Correction: Furugaito et al. Antimicrobial Susceptibility to 27 Drugs and the Molecular Mechanisms of Macrolide, Tetracycline, and Quinolone Resistance in Gemella sp. Antibiotics 2023, 12, 1538.

The authors wish to make the following corrections to this paper [...].

Antimicrobial Susceptibility to 27 Drugs and the Molecular Mechanisms of Macrolide, Tetracycline, and Quinolone Resistance in Gemella sp.

Gemella is a catalase-negative, facultative anaerobic, Gram-positive coccus that is commensal in humans but can become opportunistic and cause severe infectious diseases, such as infective endocarditis. Few studies have tested the antimicrobial susceptibility of Gemella. We tested its antimicrobial susceptibility to 27 drugs and defined the resistant genes using PCR in 58 Gemella strains, including 52 clinical isolates and six type strains. The type strains and clinical isolates included 22 G. morbillorum, 18 G. haemolysans (GH) group (genetically indistinguishable from G. haemolysans and G. parahaemolysans), 13 G. taiwanensis, three G. sanguinis, and two G. bergeri. No strain was resistant to beta-lactams and vancomycin. In total, 6/22 (27.3%) G. morbillorum strains were erythromycin- and clindamycin-resistant ermB-positive, whereas 4/18 (22.2%) in the GH group, 7/13 (53.8%) G. taiwanensis, and 1/3 (33.3%) of the G. sanguinis strains were erythromycin-non-susceptible mefE- or mefA-positive and clindamycin-susceptible. The MIC90 of minocycline and the ratios of tetM-positive strains varied across the different species-G. morbillorum: 2 µg/mL and 27.3% (6/22); GH group: 8 µg/mL and 27.8% (5/18); G. taiwanensis: 8 µg/mL and 46.2% (6/13), respectively. Levofloxacin resistance was significantly higher in G. taiwanensis (9/13 69.2%) than in G. morbillorum (2/22 9.1%). Levofloxacin resistance was associated with a substitution at serine 83 for leucine, phenylalanine, or tyrosine in GyrA. The mechanisms of resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin differed across Gemella species. In addition, the rate of susceptibility to levofloxacin differed across Gemella sp., and the quinolone resistance mechanism was caused by mutations in GyrA alone.

Relationship between the serum cancer antigen 125 level and the weight of surgically enucleated adenomyosis.

Elevated serum levels of cancer antigen 125 (CA125) are known to occur in adenomyosis. However, the relationship between the severity of adenomyosis and serum CA125 levels has not yet been elucidated. The present study aimed to examine the correlation between the weight of adenomyosis and the serum CA125 level. This retrospective study, after applying exclusion criteria, investigated 308 patients who underwent conservative surgery for adenomyosis. Serum CA125 levels were measured before surgery and weights of surgically enucleated adenomyosis were measured in the operating room. Both serum CA125 and surgically enucleated adenomyosis weight showed log-normal distributions. Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient for the logarithmically converted values was 0.617 (95% confidence interval, 0.54-0.68).The serum CA125 level correlated positively with the weight of adenomyosis. Although the qualitative characteristics and clinical significance of adenomyosis lesions remain unclear, it seems that the investigation of the relative relationship between the serum CA125 level and the size of the affected lesion is useful to observe one of the qualitative features of adenomyosis. Furthermore, the present study supports the use of postoperative serum CA125 levels as an important indicator for determining the therapeutic effects of conservative surgical treatment for adenomyosis and detecting early signs of recurrence. Impact StatementWhat is already known on this subject? Elevated serum cancer antigen 125 (CA125) levels are known to occur in adenomyosis and are widely recognised as helpful in the diagnosis of adenomyosis.What do the results of this study add? There is a positive correlation between the serum CA125 level and the weight of adenomyosis.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? The postoperative serum CA125 level is an important indicator for evaluating the extent of the affected lesion remaining after conservative surgical treatment for adenomyosis and also helpful for detecting early signs of recurrence. Further study is required to examine whether it is possible to clarify the qualitative characteristics of adenomyosis in each different case based on the CA125-producing ability of the lesion.

