infection was positively associated with depressive symptoms (PR=2.00; 95%CI: 1.29; 3.07). Stratified analyses indicated a stronger association among males (PR=7.57; 95%CI: 1.15; 50.06) compared with females (PR=1.68; 95%CI: 1.03; 2.74). Discussion: the findings support the hypothesis of a positive association between Chikungunya and depressive symptoms. Physiopathological mechanisms resulting from viral action, as well as emotional, behavioral, and psychosocial factors associated with the disease, may explain the findings. We reiterate the importance of providing mental health care to healthcare workers.

Unpaid domestic work: persistence of gender-based labor division and mental disorders / Trabalho doméstico não remunerado: persistência da divisão sexual e transtornos mentais

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Evaluating characteristics of unpaid domestic work and its association with mental disorders, exploring gender differences. METHODS We analyzed cross-sectional data from the second wave of an urban population cohort (n = 2,841) aged 15 and older from a medium-sized city in Bahia (BA). The representative population sample was randomly selected in subsequent multiple steps. We interviewed the survey participants at their homes. This study analyzed sociodemographic, occupational, unpaid domestic work and mental illness data, stratified by sex (gender). We investigated the association between the work-family-personal time conflict, the effort-reward imbalance in domestic and family work and the occurrence of common mental disorders, such as generalized anxiety disorder and depression. We estimated prevalence, prevalence ratios and their respective 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS Among the participants, the unpaid domestic activities were performed by 71.3% of men and 95.2% of women, who were responsible for the investigated activities, except for minor repairs. The percentages of paid work were higher among men (68.1% versus 47.2% among women). The distribution of stressors and conflict experiences showed an inverse situation between genders: men depicted the highest high percentage of low work-family-personal time conflict (39.0%), while among women, the highest percentage was of high conflict (40.0%); 45.8% of the men reported low effort-reward imbalance in domestic and family work, while only 28.8% of women reported low imbalance. The investigated mental disorders were more prevalent among women, who showed a significant association between work-family-personal time conflict and common mental disorders, as well as depression; among men, conflict was positively associated with common mental disorders. The effort-reward imbalance, in turn, was strongly related to CMD (Common Mental Disorders), generalized anxiety disorder and depression among women. Amid men, this discrepancy was only associated to depression. CONCLUSIONS Domestic work persists as a mostly feminine assigned activity. The stressful situations of unpaid domestic work and the work-family-personal time conflict were more strongly associated with adverse effects on the female mental health.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Avaliar características do trabalho doméstico não remunerado e sua associação com transtornos mentais, explorando diferenciais de gênero. MÉTODOS Neste estudo foram analisados dados transversais da segunda onda de uma coorte da população urbana (n = 2.841) com idade a partir dos 15 anos de uma cidade de médio porte da Bahia (BA). A amostra representativa da população foi aleatoriamente selecionada em etapas múltiplas subsequentes. As entrevistas foram realizadas nos domicílios dos participantes do levantamento. O estudo analisou dados sociodemográficos, ocupacionais, do trabalho doméstico não remunerado e adoecimento mental, estratificadas por sexo. Investigou-se associação entre o conflito trabalho-família-tempo para si, o desequilíbrio esforço-recompensa no trabalho doméstico e familiar e a ocorrência de transtornos mentais comuns, de transtorno de ansiedade generalizada e de depressão. Foram estimadas prevalências, razões de prevalência e respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95%. RESULTADOS Entre os participantes, verificou-se que as atividades domésticas não remuneradas eram realizadas por 71,3% dos homens e 95,2% das mulheres, que se mostraram as principais responsáveis pelas atividades de trabalho investigadas, exceto pequenos consertos. A inserção em trabalho remunerado foi maior entre os homens (68,1% contra 47,2% entre as mulheres). A distribuição dos estressores e experiência de conflitos evidenciou situação inversa entre homens e mulheres: o maior percentual entre os homens foi de baixo conflito trabalho-família-tempo para si (39,0%), já entre as mulheres, maior percentual foi de alto conflito (40,0%); entre os homens, 45,8% referiram baixo desequilíbrio esforço-recompensa no trabalho doméstico e familiar, enquanto apenas 28,8% das mulheres relataram baixo desequilíbrio. Os transtornos mentais investigados foram mais prevalentes entre as mulheres, que apresentaram significativa associação entre o conflito trabalho-família-tempo pessoal e os transtornos mentais comuns e a depressão; entre os homens o alto conflito foi associado aos transtornos mentais comuns. Já o desequilíbrio esforço-recompensa se mostrou fortemente relacionado aos TMC, ao transtorno de ansiedade generalizada e à depressão entre as mulheres. Entre os homens, esse desequilíbrio relacionou-se apenas à depressão. CONCLUSÕES O trabalho doméstico persiste como atribuição majoritariamente feminina. As situações estressoras do trabalho doméstico não remunerado e o conflito trabalho-família-tempo para si associaram-se mais fortemente aos efeitos adversos na saúde mental das mulheres.

