Erratum: Ratchet universality in the bidirectional escape from a symmetric potential well [Phys. Rev. E 103, 022203 (2021)].

This corrects the article DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.103.022203.

Ratchet universality in the bidirectional escape from a symmetric potential well.

The present work discusses symmetry-breaking-induced bidirectional escape from a symmetric metastable potential well by the application of zero-average periodic forces in the presence of dissipation. We characterized the interplay between heteroclinic instabilities leading to chaotic escape and breaking of a generalized parity symmetry leading to directed ratchet escape to an attractor either at ∞ or at -∞. Optimal enhancement of directed ratchet escape is found to occur when the wave form of the zero-average periodic force acting on the damped driven oscillator matches as closely as possible to a universal wave form, as predicted by the theory of ratchet universality. Specifically, the optimal approximation to the universal force triggers the almost complete destruction of the nonescaping basin for driving amplitudes which are systematically lower than those corresponding to a symmetric periodic force having the same period. We expect that this work could be potentially useful in the control of elementary dynamic processes characterized by multidirectional escape from a potential well, such as forced chaotic scattering and laser-induced dissociation of molecular systems, among others.

The production and physicochemical properties of a biosurfactant mixture obtained from Sphingobacterium detergens.

The commercial application of a new biosurfactant such as the one produced by Sphingobacteriumdetergens needs a cost-effective process and knowledge of its properties. In the present study, a specific medium and a downstream process have been developed to enhance biosurfactant production. Optimal concentrations of nutrients in MCA medium were (g/L) the following: KH(2)PO(4), 1; K(2)HPO(4), 2; CO(NH(2))(2) 0.88; CaCl(2) 0.01; FeSO(4)·7H(2)O, 0.01; MgSO(4)·7H(2)O 0.5; KCl, 1.0; trace elements 0.05 mL. Biosurfactant production in the MCA medium required a bacterial co-metabolism of glucose and an n-alkane. A fed-batch culture with supernatant lyophilization prior to organic extraction produced 466 mg/L of organic extract, which represents a 6.9-fold increase in production. The newly obtained biosurfactant was a complex mixture of molecules. The three characterized fractions consisted of the complete fraction and two second-level purification fractions with apolar and polar characteristics. The complete and apolar fractions have been shown to self-aggregate in the form of lamellar liquid crystals at a high concentration and bilayers at lower concentrations. Negatively charged particles were identified, which were neutralized at a low pH with a concomitant increase in size. The pH affected the surface tension of the solutions congruently with phosphate headgroups.

Isolation and partial characterization of a biosurfactant mixture produced by Sphingobacterium sp. isolated from soil.

Strain 6.2S, isolated from soil and identified as a Sphingobacterium sp., is the first strain in this genus to be reported as a biosurfactant producer, being able to reduce the surface tension of its culture supernatant to 32 mN/m. In this work, biosurfactants from the culture supernatant were purified and partially characterized. The crude extract (10 g/L) was very effective in reducing surface tension (22 mN/m). Thin layer chromatography (TLC) indicated that a mixture of various biosurfactants was present in the 6.2S crude extract. After purification, Fraction A, a phospholipid mixture, reduced surface tension to 33 mN/m. Fraction B was a mixture of lipopetides and at least one glycolipid. The surface tension-concentration curve showed two plateaux, the first of which can be attributed to a critical aggregation concentration of the biosurfactant with a protein (2.7 g/L) and the second to the true cmc in water (6.3g/L).

The physicochemical properties and chemical composition of trehalose lipids produced by Rhodococcus erythropolis 51T7.