Nationwide surveillance of antimicrobial susceptibility of 509 rapidly growing mycobacteria strains isolated from clinical specimens in Japan.

This study aimed to identify effective treatments against rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) infections by investigating the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 24 antimicrobial agents and their molecular mechanisms of resistance. In total, 509 clinical RGM isolates were identified by analyzing the sequences of three housekeeping genes (hsp65, rpoB, and sodA), and their susceptibilities to 24 antimicrobial agents were tested. We also performed sequencing analysis of antimicrobial resistance genes (rrl, rrs, gyrA, and gyrB). To identify Mycobacteroides abscessus group subspecies, we performed PCR-based typing and determined the sequevar of erm(41). We identified 15 RGM species, most of which were susceptible to amikacin and linezolid. Among these species, arbekacin and sitafloxacin had the lowest MIC among the same class of antimicrobials. The MIC of rifabutin for M. abscessus subsp. abscessus (MAB) was lower than that for M. abscessus subsp. massiliense (MMA). The proportion of MAB isolates with MIC ≤ 2 mg/L for rifabutin was significantly higher than that of MMA [MAB: 50/178 (28.1%) vs. MMA: 23/130 (17.7%); p = 0.041]. In summary, our study revealed the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of 15 RGM species isolated in Japan and indicated that arbekacin, sitafloxacin, and rifabutin may be possible therapeutic options for RGM infections.

Geographical distribution and regional differences in 532 clinical isolates of rapidly growing mycobacterial species in Japan.

Infectious diseases caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are increasingly becoming a major global problem. Additionally, Mycobacteroides abscessus subsp. abscessus (MAB) infections are refractory to macrolides. This study was conducted to investigate the epidemiology of rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) species isolated from clinical specimens in Japan and assess differences in the regional distribution of lower respiratory specimens (LRS)- and non-lower respiratory specimens (NLRS)-derived species. 532 strains (427 LRS, 92 NLRS and 15 unknown specimens) were isolated in nine areas of Japan. We collected 418 specimens from Bio Medical Laboratories (BML), Inc., and 114 specimens from 45 hospitals in Japan. Their epidemiological differences were examined according to the specimen type, region, and climate. Fifteen species were identified. The proportion of M. abscessus group (MAG) strains was significantly lower in NLRS than in LRS (35.9% vs. 68.4%). The proportion of MAG strains was higher in northern Japan than in other regions (83.7% vs. 60.5%). Variations in strain abundance among RGM species was evident in regions with a mean annual temperature below 15 °C. We conclude that the proportions of MAG strains differed between NLRS and LRS in Japan. In addition, the mean annual temperature likely influenced the distribution of RGM species.

Purpura fulminans with Lemierre's syndrome caused by Gemella bergeri and Eikenella corrodens: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Gemella bergeri is one of the nine species of the genus Gemella and is relatively difficult to identify. We herein describe the first case of septic shock due to a Gemella bergeri coinfection with Eikenella corrodens. CASE PRESENTATION: A 44-year-old Asian man with a medical history of IgG4-related ophthalmic disease who was prescribed corticosteroids (prednisolone) presented to our hospital with dyspnea. On arrival, he was in shock, and a purpuric eruption was noted on both legs. Contrast enhanced computed tomography showed fluid retention at the right maxillary sinus, left lung ground glass opacity, and bilateral lung irregular opacities without cavitation. Owing to suspected septic shock, fluid resuscitation and a high dose of vasopressors were started. In addition, meropenem, clindamycin, and vancomycin were administered. Repeat computed tomography confirmed left internal jugular and vertebral vein thrombosis. Following this, the patient was diagnosed with Lemierre's syndrome. Furthermore, he went into shock again on day 6 of hospitalization. Additional soft tissue infections were suspected; therefore, bilateral below the knee amputations were performed for source control. Cultures of the exudates from skin lesions and histopathological samples did not identify any pathogens, and histopathological findings showed arterial thrombosis; therefore it was concluded that the second time shock was associated with purpura fulminans. Following this, his general status improved. He was transferred to another hospital for rehabilitation. The blood culture isolates were identified as Gemella bergeri and Eikenella corrodens. Gemella bergeri was identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry and confirmed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing later. The primary focus of the infection was thought to be in the right maxillary sinus, because the resolution of the fluid retention was confirmed by repeat computed tomography. CONCLUSIONS: Gemella bergeri can be the causative pathogen of septic shock. If this pathogen cannot be identified manually or through commercial phenotypic methods, 16S rRNA gene sequencing should be considered.