Fatores associados a acidentes com exposição a material biológico de trabalhadores da saúde da atenção básica e da média complexidade em cinco municípios baianos / Factors associated with occupational accidents involving exposure to biological material in primary care and medium complexity among workers in five municipalities in Bahia, Brazil

Resumo Introdução no trabalho em saúde podem ocorrer os acidentes de trabalho com exposição a material biológico, potencial fonte de infecção para doenças graves. Objetivo estimar os fatores associados aos acidentes com exposição a material biológico entre trabalhadores da saúde da atenção básica e da média complexidade. Método estudo transversal, exploratório, realizado com trabalhadores da atenção básica e da média complexidade em cinco municípios baianos. O processamento dos dados incluiu análises descritivas, uni e multivariadas. Resultados a incidência dos acidentes de trabalho com exposição a material biológico foi de 3,4%, atingindo a faixa etária entre 19 a 33 anos (RR: 2,06; IC 95%: 1,2 - 3,4), revelando ausência de prática regular de atividade de lazer (RR: 1,8; IC 95%:1,1-2,8), atuação na média complexidade (RR: 1,8; IC 95%: 1,2-2,8), exposição a agentes biológicos (RR: 3,7; IC 95%: 2,4 - 5,9) e trabalho de alta exigência (RR: 1,9; IC 95%: 1,1 - 3,3). Conclusão verifica-se ser necessária a priorização dos trabalhadores da saúde em ações de vigilância em ambientes de trabalho e programas voltados à prevenção dos acidentes como compromisso da área de saúde do trabalhador no Sistema Único de Saúde.

Abstract Background: i n health work, work accidents may occur with exposure to biological material, a potential source of infection for serious diseases. Objective To estimate the factors associated with occupational accidents with exposure to biological material among health workers in primary care and medium complexity. Method A cross-sectional and exploratory study was carried out with primary care and medium complexity workers in five municipalities in Bahia, Brazil. Data processing included descriptive, univariate, and multivariate analyses. Results The incidence of occupational accidents with exposure to biological material was 3.4%. The associated factors were age group of 19 to33 years (RR: 2.06; 95% CI: 1.2 - 3.4), absence of regular leisure activity (RR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.1- 2.8), acting in medium complexity (RR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.2-2.8), exposure to biological agents (RR: 3.7; 95% CI: 2.4 - 5, 9), and high-strain jobs (RR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.1 - 3.3). Conclusion It is necessary to prioritize workers' health in actions to monitor work environments and programs aimed at preventing accidents as a commitment in occupational health, in the Unified Health System (SUS).

Elevada prevalência de doenças infecciosas entre trabalhadores da saúde indica a necessidade de melhorar a vigilância / The high prevalence of infectious diseases among health workers indicates the need for improving surveillance

Resumo Objetivo: estimar soroprevalências de arboviroses, sífilis, HIV e Hepatite B (VHB) em trabalhadores de saúde (TS). Métodos: inquérito entre TS selecionados por amostragem aleatória, em uma cidade da Bahia - Brasil. Pesquisa realizada em 2019 por meio de questionário estruturado, que coletou informações sociodemográficas, ocupacionais e de saúde. Testes imunocromatográficos rápidos foram utilizados para rastrear as infecções; dessa forma, resultados positivos para arboviroses, sífilis, HIV e VHB indicaram soropositividade para a respectiva infecção. Além disso, detecção simultânea de anticorpos para zika (ZIKV) e dengue (DENV) indicou soropositividade para infecção por flavivírus. Resultados: 453 TS foram incluídos, sendo 82,8% do sexo feminino. A maioria (55,1%) relatou contato com material biológico; 5,2% referiram acidentes com material biológico. Encontrou-se soroprevalência de 34,7% (IC95%:30,1-39,4) para dengue, 1,7% (IC95%:0,7-3,4) para zika, 9,9% (IC95%:7,2-13,2) para chikungunya e 39,9% (95%CI:35,2-44,7) para flavivírus (ZIKV+DENV); 21,9% (IC95%:18,1-26,2) foram negativos para todos os arbovírus. Soropositividade para arbovírus aumentou com a idade e foi maior entre agentes de combate a endemias. Três TS testaram positivo para VHB (HBsAg); nenhum para HIV. Conclusão: elevado percentual de TS estava exposto a agentes infecciosos (contato com material biológico e/ou exposição a arbovírus). Entre as condições necessárias à prevenção de infecções no ambiente de trabalho, destacam-se: monitoramento de infecções entre TS, vigilância dos ambientes laborais e medidas de controle de exposições ocupacionais, como disponibilidade de repelentes.

