Does nutritional status influence the effects of a multicomponent exercise programme on body composition and physical fitness in older adults with limited physical function?

Physical exercise effects and ageing on fitness may be influenced by nutritional status. This study investigates the effects of a 6-month multicomponent exercise training (MCT) on nutritional status and evaluates if this type of exercise could affect differently body composition and physical fitness depending on the nutritional status of older adults with decreased functional capacity. Ninety-three participants (80.4 ± 6.0 y) were divided into control (n = 45) and intervention (n = 48) groups. The intervention consisted of a 6-month multicomponent training. Comparisons between changes in body composition and fitness during the 6-months were performed between individuals at risk of malnutrition and those well-nourished, according to the Mini Nutritional Assessment. Model mixed-effect analyses were used to investigate differences after the 6 months of MCT between groups. Well-nourished participants compared with those at risk of malnutrition had higher: arm (13.4 ± 3.5 vs 14.3 ± 33.6 repetitions) and leg strength (9.0 ± 3.0 vs 11.1 ± 3.3 repetitions), maximum walking speed (31.6 ± 13.1 vs 23.7 ± 6.3s), agility (11.9 ± 5.8 vs 8.3 ± 2.1s), and aerobic capacity (31.6 ± 13.1 vs 23.7 ± 6.3 m), at baseline. After the training, those without risk of malnutrition in CON decreased their nutritional status (-1.7 + 0.7 points). Those well-nourished that performed the intervention decreased total fat mass (-1.0 ± 0.3 kg) and body fat percentage (-1.2 ± 0.4%). Both groups of training improved similarly in all tests, except for balance, in which the well-nourished showed improvements of 6.3 ± 1.9s. These results underline the usefulness of MCT in improving physical fitness regardless of nutritional status and preventing nutritional status detriment in well-nourished older adults, who are fitter and benefit more, in terms of body composition.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03831841.Highlights Multicomponent exercise programme seems to be effective in delaying detriments in the nutritional status of well-nourished people.Well-nourished older people obtain more benefits in body composition from the multicomponent exercise than those at risk of malnutrition, decreasing adiposity.The positive effect of multicomponent exercise was observed in physical fitness independently of nutritional status.

[Sarcopenic obesity in elderly women: influence of I/D polymorphism of the angiotension converter enzyme]. / Obesidad sarcopénica en mujeres mayores: influencia del polimorfismo I/D de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina.

INTRODUCTION: Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is a term that refers to an increase of fat mass together with a decrease of muscle mass, which is suffered by a high percentage of elderly population. Physical activity seems to be a good strategy to prevent it getting worse. However, genetic factors related to the aging process and to elderly's physical fitness could have an influence on it. AIM: To determine if elderly women > 60 who practice physical activity regularly had differences in sarcopenic obesity according to the I/D polymorphism from the ACE (angiotensin converter enzyme) gen. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of 300 elderly women who have practiced physical exercise at least twice a week for the past two years. Anthropometric data, physical activity and sedentary behaviour questionnaire, sarcopenic obesity (determining the percentage of fat mass and total muscle mass by electrical impedance and grouping the quintiles of these values into four groups) and physical fitness assessment, as well as ACE gen genotype measured by oral mucosa sample, were evaluated. RESULTS: There were significant differences (p < 0.05) in sarcopenic obesity according to ACE I/D genotype (SO values: 2.18 ACE DD vs 2.48 ACE II + ACE ID). CONCLUSIONS: Women who were ACE DD presented lower risk of sarcopenic obesity than those in the ACE II and ACE ID groups.