This study analyzed the chemical and physical properties of a biosurfactant synthesized by Rhodococcus sp. 51T7. The biosurfactant was a trehalose tetraester (THL) consisting of six components: one major and five minor. The hydrophobic moieties ranged in size from 9 to 11 carbons. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) was 0.037g L(-1) and the interfacial tension against hexadecane was 5mN m(-1). At pH 7.4 the glycolipid CMC/critical aggregation concentration (CAC) was 0.05g L(-1) and at pH 4 it was 0.034g L(-1). A phase diagram revealed effective emulsification with water and paraffin or isopropyl myristate. A composition of 11.3-7.5-81.8 (isopropyl myristate-THL-W) was stable for at least 3 months. The HLB was 11 and the phase behaviour of the glycolipid revealed the formation of lamellar and hexagonal liquid-crystalline textures.

contribuciones y aplicaciones de la medida ambulatoria de la presión arterial en la hipertensa menopáusica / Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring contributions and applications in postmenopausal hypertensives

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Organotin compounds alter the physical organization of phosphatidylcholine membranes.

Organotin compounds have a broad range of biological activities and are ubiquitous contaminants in the environment. Their toxicity mainly lies in their action on the membrane. In this contribution we study the interaction of tributyltin and triphenyltin with model membranes composed of phosphatidylcholines of different acyl chain lengths using differential scanning calorimetry, (31)P-nuclear magnetic resonance, X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy. Organotin compounds broaden the main gel to liquid-crystalline phase transition, shift the transition temperature to lower values and induce the appearance of a new peak below the main transition peak. These effects are more pronounced in the case of tributyltin and are quantitatively larger as the phosphatidylcholine acyl chain length decreases. Both tributyltin and triphenyltin increase the enthalpy change of the transition in all the phosphatidylcholine systems studied except in dilauroylphosphatidylcholine. Organotin compounds do not affect the macroscopic bilayer organization of the phospholipid but do affect the degree of hydration of its carbonyl moiety. The above evidence supports the idea that organotin compounds are located in the upper part of the phospholipid palisade near the lipid/water interface.

Membranotropic effects of the antibacterial agent Triclosan.

Triclosan is a broad-spectrum hydrophobic antibacterial agent used in dermatological preparations and oral hygiene products. To gain further insight into the mode of action of Triclosan we examined its effects on membranes by performing leakage titrations of different oral bacteria and studying its interaction with model membranes through the use of different biophysical techniques. There was negligible efflux of intracellular material from Streptococcus sobrinus at the minimal inhibitory concentration of Triclosan; whatever leakage did occur commenced only at much higher concentrations. In contrast, no leakage was observed at even the minimal bactericidal concentration for Porphyromonas gingivalis. Triclosan decreased the onset temperature of the gel to liquid-crystalline phase transition of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-3-[phospho-rac-glycerol] membranes and was immiscible with these lipids in the fluid phase at concentrations greater than 5 mol%. Steady-state fluorescence anisotropy measurements of different phospholipid/Triclosan samples using 3-(p-6-phenyl-1,3,5-hexatrienyl)-phenylpropionic acid were consistent with the calorimetric data. Incorporation of increasing amounts of Triclosan into 1,2-dielaidoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DEPE) vesicles induced the nonlamellar H(II) hexagonal phase at low temperatures and new immiscible phases at temperatures below the main transition of DEPE. Taking these results together suggests that the antibacterial effects of Triclosan are mediated at least in part through its membranotropic effects, resulting in destabilized structures which compromise the functional integrity of cell membranes without inducing cell lysis.

Effects of (+)-totarol, a diterpenoid antibacterial agent, on phospholipid model membranes.