Abstract Objective: to estimate the seroprevalence of arboviruses, syphilis, HIV, and hepatitis B (HBV) in Healthcare Workers (HCW). Methods: a survey among HCW among was randomly selected in a city in Bahia-Brazil. The research used a structured questionnaire, which collected sociodemographic, occupational, and health information in 2019. Rapid immunochromatographic tests were used to track infections. Thus, positive results for arboviruses, syphilis, HIV, and HBV indicated seropositivity for the respective infection. In addition, simultaneous detection of antibodies for zika (ZIKV) and dengue (DENV) viruses indicated seropositivity for flavivirus infection. Results: a total of 453 HCW were included, 82.8% were women. Most HCW (55.1%) reported contact with biological material; 5.2% reported injuries with biological material. The seroprevalence was 34.7% (95%CI:30.1-39.4) for dengue, 1.7% (95%CI:0.7-3.4) for zika, 9.9% (95%CI:7.2-13.2) for chikungunya, and 39.9% (95%CI:35.2-44.7) for flavivirus (ZIKV+DENV); with 21.9% (95%CI:18.1-26.2) being negative to all arboviruses. Seropositivity to arboviruses increased with age and was higher among endemic disease control agents. Three HCW tested positive for HBV (HBsAg); no HIV cases were detected. Conclusion: a high percentage of HCW was exposed to infectious agents (contact with biological material and/or exposure to arboviruses). Among the necessary conditions for preventing infections in the work environment, the following stand out: monitoring of infectious diseases among HCW, surveillance of work environments, and measures to control occupational exposures, such as the availability of repellents.

Beliefs and Sociodemographic and Occupational Factors Associated with Vaccine Hesitancy among Health Workers.

Introduction: Vaccine hesitancy has been implicated in the low-vaccination coverage in several countries. Knowledge about vaccine hesitancy predictors in health workers is essential because they play a central role in communication about the importance and safety of vaccines. This study aimed to assess beliefs and sociodemographic and occupational factors associated with vaccine hesitancy in health workers. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study among 453 health workers in primary and medium complexity services in a municipality in the state of Bahia, Brazil. The variable vaccine hesitancy was operationalized based on the answers related to incomplete vaccination against hepatitis B, measles, mumps and rubella, and diphtheria and tetanus. Associations between variables were expressed as prevalence ratios (PR) and their respective 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: Endemic disease combat agents, administrative service workers, and support staff had the highest levels of vaccine hesitancy. Among the analyzed variables, the following were associated with vaccine hesitancy: working in secondary health care services (PR: 1.21; CI: 1.07-1.36), working as an endemic disease combat agent (PR = 1.42; 95% CI: 1.165-1.75), not sharing information about vaccines on social media (PR = 1.16; 95% CI: 1.05-1.28), distrusting information about vaccinations (PR: 0.86; CI: 0.75-0.99), and not feeling safe receiving new vaccines (PR = 1.16; 95% CI: 1.06-1.28). Conclusions: Strategies to enhance confidence in vaccination among health workers should consider differences in occupations and their working settings. Improving vaccination-related content in training and continuing education activities and facilitating access to onsite vaccinations at the workplace are crucial elements to reduce vaccine hesitancy among health workers.

Distribution and spatial density of viral hepatitis cases in Brazil due to occupational accidents.

Introduction: Viral hepatitis, an infectious disease endemic to Brazil, can be transmitted by occupational accident. Objectives: To analyze the distribution and spatial density of viral hepatitis due to occupational accidents in Brazil from 2007 to 2014. Methods: This ecological study of multiple groups used data from the Brazilian Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Disease Information Notification System). Spatial analysis of cluster detection and point density was performed using kernel techniques and estimates. Results: The recorded cases were concentrated in the southeastern (40.6%) and southern regions (28.1%), and a small increase occurred between 2011 and 2014 (53.9%). The etiological classification was predominantly hepatitis C virus (45.3%) and B virus (45.1%). Conclusions: Reports of viral hepatitis due to occupational accidents have increased in Brazil in recent years, with a higher density in the southeastern and southern regions, especially viruses B and C. Thus, occupational health surveillance must be intensified, including vaccination cards for worker admission to the public or private companies.