Obesidad sarcopénica en mujeres mayores: influencia del polimorfismo I/D de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina / Sarcopenic obesity in elderly women: influence of I/D polymorphism of the angiotension converter enzyme

Introducción: la obesidad sarcopénica (OS) es un término que relaciona el aumento de la masa grasa con la disminución de la masa muscular y que afecta a un importante porcentaje de población mayor. La falta de ejercicio regular y factores genéticos relacionados con el envejecimiento y la condición física podrían influir en su aparición. Objetivo: determinar si las mujeres mayores de 60 años que practican de forma continuada ejercicio físico presentan diferencias en la obesidad sarcopénica en función del polimorfismo I/D del gen de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina (ACE). Métodos: estudio transversal de 300 mujeres mayores que realizaban ejercicio físico al menos dos veces a la semana en los últimos dos años. Se tomaron datos de medidas antropométricas, cuestionario de comportamiento actividad-sedentarismo, evaluación de la obesidad sarcopénica (a través de la determinación del porcentaje de masa grasa y masa muscular total mediante impedancia eléctrica y la agrupación de los quintiles de estos valores en cuatro grupos), evaluación de la condición física y genotipado del gen ACE mediante extracción de ADN de mucosa oral. Resultados: se encontraron diferencias significativas en la obesidad sarcopénica en función del genotipo I/D de ACE. Las mujeres del grupo ACE DD presentaron menor riesgo de padecer obesidad sarcopénica que aquellas con genotipo ACE II y ACE ID (valores OS: 2.18 genotipo ACE DD frente a 2.48 genotipo ACE II + ACE ID; p < 0,05). Conclusiones: las mujeres mayores de 60 años con genotipo ACE DD que practican ejercicio regularmente presentan menor riesgo de padecer obesidad sarcopénica (AU)

Introduction: Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is a term that refers to an increase of fat mass together with a decrease of muscle mass, which is suffered by a high percentage of elderly population. Physical activity seems to be a good strategy to prevent it getting worse. However, genetic factors related to the aging process and to elderly's physical fitness could have an influence on it. Aim: To determine if elderly women > 60 who practice physical activity regularly had differences in sarcopenic obesity according to the I/D polymorphism from the ACE (angiotensin converter enzyme) gen. Methods: Cross-sectional study of 300 elderly women who have practiced physical exercise at least twice a week for the past two years. Anthropometric data, physical activity and sedentary behaviour questionnaire, sarcopenic obesity (determining the percentage of fat mass and total muscle mass by electrical impedance and grouping the quintiles of these values into four groups) and physical fitness assessment, as well as ACE gen genotype measured by oral mucosa sample, were evaluated. Results: There were significant differences (p < 0.05) in sarcopenic obesity according to ACE I/D genotype (SO values: 2.18 ACE DD vs 2.48 ACE II + ACE ID). Conclusions: Women who were ACE DD presented lower risk of sarcopenic obesity than those in the ACE II and ACE ID groups (AU)

Entrenamientos funcionales frente a específicos en la prevención de caídas en las personas mayores / Functional vs specific training in preventing falls in the elderly people

Las caídas por pérdida de equilibrio aumentan exponencialmente con la edad en las personas mayores de las sociedades occidentales y constituyen un importante problema sanitario pero también social y económico. Para prevenirlas se propuso inicialmente el entrenamiento específico de cualidades físicas, sobre todo de la fuerza de las extremidades inferiores. No obstante, en los últimos años es cada vez más frecuente el entrenamiento basado en desplazamientos, principalmente la marcha, ya sea sola, combinada con tareas cognitivas y motrices, o con cualidades físicas. El objetivo de esta revisión ha sido comparar diferentes tipos de entrenamientos realizados en personas mayores diseñados para prevenir las caídas analizando los test usados en la evaluación del riesgo de caídas (AU)

Falls due to loss of balance increase exponentially with age in the elderly in western societies, and is a significant health, social, and economic, problem. To prevent them, training in specific physical qualities, especially the strength of legs was initially proposed. However, in recent years the training based on movements has increasingly become more common, principally the gait, either alone, combined with cognitive and motor tasks, or with physical qualities. The objective of this review was to compare different types of training used in the elderly in order to prevent falls, and analyze the test used in assessing the risk of falls (AU)