Difference in reproductive performance between two subtypes of bicornuate uterus.

PURPOSE: We compared reproductive outcome in patients with two subtypes of bicornuate uterus who underwent a Strassmann metroplasty procedure. METHODS: Eleven patients diagnosed using the R-AFS definition were divided into partial and complete type, then reproductive outcome following a Strassmann metroplasty was evaluated. RESULTS: All four patients with the partial type anomaly conceived and achieved a live birth, while none of the seven with the complete type anomaly were able to conceive. CONCLUSION: Patients with the partial type of bicornuate uterus showed a favorable prognosis after a Strassmann metroplasty. Conversely, those with the complete type should be treated as uterus didelphis, and not undergo a metroplasty.

Association of uterine wall thickness with pregnancy outcome following uterine-sparing surgery for diffuse uterine adenomyosis.

BACKGROUND: The risk of uterine rupture is a major concern for women who become pregnant after undergoing an adenomyomectomy. AIMS: The aim of this study was to investigate the association of uterine wall thickness with pregnancy outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Uterine wall thickness was measured using sonography and/or magnetic resonance imaging in 23 pregnant women who underwent uterine-sparing surgery for diffuse uterine adenomyosis prior to conception. RESULTS: Of the 23 women, 10 (43.5%) had an early miscarriage and 13 (56.5%) proceeded to delivery. Of the ten early miscarriage cases, two had a uterine rupture caused by excision of the uterine wall to within 7 mm. CONCLUSIONS: Wall thickness of the excised uterus was highly associated with uterine rupture. We concluded that optimum wall thickness for conception and preventing uterine rupture during pregnancy may range from 9 to 15 mm.

New myomectomy technique for diffuse uterine leiomyomatosis.

AIM: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a new myomectomy technique for diffuse uterine leiomyomatosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: To enucleate multiple myomas, we developed a novel myomectomy technique involving longitudinal dissection of the uterus in the midline. On each side of the anterior and posterior walls, the uterine wall was further divided into two pieces from the incision site. Myomas were separated into serosal and mucosal sides, and then enucleated for removal from the thinned myometrium. RESULTS: This procedure was applied for seven patients with diffuse leiomyomatosis. The mean number of myomas enucleated from each patient was 117 (range, 74-226). Mean total weight of enucleated myomas was 147.6 g (range, 59-360 g). Mean operative time was 284 min (range, 212-407 min). Mean blood loss was 1614 g (range, 428-4421 g), with three patients requiring blood transfusion. Anemia due to menorrhagia improved in all women. Three patients became pregnant, with two undergoing cesarean section after a normal course of pregnancy and giving birth to healthy babies. The third pregnancy ended in miscarriage. We noticed intraoperatively that myoma nodules were connected to each other in every case. CONCLUSIONS: This procedure should be considered as a therapeutic option in women suffering from symptoms of diffuse uterine leiomyomatosis who wish to avoid hysterectomy.

Diffuse uterine leiomyomatosis in patient with successful pregnancy following new surgical management.

Diffuse uterine leiomyomatosis is associated with significant infertility and miscarriage complications. Appropriate diagnosis and therapy is essential. A 33-year-old woman was referred to our hospital because of GnRH analogue treatment-resistant multiple myomas and infertility. Following new technical myomectomy, she conceived spontaneously and delivered a 2,470 g healthy baby by cesarean section. New technical myomectomy may become an important conservative treatment option for patients with diffuse uterine leiomyomatosis.