Occupational stress and common mental disorders: how do coping strategies work?

Introduction: Coping strategies are described as devices capable of minimizing the effects of occupational stress on workers' mental health. Objectives: To evaluate the association between occupational stressors and occurrence of common mental disorders and how coping strategies work in this relationship. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with 3,343 healthcare workers from six municipalities in the state of Bahia, Brazil. Common mental disorders were measured by the Self-Reporting Questionnaire, and occupational stressors by the Job Content Questionnaire. Coping strategies included physical activity, leisure activities, social support at work, alcohol consumption, and smoking. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed, stratified by sex. Results: Occupational stressors were associated with common mental disorders, more strongly among women. The practice of physical activity contributed to reduce the prevalence of common mental disorders, regardless of occupational stressors. Leisure activities were associated with lower prevalence of common mental disorders, but without statistical significance, losing relevance in the presence of occupational stressors. Social support and smoking or drinking habits were not associated with common mental disorders and did not influence the relationship with occupational stressors. Conclusions: Occupational stressors are associated with common mental disorders, with emphasis on high demand, even after adjusted for coping strategies. The relationship between occupational stressors and mental is corroborated, with greater female vulnerability, as well as the role of positive coping strategies in protecting mental health. The pertinence of adopting measures that reduce stress at work, promote the adoption of positive coping strategies, and consider gender inequalities in these relationships.

Vacinação completa autorreferida e fatores associados entre trabalhadores de saúde na Bahia / Self-reported complete vaccination and associated factors among health workers in Bahia / Vacunación completa autorreferida y factores asociados en trabajadores de la salud de Bahía

A vacinação completa é a principal estratégia para o controle de doenças imunopreveníveis e o seu monitoramento é fundamental para vigilância e proteção da saúde dos trabalhadores que atuam nesse setor. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se estimar a prevalência da vacinação completa autorreferida e analisar os fatores associados à vacinação entre trabalhadores da Atenção Primária à Saúde e média complexidade. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, com amostra aleatória de 453 trabalhadores de Santo Antônio de Jesus (BA), no período de junho a dezembro de 2019. Foram coletados dados sociodemográficos, características do trabalho e vacinação. A análise da vacinação completa autorreferida se baseou no calendário vacinal do adulto, preconizado pelo Programa Nacional de Imunizações (PNI). Prevaleceram indivíduos do sexo feminino (82,8%), com 40 anos ou mais (55,2%), com filhos (73,9%) e que se autodeclararam pretos/pardos/indígenas (86,4%). A prevalência de vacinação completa foi estimada em 20,3% (IC 95% 16,8-24,3%). Associaram-se à vacinação completa autorreferida: ser profissional de assistência direta ao usuário e condições de ambiente de trabalho, como oferta de treinamentos e trabalho envolvendo administração de medicamentos. Fazem-se necessárias estratégias que estimulem a ampliação da cobertura vacinal e o fortalecimento da vigilância em saúde dos trabalhadores deste setor. A situação vacinal foi baseada em autorrelato, podendo sofrer influência de vieses de memória e de falsa resposta. Aspectos relacionados à não aceitação da vacinação por trabalhadores da saúde devem ser melhor investigados.

Complete vaccination is the main strategy for the control of vaccine-preventable diseases, and its monitoring is essential for surveillance and health protection of workers from this field. In this work, we aimed to estimate the prevalence of self-reported complete vaccination and to analyze the factors associated with vaccination among healthcare workers in the primary health care, of medium complexity services. This is a cross-sectional study, with a random sample of 453 healthcare workers from the municipality of Santo Antônio de Jesus (BA), from June to December 2019. Sociodemographic data, work conditions and vaccination status were collected. The analysis of self-reported complete vaccination was based on the adult vaccination schedule, recommended by the Brazilian National Immunization Program (PNI). Females (82.8%), aged 40 years or older (55.2%), with children (73.9%), and self-declared black/brown/indigenous (86.4%) prevailed. The prevalence of complete vaccination was estimated at 20.3% (95% CI 16.8-24.3%). The characteristics associated with self-reported complete vaccination were: being a professional of direct assistance to the user, and working environment conditions such as the provision of training and work involving medication administration. Strategies that encourage the expansion of vaccination coverage and the strengthening of health surveillance of workers in this sector are necessary. Vaccination status was self-reported and may be influenced by memory and false response biases. Aspects related to non-acceptance of vaccination by health workers should be further investigated.