Effect of endurance and resistance training on regional fat mass and lipid profile.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 10-week of endurance training or resistance training on regional and abdominal fat, and in the lipid profile, examining the associations among the changes in body composition, weight, waist circumference and lipid profile. Body composition, waist circumference and lipid profile were analyzed in 26 volunteers healthy young men (age 22.5 ± 1.9 yr), randomly assigned to: endurance group (EG), resistance group (RG) or control group (CG). The EG significantly decreased after training the body weight, body mass index, total body fat and percentage of fat, fat and percentage of fat at the trunk and at the abdominal region and High-Density Lipoprotein. The RG significantly increased total lean mass and decreased total cholesterol, High-Density and Low- Density Lipoprotein. Close relationship were found among changes in weight, total lean mass, regional fat mass, waist circumference and changes in lipid profile (all p < 0.05). We concluded that 10-week of endurance training decreased abdominal and body fat in young men, while 10-week of resistance training increased total lean mass. These types of training had also effects on lipid profile that seem to be to some extent associated to changes in body composition; however it requires additional investigation.

El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar el efecto de 10 semanas de entrenamiento de resistencia ó fuerza sobre la cantidad de grasa en la región abdominal y sobre el perfil lipídico, analizando las asociaciones entre los cambios en composición corporal, peso, circunferencia de la cintura y perfil lipídico. La composición corporal, la circunferencia de la cintura y el perfil lipídico fueron analizados en 26 jóvenes (edad 22.5 ± 1,9 AÑOs), que se asignaron aleatoriamente a un grupo de resistencia (EG), un grupo de fuerza (RG) o al grupo control (CG). El EG disminuye significativamente, después del entrenamiento, el peso corporal, el índice de masa corporal, la cantidad total de grasa y el porcentaje de grasa, la grasa y porcentaje de grasa en el tronco y en la región abdominal y la lipoproteina de alta densidad. El RG mejoró significativamente la masa muscular total y disminuyeron el colesterol total, HDL y LDL. Se observó una relación estrecha entre los cambios en el peso, la masa magra total, la masa grasa regional, la cintura de la cadera y los cambio lipídicos (p < 0,05). Concluimos que 10 semanas de entrenamiento de resistencia disminuyen la grasa abdominal y corporal en sujetos jóvenes, mientras que 10 semanas de entrenamiento de fuerza aumentan la masa muscular total. Estos entrenamientos tienen un efecto sobre el perfil lipídico que parecen estar asociado a cambios en la composición corporal, no obstante, son necesarios más estudios.

Effect of endurance and resistance training on regional fat mass and lipid profile / Efecto del entrenamiento de resistencia y fuerza sobre la masa grasa regional y el perfil lípido

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 10-week of endurance training or resistance training on regional and abdominal fat, and in the lipid profile, examining the associations among the changes in body composition, weight, waist circumference and lipid profile. Body composition, waist circumference and lipid profile were analyzed in 26 volunteers healthy young men (age 22.5 ± 1.9 yr), randomly assigned to: endurance group (EG), resistance group (RG) or control group (CG). The EG significantly decreased after training the body weight, body mass index, total body fat and percentage of fat, fat and percentage of fat at the trunk and at the abdominal region and High-Density Lipoprotein. The RG significantly increased total lean mass and decreased total cholesterol, High-Density and Low-Density Lipoprotein. Close relationship were found among changes in weight, total lean mass, regional fat mass, waist circumference and changes in lipid profile (all p < 0.05). We concluded that 10-week of endurance training decreased abdominal and body fat in young men, while 10-week of resistance training increased total lean mass. These types of training had also effects on lipid profile that seem to be to some extent associated to changes in body composition; however it requires additional investigation (AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar el efecto de 10 semanas de entrenamiento de resistencia ó fuerza sobre la cantidad de grasa en la región abdominal y sobre el perfil lipídico, analizando las asociaciones entre los cambios en composición corporal, peso, circunferencia de la cintura y perfil lipídico. La composición corporal, la circunferencia de la cintura y el perfil lipídico fueron analizados en 26 jóvenes (edad 22.5 ± 1,9 años), que se asignaron aleatoriamente a un grupo de resistencia (EG), un grupo de fuerza (RG) o al grupo control (CG). El EG disminuye significativamente, después del entrenamiento, el peso corporal, el índice de masa corporal, la cantidad total de grasa y el porcentaje de grasa, la grasa y porcentaje de grasa en el tronco y en la región abdominal y la lipoproteina de alta densidad. El RG mejoró significativamente la masa muscular total y disminuyeron el colesterol total, HDL y LDL. Se observó una relación estrecha entre los cambios en el peso, la masa magra total, la masa grasa regional, la cintura de la cadera y los cambio lipídicos (p < 0,05). Concluimos que 10 semanas de entrenamiento de resistencia disminuyen la grasa abdominal y corporal en sujetos jóvenes, mientras que 10 semanas de entrenamiento de fuerza aumentan la masa muscular total. Estos entrenamientos tienen un efecto sobre el perfil lipídico que parecen estar asociado a cambios en la composición corporal, no obstante, son necesarios más estudios (AU)