(+)-Totarol, a highly hydrophobic diterpenoid isolated from Podocarpus spp., is inhibitory towards the growth of diverse bacterial species. (+)-Totarol decreased the onset temperature of the gel to liquid-crystalline phase transition of DMPC and DMPG membranes and was immiscible with these lipids in the fluid phase at concentrations greater than 5 mol%. Different (+)-totarol/phospholipid mixtures having different stoichiometries appear to coexist with the pure phospholipid in the fluid phase. At concentrations greater than 15 mol% (+)-totarol completely suppressed the gel to liquid-crystalline phase transition in both DMPC and DMPG vesicles. Incorporation of increasing amounts of (+)-totarol into DEPE vesicles induced the appearance of the H(II) hexagonal phase at low temperatures in accordance with NMR data. At (+)-totarol concentrations between 5 and 35 mol% complex thermograms were observed, with new immiscible phases appearing at temperatures below the main transition of DEPE. Steady-state fluorescence anisotropy measurements showed that (+)-totarol decreased and increased the structural order of the phospholipid bilayer below and above the main gel to liquid-crystalline phase transition of DMPC respectively. The changes that (+)-totarol promotes in the physical properties of model membranes, compromising the functional integrity of the cell membrane, could explain its antibacterial effects.

Structure and interaction with membrane model systems of a peptide derived from the major epitope region of HIV protein gp41: implications on viral fusion mechanism.

The HIV-1 gp41 envelope protein mediates entry of the virus into the target cell by promoting membrane fusion. With a view toward possible new insights into viral fusion mechanisms, we have investigated by infrared, fluorescence, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies and calorimetry a fragment of 19 amino acids corresponding to the immunodominant region of the gp41 ectodomain, a highly conserved sequence and major epitope. Information on the structure of the peptide both in solution and in the presence of model membranes, its incorporation and location in the phospholipid bilayer, and the modulation of the phase behavior of the membrane has been gathered. Here we demonstrate that the peptide binds and interacts with negatively charged phospholipids, changes its conformation in the presence of a membraneous medium, and induces leakage of vesicle contents as well as a new phospholipid phase. These characteristics might be important for the formation of the fusion-active gp41 core structure, promoting the close apposition of the two viral and target-cell membranes and therefore provoking fusion.

Influence of the physical state of the membrane on the enzymatic activity and energy of activation of protein kinase C alpha.

The activation of protein kinase C alpha was studied by using a lipid system consisting of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC)/1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoserine (POPS) (molar ratio 4:1) and different proportions of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerol (POG). The phase behavior of the lipidic system was characterized by using differential scanning calorimetry and 31P NMR, and a phase diagram was elaborated. The results suggested the formation of two diacylglycerol/phospholipid complexes, one at 15 mol % of POG and the second at 30 mol % of POG. These two complexes would define the three regions of the phase diagram: in the first region (concentrations of POG lower than 15 mol %) there is gel-gel immiscibility at temperatures below that of the phase transition between C1 and pure phospholipid, and a fluid lamellar phase above of the phase transition. In the second region (between 15 and 30 mol % of POG), gel-gel immiscibility between C1 and C2 with fluid-fluid immiscibility was observed, while inverted hexagonal HII and isotropic phases were detected by 31P NMR. In the third region (concentrations of POG higher than 30 mol %), gel-gel immiscibility seemed to occur between C2 and pure POG along with fluid-fluid immiscibility, while an isotropic phase was detected by 31P NMR. When PKC alpha activity was measured, as a function of POG concentration, maximum activity was found at POG concentrations as low as 5-10 mol %; the activity slightly decreased as POG concentration was increased to 45 mol % at 32 degrees C (above Tc) whereas activity did not change with increasing concentrations of POG at 5 degrees C (below Tc). When the activity was studied as a function of temperature, at different POG concentrations, and depicted as Arrhenius plots, it was found that the activity increased with increasing temperatures, showing a discontinuity at a temperature very close to the phase transition of the system and a lower activation energy at the upper slope of the graph, indicating that the physical state of the membrane affected the interaction of PKC alpha with the membrane.

The influence of vitamin K1 on the structure and phase behaviour of model membrane systems.