La vacunación completa es la principal estrategia para el control de las enfermedades inmunoprevenibles, y su seguimiento es fundamental para la vigilancia y protección de la salud de los trabajadores que laboran en este sector. Este trabajo pretendió estimar la prevalencia de vacunación completa autorreportada y analizar los factores asociados a la vacunación entre trabajadores de atención primaria de salud, de mediana complejidad. Se trata de un estudio transversal, realizado con una muestra aleatoria de 453 trabajadores de Santo Antônio de Jesus, en Bahía (Brasil), en el periodo de junio a diciembre de 2019. Se recogieron datos sociodemográficos, características del trabajo y vacunación. El análisis de vacunación completa autorreportada se basó en el esquema de vacunación de adultos recomendado por el Programa Nacional de Inmunizaciones (PNI). Predominó el sexo femenino (82,8%), con 40 años o más (55,2%), con hijos (73,9%) y autodeclarado negro/pardo/indígena (86,4%). La prevalencia de vacunación completa se estimó en un 20,3% (IC 95% 16,8-24,3%). Ser un profesional de asistencia directa al usuario y las condiciones del ambiente de trabajo, como la provisión de capacitación y el trabajo que involucra la administración de medicamentos, se asociaron con la vacunación completa autorreportada. Son necesarias estrategias que incentiven la ampliación de las coberturas de vacunación y el fortalecimiento de la vigilancia de la salud de los trabajadores de este sector. El estado de vacunación fue autoinformado y puede estar influenciado por sesgos de memoria y de respuesta falsa. Los aspectos relacionados con la no aceptación de la vacunación por parte de los trabajadores de la salud deben investigarse más a fondo.

Tecnologia educativa para pais em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica / Educational technology for parents in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit

Resumo: Este trabalho desenvolveu a tecnologia educativa denominada Cartilha de Orientação aos Pais da UTIP, registrada sob nº 978-65-00-49110-4 pela Câmara Brasileira do Livro, e replicável em outros serviços de saúde. Sua elaboração partiu de projeto aprovado em Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa (Protocolo nº 4.850.250), com objetivo geral - desenvolver tecnologia educativa para orientar os pais acerca da hospitalização em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica e específicos - identificar as necessidades dos pais e equipe multiprofissional sobre as informações inerentes à hospitalização da criança na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica. Trata-se de pesquisa metodológica, de produção tecnológica, elaborada em três fases: 1 - Exploratória, com levantamento da literatura e diagnóstico situacional com entrevistas dos pais e equipe multiprofissional; 2 - Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia, com elaboração textual, ilustração, layout e diagramação; e 3 - Transferência do Conhecimento, com registro do produto e disponibilização ao serviço hospitalar. Como resultados, a tecnologia educativa sintetiza diretrizes acerca de educação em saúde, aliadas aos anseios e contribuições dos pais e profissionais relativos ao conteúdo necessário para orientar o acompanhamento da criança em unidade crítica. A cartilha educativa se inicia com breve apresentação, destacando a importância da família no contexto da internação e dados relativos à admissão, seguido dos tópicos: A unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica (equipe de saúde, equipamentos, materiais e exames); Atitudes que ajudam no cuidado do seu filho; Orientações para os pais; Alguns cuidados com seu filho que você pode colaborar; e Outras informações. Inclui-se espaços destinados ao registro de sentimentos acerca do momento vivido pelos pais. A tecnologia educativa contribui para a sistematização do processo de trabalho da equipe multiprofissional, principalmente para o enfermeiro, referência para a equipe no desempenho das orientações aos pais. A cartilha é uma ferramenta de comunicação com informações essenciais para promover a educação em saúde, reduzir conflitos entre os envolvidos, acolhimento, humanização do cuidado e gerando impacto na segurança do paciente pediátrico gravemente. Ainda gera contribuição para o campo interdisciplinar, com avanço das pesquisas que envolvem informação e educação.