Increased expression of OCIA domain containing 2 during stepwise progression of ovarian mucinous tumor.

Ovarian cancer immunoreactive antigen domain containing 2 (OCIAD2) has been reported to show cancer-specific expression in early invasive lung adenocarcinoma. OCIAD2 shows high homology with OCIAD1, which was originally immunoscreened from ascites of a patient with ovarian cancer and found to be a tumor-specific protein. Therefore, like OCIAD1, OCIAD2 is expected to show high immunoreactivity in ovarian tumors. In this study, we examined the expression pattern of OCIAD2 in 117 ovarian mucinous tumors, and confirmed that it was more highly expressed in borderline tumor and carcinoma (51/74 cases, 69%) than in adenoma (6/43 cases, 14%). The immunoreactivity of OCIAD2 in borderline tumor and carcinoma was more specific than that of OCIAD1 (adenoma, 21/43 cases, 49%), and more sensitive than that of CEA (borderline tumor and carcinoma, 35/74 cases, 47%). Like OCIAD1, OCIAD2 is a cancer-related protein and its expression level increases during the course of malignant progression and is thought to be a very useful marker for evaluating the malignancy of ovarian mucinous tumors.

Secretion of N-terminal domain of α-dystroglycan in cerebrospinal fluid.

α-Dystroglycan (α-DG) plays crucial roles in maintaining the stability of cells. We demonstrated previously that the N-terminal domain of α-DG (α-DG-N) is secreted by cultured cells into the culture medium. In the present study, to clarify its function in vivo, we generated a monoclonal antibody against α-DG-N and investigated the secretion of α-DG-N in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Interestingly, we found that a considerable amount of α-DG-N was present in CSF. α-DG-N in CSF was a sialylated glycoprotein with both N- and O-linked glycan. These observations suggest that secreted α-DG-N may be transported via CSF and have yet unidentified effects on the nervous system.

[Clinical features of predominantly sensory stroke due to brainstem infarction].

We report 13 patients presenting with predominantly sensory strokes due to brainstem infarction, without any other brainstem symptoms such as hemiparesis, dysarthria or vertigo. All of them had lacunar infarctions localized at the medial lemniscus and/or spinothalamic tract, at the pontine (12 patients) or midbrain (1 patient) tegmentum. The presenting symptom was dysesthesia with a variety of distributions for all cases, and a thalamic-pain-like unpleasant dysesthesia persisted in 4 patients. The lesion on brain MRI was usually very small, and was sometimes overlooked by radiological evaluation, which led to a long delay in the correct diagnosis of a stroke in two cases. Median nerve somatosensory evoked potentials showed a depressed N20 amplitude or a loss of the P15 potential unilaterally with preserved P13/14 potential in 7 out of 10 cases examined, and was useful in localizing the lesion intracranially. During the 4-year study period, 10 patients with brainstem infarctions were admitted to our department as acute sensory stroke cases (2.1% of all acute strokes), whereas 11 patients with thalamic infarctions (2.3%) were admitted due to similar symptoms. Cases with brainstem infarctions had sensory symptoms localized below the neck more frequently (5/10) than cases with thalamic infarctions (1/11), thus would be more likely to be confused with cervical or peripheral nerve disorders. The relative frequency of brainstem infarction as compared to thalamic infarction was higher than that in previous reports, implying that some cases with brainstem infarction might have been overlooked due to difficulty in obtaining the correct diagnosis. One should always keep this syndrome in mind when assessing patients with acute-onset sensory symptoms.

