Relación del virus herpes simple con la enfermedad de Alzheimer / Relation of the herpes simplex virus with the alzheimer's disease

La enfermedad de Alzheimer ha sido investigada durante muchos años y aún se desconocen sus causas. Según investigaciones se reconoció al virus herpes simple tipo 1, que actúa en combinación con el factor genético ApoE-(3)4, como factor de riesgo que incrementa la susceptibilidad de la enfermedad. Existen diversas formas posibles en el que el HSV1 (virus herpes simple tipo 1) podría conducir al desarrollo de la enfermedad de Alzheimer, tales como su regulación por diversas enzimas y, en particular ciertas quinasas; su efecto sobre el ciclo celular; en la autofagia, y sus efectos inflamatorios, oxidativos relacionados con la neuroglobina. Actualmente se están desarrollando posibles tratamientos, experimentales en animales, para fortificar el sistema inmunológico contra el virus herpes simple tipo 1, simultáneamente llegan a ser una forma de prevención para la enfermedad de Alzheimer. También se probó que algunos antivirales reducen la formación de las placas seniles. La relación Herpes-Alzheimer requiere muchos factores para su desarrollo, muchos de ellos son factores genéticos y enzimas o proteinas defectuosas.

Alzheimer's disease has been investigated for many years and its causes are unknown. According to research recognized simplex type 1 virus, which acts in combination with the ApoE-(3)4 genetic factor, as a risk factor that increases the susceptibility of the disease.There are several possible ways in which HSV1 (herpes simplex virus type 1) could lead to Alzheimer's disease, such as regulation by different enzymes and in particular specific kinases, their effect on cell cycle, autophagy, and their oxidative, inflammatory effects and related neuroglobin. Currently there developing possible experimental treatments in animals, in order to fortify the immune system against herpes simplex virus type 1, to simultaneously become a form of disease prevention. It was also proved that some antiviral medication, reduce she formation of senile plaques. In conclusion, herpes-Alzheimer relationship requires many factors to their development, many of them are genetic factors or defective proteins and enzymes.

Development of a methodology for the simultaneous determination of inorganic and organolead compounds using supercritical fluid extraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and its application to environmental matrices.

A method for the extraction of triethyl lead (TEL(+)), trimethyl lead (TML(+)), and Pb(2+) from sand was developed using supercritical modified CO(2)-CH(3)OH extraction and in situ complexation with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (NaDDTC) using a 2(5) factorial exploratory design is described. The screened variables were (i) pressure (69-193 bar), (ii) temperature (40-150 degrees C), (iii) ligand amount (0-100 mg), (iv) methanol volume (0.0-0.5 mL) and (v) static time (0-45 min). The optimum extraction conditions found were as follow: pressure, 193 bar; temperature, 40 degrees C; amount of NaDDTC, 100 mg; methanol volume, 0.5 mL; static time 45 min; and CO(2) flow rate, 1 mL min(-1). Under these conditions the following recoveries were obtained (TML(+) 97+/-2%, TEL(+) 70+/-5%, and Pb(2+) 100+/-4%). The presence of NaDDTC is not necessary for the extraction of TML(+) and TEL(+), but it is a very significative parameter for Pb(2+). A second experimental design 2(2)+star for temperature and pressure was realized, but the results were not better than those of the first model. SFE extract derivatization was achieved with pentylmagnesium bromide, and target analyte determination was carried out by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Detection limits in the full-scan mode were 4, 10, and 39 pg as lead for TMPeL, TEPeL and PbPe(4), respectively. The method was validated with urban dust containing TML(+) (CRM 605. Pb 7.9 +/-1.2 microg kg(-1)) and river sediment containing inorganic lead (GBW08301. Pb 79.0+/-12.0 mg kg(-1)) as reference materials. The proposed method was applied to lead analysis in sand collected from an oil-polluted beach in Chile.

Videotoracoscopia en el tratamiento del pectus excavatum / Videothoracoscopy in the treatment of pectus excavatum

El Pectus Excavatum o tórax de zapatero es la malformación más frecuente de la cara anterior del tórax. Desde que el Profesor de Cirugía Sauerbruch en 1920 intervino por primera vez un paciente adulto-joven, la técnica quirúrgica abierta con tracción postoperatoria se continuó aplicando; hasta que; Ravitch en 1947 publica su experiencia eliminando la tracción toráxica post operatoria. Desde entonces se suceden variaciones en la técnica manteniendo el principio básico de resección de cartílagos y remodelaje de la posición esternal. El gran cambio se produce con la innovación de la cirugía toráxica guiada por fibra óptica: la Videotoracoscopia (VTC).

Effect of asymmetry on the electronic delocalization in diiron and iron-cobalt mixed valence metallocenic compounds.