Abstract: This study constructed the educational technology known as The PICU Parents' Guidance Booklet, registered under No. 978-65-00-49110-4 by the Brazilian Book Chamber, and ia replicable in other health services. Its development began with a project approved by the Research Ethics Committee (Protocol No. 4,850,250), with the main goal of developing educational technology to guide parents about pediatric and specific Intensive Care Unit hospitalization and to identify the needs of parents and the multidisciplinary team about the child's hospitalization in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, and to organize the content of institutional program of hospital admission. This is a methodological research of technological production, elaborated in three phases: 1 - exploratory, with a literature review and situational diagnosis, as well as interviews with parents and the health care team; 2 - Technology Development, including textual development, illustration, layout, and diagramming; and 3 - Knowledge Transfer, including product registration and hospital availability. As a result, educational technology synthesizes health education guidelines, as well as the desires and contributions of parents and professionals regarding the content required to guide the child's follow-up in a critical unit. The educational booklet starts with a brief presentation emphasizing the importance of the family in the context of hospitalization and admission data, then proceeds on to the following topics: The pediatric intensive care unit (medical staff, equipment, supplies, and exams); Attitudes that support in your child's care; Parenting guidelines; Some child care that you can collaborate on together; and other information. It includes spaces for parents to record their feelings about the experience. The educational technology contributes to the systematization of the multidisciplinary team's work process, primarily for the nurse, who serves as a reference for the team in the performance of the guidelines to the parents. The booklet is a communication tool that contains crucial information to promote health education, reduce conflicts among those involved, welcome, humanize care, and have an impact on the safety of severely ill pediatric patients. It also contributes to the interdisciplinary field through advances in information and education research.

Influence of Sociodemographic and Emotional Factors on the Relationship between Self-Compassion and Perceived Stress among Men Residing in Brazil during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The analysis of sociodemographic and emotional factors is essential to understanding how men perceive stress and practice self-compassion. In health crises, this problem becomes an emergency for public health. This study aimed to analyze the influence of sociodemographic and emotional factors on the relationship between self-compassion and the perceived stress of men residing in Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic. This is a nationwide cross-sectional study carried out between June and December 2020 with 1006 men who completed a semi-structured electronic questionnaire. Data were collected using the snowball technique. Perceived stress was measured by the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-14), and self-compassion was assessed using the Self-Compassion Scale. Most men had low self-compassion (51.5%; n = 516) and a moderate level of perceived stress (60.9%; n = 613), while 15.9% (n = 170) had a high level of stress. The prevalence of men in the combined situation of low self-compassion and high perceived stress was 39.4% (n = 334). Living with friends had a higher prevalence of low self-compassion and high perceived stress. The prevalence of common mental disorders was high (54.3%). Men with low levels of self-compassion reported higher levels of perceived stress; however, this association was moderated by emotional and sociodemographic variables. These findings highlight the importance of considering individual and contextual factors in public policies promoting men's mental health.

Measurement of depression in the Brazilian population: validation of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8).

We aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8). A study with a sample of 4,170 individuals (≥ 15 years old) from the urban area. Conglomerate sampling was adopted in two stages (census sectors and streets), with weighting of estimates by sample weights. A structured questionnaire with sociodemographic data, the PHQ - the modules for depression, generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder - and the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) were used. In the evaluation of the PHQ-8, we verified the construct validity by analyzing the dimensional structure, convergent validity and internal consistency. We found a linear disorder without losses to maintain the four response categories. The factor analysis found unidimensionality of the depression construct, with strong factor loads, low residual variances, low residual correlation between items, good fit of the model, internal consistency and satisfactory convergent factorial validity (high loads and correlations with other tests/scales of similar constructs). The PHQ-8 has a one-dimensional structure with evidence of good validity and reliability, being suitable for use in the Brazilian population.

Factors Associated with Emotion Regulation in Men with Internet Access Living in Brazil during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Objective: to evaluate the factors associated with emotion regulation in men with internet access living in Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: an epidemiological survey, conducted with 1015 men. An electronic form was applied containing sociodemographic and occupational characteristics, support and coping strategies, as well as emotional and behavioral aspects. Emotion regulation was assessed using the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. Results: The prevalence values observed were 44.6% for Low Cognitive Reappraisal and of 47.1% for High Emotional Suppression. The following factors were identified as associated: (a) with Low Cognitive Reappraisal: being aged 30 years old or more, practicing physical activity, worrying about social distancing and having positive emotions and feelings; and (b) with High Emotional Suppression: being heterosexual, non-white race/skin color, having security support or public administration, not sanitizing food, worrying about lack of physical activity and not having negative emotions. Conclusion: the adoption of emotion regulation strategies was associated with individual, contextual and emotional/behavioral characteristics. Masculinity ideals seem to exert an influence on these relationships.