Capacidad de salto y equilibrio en jóvenes y ancianos físicamente activos / Jump and balance performance in an active young and elderly Spanish population

Introducción y objetivos: La frecuencia de caídas por pérdida de equilibrio en ancianos aumenta con la edad. El objetivo de este estudio ha sido analizar la fuerza explosiva de las extremidades inferiores y la capacidad de equilibrarse en dos muestras de personas físicamente activas: jóvenes y ancianos. Material y métodos: Participaron voluntariamente 8 ancianos y 11 jóvenes, todos ellos físicamente activos. Realizaron los tests: salto con contramovimiento, equilibrio estático en apoyo bipodal con ojos abiertos sobre espuma y límites de la estabilidad en apoyo bipodal. Todos ellos sobre una plataforma de fuerzas. Resultados y discusión: La altura del salto fue mayor en jóvenes (jóvenes: 16,00±2,73; ancianos: 7,99±2,23% estatura; p<0,001). El stiffness en el contramovimiento de la batida fue menor en jóvenes (p<0,01). El área recorrida por el centro de presiones en el test de equilibrio estático fue menor en jóvenes (jóvenes: 4,02±1,09; ancianos: 7,08±1,79cm2; p<0,01). Por otro lado, en el test de los límites de estabilidad el área del centro de presiones fue mayor en jóvenes (jóvenes: 168,50±32,26; ancianos: 32,70±37,54cm2; p<0,01). No se encontró ninguna correlación entre variables de fuerza y equilibrio. En el grupo de ancianos el descenso del contramovimiento se correlacionó con el stiffness (r=-0,75; p<0,05). Conclusiones: El grupo de ancianos físicamente activos conservaba niveles de fuerza destacables pensando en la prevención de caídas, aunque descendía muy poco en el contramovimiento del salto. Si se lograra aumentar el rango funcional en el que ejercen fuerza sus extremidades inferiores podríamos disminuir el stiffness en el contramovimiento y mejorar su equilibrio postural(AU)

Introduction and aims: The risk of falls in the elderly populations due to loss of balance increases with age. The aim of the present study is to analyse the relationship between lower limb explosive strength and the ability to maintain balance in two different samples of active young and elderly subjects. Material and methods: Subjects included in the study were 8 elderly and 11 young volunteers, all of them physically active. Counter-movement jump tests and one-leg static balance tests using a foam-rubber surface were applied and measured by a force plate. Results and discussion: Height jumped was higher in the young, compared to the elderly volunteers (16.00±2.73 vs. 7.99±2.23% height; P<0.001, respectively). The countermovement stiffness of the initial phase (P<0.01) and the distance of the centre of pressures during static balance test was lower in the young group, compared to elderly (4.02±1.09 vs. 7.08±1.79cm2; P<0.01, respectively). Moreover, the limits of the stability of the centre of pressures were higher in the elderly than in the young (168.50±32.26 vs. 32.70±37.54cm2; P<0.01, respectively). No significant correlations were found between the strength and balance variables. In the elderly group, the countermovement descendent phase correlated with stiffness (r=-0.75; P<0.05). Conclusions: Although countermovement descendent phase of the jump was reduced, the active elderly maintained sufficient strength levels that could prevent falls. We believe that reduced stiffness during countermovement jumps and better postural balance can be obtained by increasing functional range of movement in their lower extremities(AU)