Conservative surgical management for diffuse uterine adenomyosis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of new conservative surgical management for diffuse uterine adenomyosis. DESIGN: Retrospective clinical study. SETTING: Gynecology department in a general hospital. PATIENT(S): A total of 44 women with diffuse adenomyosis. INTERVENTION(S): Conservative surgical management. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Mean visual analog scale score of dysmenorrhea and menorrhagia after a 3-month follow-up. RESULT(S): After this surgery, the mean visual analog scale score of dysmenorrhea decreased from 9.4 to 0.8, and anemia due to menorrhagia improved in all women. Two patients became pregnant, with one interstitial pregnancy and one normal pregnancy that is continuing. No major complications or sequelae were observed. CONCLUSION(S): This procedure should be considered as a therapeutic option in women with symptoms of diffuse uterine adenomyosis who wish to avoid hysterectomy.

Molecular components required for the targeting of PEX7 to peroxisomes in Arabidopsis thaliana.

PEX7 is a soluble import receptor that recognizes peroxisomal targeting signal type 2 (PTS2)-containing proteins. In the present study, using a green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein of PEX7 (GFP-PEX7), we analyzed the molecular function and subcellular localization of PEX7 in Arabidopsis thaliana. The overexpression of GFP-PEX7 resulted in defective glyoxysomal fatty acid beta-oxidation, but had no significant effect on leaf peroxisomal function. Analysis of the subcellular localization of GFP-PEX7 in transgenic Arabidopsis showed that GFP-PEX7 localizes primarily to the peroxisome. Transient expression of a C- or N-terminal fusion protein of PEX7 and yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) (PEX7-YFP and YFP-PEX7, respectively) in leek epidermal cells, using the particle bombardment technique, confirmed that fluorescent protein-tagged PEX7 localizes to peroxisomes in Arabidopsis. Immunoblot analysis revealed that GFP-PEX7 accumulates primarily in peroxisomal membrane fractions, whereas endogenous PEX7 was distributed evenly in cytosolic and peroxisomal membrane fractions, which indicated that both endogenous PEX7 and GFP-PEX7 are properly targeted to peroxisomal membranes. The results of bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) and yeast two-hybrid analyses showed that PEX7 binds directly to PTS2-containing proteins and PEX12 in the peroxisomal membrane. We used red fluorescent protein (tdTomato) fusion protein of PEX7 (tdTomato-PEX7) in several Arabidopsis pex mutants to identify proteins required for the targeting of PEX7 to peroxisomes in planta. The results demonstrated that pex14, pex13 and pex12 mutations disrupt the proper targeting of PEX7 to peroxisomes. Overall, our results suggest that the targeting of PEX7 to peroxisomes requires four proteins: a PTS2-containing protein, PEX14, PEX13 and PEX12.

Production of short-chain-length/medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) copolymer in the plastid of Arabidopsis thaliana using an engineered 3-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase III.

Short-chain-length/medium-chain-length (SCL/MCL) polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) was produced in the plastids of Arabidopsis thaliana. Phe87Thr (F87T) mutated 3-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) synthase III (FabH) from Escherichia coli , and Ser325Thr/Gln481Lys (ST/QK) mutated polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) synthase (PhaC1) from Pseudomonas sp. 61-3, along with the beta-ketothiolase (PhaA) and acetoacetyl-CoA reductase (PhaB) from Ralstonia eutropha (Cupriavidus necator) genes were introduced into Arabidopsis. The transgenic Arabidopsis produced PHA copolymers composed of monomers consisting of 4-14 carbons. The introduction of the engineered PHA synthase resulted in a 10-fold increase in PHA content compared to plants expressing the wild-type PHA synthase. In addition, expression of the engineered fabH gene in the plastid led to an increase in the amount of the SCL monomer, 3-hydroxybutyrate, incorporated into PHA, and contributed to supply of MCL monomers for PHA production.

Primary non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the skull base presenting with Garcin syndrome: MRI manifestations.

Primary non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the skull base is a rare disorder. We report a case of primary non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the skull base presenting with Garcin syndrome. MRI revealed peculiar lesions in the cavernous sinus, clivus, and occipital bone. Diagnosis was made by biopsy of the tumor in the cavernous sinus.