In this work, we report the synthesis and a study on the degree of electronic delocalization in the asymmetric mixed valence complexes [CpFe(C(8)H(6))Fe(C(8)H(7))](+), 3a(+), and [CpCo(C(8)H(6))Fe(C(8)H(7))](+), 3b(+), (Cp = C(5)Me(5), C(8)H(6) = pentalenyde, C(8)H(7) = hydropentalenyde, and = ((3,5(CF(3))(2)C(6)H(3))(4)B(-))). Electrochemical methods, (57)Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, electronic spectroscopy, and electron paramagnetic resonance were used for this purpose. Although the anti conformation of the complexes precludes any metal-metal interaction, all the techniques employed show that 3a(+) is a electronic delocalized system, while 3b(+) behaves as two individual metallic centers with localized electron density.

Supercritical fluid extraction and gas chromatography or electroanalysis of metal chelates from different sample matrices

The supercritical fluid extraction of Pb(DDC)2 and MoO2(acac)2 complexes is performed. The previously formed complexes are used in order to simplify the extraction process. In the extraction cell, 9.0 mg of Pb(DDC)2 or 30.0 mg of MoO2(acac)2 is added. With these two complexes, a study of static and dynamic extraction as a function of pressure (1000-2500 psi), temperature (40-160 degrees C), and presence of modifier (methanol) is performed. Under the best conditions, 5.6 mg of Pb(DDC)2 (2.3 mg of Pb2+) is recovered. The parameters are 2500 psi of pressure, 160 degrees C of temperature, 0.5 mL methanol (placed in a 10-mL extraction cell), 60.0 min of static extraction, and 2.0 min of dynamic extraction. It is necessary to add 3.0 mL of methanol to enhance efficiency on the MoO2(acac)2 complex recovery. Quantitative extractions of MoO2(acac)2 (9.0 mg of MoVI) are obtained when the experiments are carried out under 1000-2500 psi of pressure, 140 degrees C, and times no longer than 10.0 min. Then, the study is carried out forming the in situ complexes. For this purpose, metallic ion and ligand are added. Under these conditions, the Pb2+ recovery decreases from 2.3 to 1.9 mg, and the MoVI recovery decreases from 9.0 to 1.0 mg. When 1.9 mg of Pb2+ and 1.0 mg of MoVI or less is placed in the extraction cell, the recoveries are always 100%. The Pb2+ extracts are directly accomplished using gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID), and the MoVI extracts are analyzed using GC-FID and catalytic adsorption voltammetry. The quantitation of pure extracts is carried out by constructing calibration curves with complex solutions and sample solutions using the standard addition method. This method is applied by determination of Pb2+ in sodium alginate extracted from algae and blood, urine, and human milk from patients with diagnosed plumbunemy. MoVI is determined in irrigation water and pasture of animal intake.

Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, and crystal structure of the bimetallic complex [Ni2(mu-CO)(CO)2(mu-NH(PPh2)2)2].

The dinuclear Ni(0) complex [Ni2(mu-CO)(CO)2(mu-dppa)2] (1; dppa = bis(diphenylphosphino)amine) was synthesized by two routes in good yield. Complex 1 has a triclinic crystal system and P1 space group, with a = 13.009(1) A, b = 13.063(2) A, c = 14.664(2) A, alpha = 79.91(1) degrees, beta = 79.96(1) degrees, gamma = 71.32(1) degrees, and Z = 2. The structure of this compound exhibits two mu-coordinated dppa ligands in a cis, cis arrangement. Nickel atoms are at a 2.5824(7) A distance. Theoretical calculations predict a 0.39 bond order between metal atoms. The cyclic voltammograms show two quasi-reversible redox pairs, which correspond to the successive oxidation of the metal centers. The dinuclear complex described absorbs carbon monoxide, yielding a mixture of nickel carbonyl compounds.

Ventilación mecánica no invasiva intermitente: utilidad en el tratamiento de la insuficiencia cardíaca crónica avanzada / Non invasive intermittent mechanical ventilation: utility in the treatment of advanced chronic cardiac failure

The higher respiratory work and less inspiratory muscle strength of patients with cardiac failure may contribute to dicrease their functional capacity. To assess the effects of non invasive intermittent mechanical ventilation on clinical parameters, peropheral perfusion, cardiac and inspiratory muscle function. Patients with chronic cardiac failure, functional cpacity III-IV were subjected to 6 sessions of nasal non invasive intermittent ventilation during 4 hours or to simulated ventilation (controls). Fifteen ventilated patients and 6 controls completed the protocol. Ventilated patients improved the mahler transition score for dysnea by 4ñ1.6 points. They also improved their aerobic capacity, increasing the exercise duration from 10.9ñ4 to 12.7ñ5 min and their maximal oxygen consumption from 14.6ñ4 to 16.4ñ5.7 ml/kg/min. These patients also decreased their O2 and CO2 ventilatory equivalents. Maximal inspiratory pressure increased from 67.9ñ23.6 to 80.19ñ21.4 cm H2O, sustained maximal inspiratory pressure increased from 101.4ñ48 to 133ñ53 cm H2O and maximal endurance increased from 132ñ52 to 162ñ58 g in ventilated patients. None of these variables was modified in control patients. No changes were observed in renal function, blood volume, arterial gases, spirometry or plasma catecholamine levels in any group. Intermittent nasal ventilation or other measures to improve inspiratory muscle function may be beneficial for patients with severe cardiac failure

