Georeferencing of Personal Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields from Wi-Fi in a University Area.

In the last two decades, due to the development of the information society, the massive increase in the use of information technologies, including the connection and communication of multiple electronic devices, highlighting Wi-Fi networks, as well as the emerging technological advances of 4G and 5G (new-generation mobile phones that will use 5G), have caused a significant increase in the personal exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields (RF-EMF), and as a consequence, increasing discussions about the possible adverse health effects. The main objective of this study was to measure the personal exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields from the Wi-Fi in the university area of German Jordanian University (GJU) and prepare georeferenced maps of the registered intensity levels and to compare them with the basic international restrictions. Spot measurements were made outside the university area at German Jordanian University. Measurements were made in the whole university area and around two buildings. Two Satimo EME SPY 140 (Brest, France) personal exposimeters were used, and the measurements were performed in the morning and afternoon, and on weekends and weekdays. The total average personal exposure to RF-EMF from the Wi-Fi band registered in the three study areas and in the four days measured was 28.82 µW/m2. The average total exposure from the Wi-Fi band registered in the ten measured points of the university area of GJU was 22.97 µW/m2, the one registered in the eight measured points of building H was 34.48 µW/m2, and the one registered in the eight points of building C was 29.00 µW/m2. The maximum average values registered in the campus of GJU are below the guidelines allowed by International Commission on Non-ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). The measurement protocol used in this work has been applied in measurements already carried out in Spain and Mexico, and it is applicable in university areas of other countries.

Design and simulations of a dynamic polarization-mode dispersion compensator for long-haul optical networks.

A new technique and apparatus design for compensation of first-, second-, and higher-order polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) is proposed. Rigorous simulations show that the effects of the high-PMD long-haul fiber are dynamically mitigated or minimized and that the data are recovered from the distorted signals. The technique uses a real-time signal-monitoring and feedback method in the design of the PMD compensator that consists of a combination of polarization-based optical components. The resulting apparatus will enhance the transmission quality, extend the reach of current high-bit-rate (OC-192) optical signal transport, and enable the next-generation ultrahigh-bit-rate optical signals (OC-768 and beyond). The module and method provide a dynamically reconfigurable functional control to mitigate the influence of high-PMD fiber on high-bit-rate optical data. It can be packaged into a box or board/card or with other functional blocks (MUX/DEMUX, optical amplifiers, and the like) at the optical network nodes.