Fulguración por radiofrecuencia de haces paraespecíficos / Fulguration by radiofrecuency of paraspecific bundles

Between august 1991 and august 1993, 75 patients (42 male) with Wolff Parkinson White syndrome (43 concealed) were subjected to radiofrequency ablation of accesory pathway at our institution. 55 had left, 8 postero septal, 2 anteroseptal and 10 right accesory pathways. A retrograde aortic technique with placement of the ablation catheter in close proximity to the mitral annulus was used for most of the patients with left accesory pathways and for some with posteroseptal pathways were ablated using a right heart approach placing the ablation catheter in the tricuspid annulus. Ablation was successful in 61 patients (81 per cent ). One subject developed a fatal cardiac tamponade after a transeptal catheterization and was unrelated to the ablation per se. It is concluded that radiofrequency ablation of accesory pathways is a curative procedure for a great majority of patients with Wolf Parkinson White syndrome

Traumatismos, envenenamientos y violencias en menores de 15 años: encuesta de incidencia en un consultorio de atención primaria / Traumatism, poisoning and violence in youngsters under 15 years: incidence survey in a primary consultation clinic

En el Consultorio de atención primaria "Dr. Raúl Yazigi" del Servicio de Salud Metropolitano Occidente de Santiago, se aplicó, en octubre de 1990, una encuesta retrospectiva para detectar traumatismos, envenenamientos y violencias en menores de 15 años, en los 14 días previos al estudio. Las respuestas dadas por los adultos que acompañaban a los niños revelaron una incidencia de 20,9%, en su mayoría traumatismos que no solicitaron atención. La edad más efectada por estos eventos fue 1 a 4 años y, bajo los 10 años, la frecuencia fue mayor en hombres. El área más afectda fue la cabeza y, en segundo lugar, las extremidades inferiores. La severidad de la lesión, medida por el sitio de consulta fue, en general, leve; pero mayor en las violencias al compararlas con los traumatismos. Se discute el significado de estos hallazgos y se calcula la exposición teórica al riesgo en el período de un año

Analgesia postoperatoria / Postoperatory analgesia

Se presentan las alteraciones fisiopatológicas que produce el dolor postoperatorio. Se realiza una descripción somera de la moderna teoría del dolor (Melzack y Wall, 1965). Se describe el actual rol del anestesiólogo en el manejo del dolor postoperatorio. Se efectúa un análisis de los analgésicos no narcóticos (ANN) y analgésicos narcóticos (AN), actualmente en uso y las formas racionales de su administración en el postoperatorio. Por último, se comenta la analgesia postquirúrgica en algunas situaciones especiales

Spectrophotometric determination of selenium(IV) with 5,5-dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione.

5,5-Dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione (dimedone) reacts in acid aqueous solution with selenium(IV) to give a benzoxaselenol which has an absorption maximum at 313 nm with a molar absorptivity of 4.00 x 10(3) l.mole(-1).cm(-1). The compound is extractable into chloroform, to give a solution with an absorption maximum at 300 nm with a molar absorptivity of 3.77 x 10(3) l.mole(-1).cm(-1). The calibration graph is linear up to 30 ppm selenium, with a detection limit of 0.1 ppm in the final solutions. Of the various other ions tested, only iron(III) interferes at all concentrations but the addition of 1000 ppm fluoride will mask 50 ppm Fe(3+). The method has good reproducibility, with a relative standard deviation of 1.0% for pure solutions. The method has been applied to the analysis of fire-refined copper.

Progresando la calidad de la vida humana: estimulacion psicosocial temprana. / Progress in quality of the human life: early psysocial stimulation

Los ninos menores de 2 anos de edad, de una poblacion periferica de Santiago y de bajo nivel economico-social, fueron sometidos a un programa de estimulacion psicomotora, durante algo mas de un ano hasta mayo de 1979. Un grupo coetaneo de ninos, de la misma poblacion, constituyo el grupo control. El programa dirigido y supervisado por profesionales, academicos y del SNS se proyecto a traves de alumnos de las Carreras de Medicina, de Enfermeria, de Kinesiterapia y de Obstetricia-Puericultura.Estos, debidamente preparados, entrenaron a las madres en las tecnicas de estimulacion psicomotora recien aprendidas. Os objetivos se cumplieron plenamente: Los alumnos se vincularon a la comunidad y esta reacciono positivamente. Los alumnos voluntarios manejaron eficazmente la tecnica de estimulacion psicosocial temprana.Los ninos menores de 2 anos mostraron cuocientes de desarrollo significativamente superiores a los ninos del grupo control y al promedio de desarrollo esperado.Al termino de la experiencia programada para el 31 de mayo de 1979, um grupo de 35 alumnos insistio en que continuaria, con o sin nuestra ayuda, la experiencia porque se sentian ligados a las familias y creian que debian consolidar la estimulacion de los ninos. Continuaron con nuestra ayuda hasta diciembre de 1979