Vitamin K1 is a component of the Photosystem I of plants which constitutes the major dietary form of vitamin K. The major function of this vitamin is to be cofactor of the microsomal gamma-glutamylcarboxylase. Recently, novel roles for this vitamin in the membrane have been postulated. To get insight into the influence of vitamin K1 on the phospholipid component of the membrane, we have studied the interaction between vitamin K1 and model membranes composed of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) and dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DEPE). We utilized high-sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry and small-angle X-ray diffraction techniques. Vitamin K1 affected the thermotropic properties of the phospholipids, broadened and shifted the transitions to lower temperatures, and produced the appearance of several peaks in the thermograms. The presence of the vitamin gave rise to the formation of vitamin-rich domains which were immiscible with the bulk phospholipid in both the gel and the liquid-crystalline phases. Vitamin K1 was unable to alter the lamellar organization of DMPC, but we found that it produced an increase in the interlamellar repeat spacing of DMPC at 10 degrees C. Interestingly, vitamin K1 promoted the formation of inverted hexagonal HII structures in the DEPE system. We discuss the possible implications that these vitamin K1-phospholipid interactions might have with respect to the biological function of the vitamin.

The interaction of coenzyme Q with phosphatidylethanolamine membranes.

Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is a component of the mitochondrial respiratory chain which carries out additional membrane functions, such as acting as an antioxidant. The location of CoQ in the membrane and the interaction with the phospholipid bilayer is still a subject of debate. The interaction of CoQ in the oxidized (ubiquinone-10) and reduced (ubiquinol-10) state with membrane model systems of 1,2-dielaidoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (Ela2Gro-P-Etn) has been studied by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance (31P-NMR) and small angle X-ray diffraction (SAXD). Ubiquinone-10 did not visibly affect the lamellar gel to lamellar liquid-crystalline phase transition of Ela2Gro-P-Etn, but it clearly perturbed the multicomponent lamellar liquid-crystalline to lamellar gel phase transition of the phospholipid. The perturbation of both transitions was more effective in the presence of ubiquinol-10. A location of CoQ forming head to head aggregates in the center of the Ela2Gro-P-Etn bilayer with the polar rings protruding toward the phospholipid acyl chains is suggested. The formation of such aggregates are compatible with the strong hexagonal HII phase promotion ability found for CoQ. This ability was evidenced by the shifting of the lamellar to hexagonal HII phase transition to lower temperatures and by the appearance of the characteristic hexagonal HII 31P-NMR resonance and SAXD pattern at temperatures at which the pure Ela2Gro-P-Etn is still organized in extended bilayer structures. The influence of CoQ on the thermotropic properties and phase behavior of Ela2Gro-P-Etn is discussed in relation to the role of CoQ in the membrane.

Modulation of polymorphic properties of dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine by the antineoplastic ether lipid 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-methyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine.

The capacity of the antineoplastic ether lipid 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-methyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine (ET-18-OCH3) to modulate the polymorphic properties of dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine has been studied using biophysical techniques. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that ET-18-OCH3 depresses the onset of the Lbeta to Lalpha phase transition, decreasing also DeltaH of the transition. At the same time, the onset of the transition from Lalpha to inverted hexagonal HII phase was gradually increased as the ether lipid concentration was increased, totally disappearing at concentrations higher than 5 mol%. Small-angle X-ray diffraction and 31P-NMR confirmed that ET-18-OCH3 induced that the appearance of the inverted hexagonal HII phase was shifted towards higher temperatures completely disappearing at concentrations higher than 5 mol%. These results were used to elaborate a partial phase diagram and they were discussed as a function of the molecular action of ET-18-OCH3.

Cholesterol levels in untreated Spanish hypertensive patients. The Compas Study Group, Spanish Hypertension Society.

In daily practice, arterial hypertension (AHT) and hypercholesterolaemia are frequently associated with the existence of multiple common etiopathogenic interrelationships. This situation leads to an exponential increase in cardiovascular risk for these patients, so it is essential to know the prevalence and therapeutic management of hypercholesterolaemia in the hypertensive patient. This national study analyses the distribution of total cholesterol levels and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol as well as hypercholesterolaemia prevalence and its therapeutic management in the uncontrolled hypertensive Spanish population. We observed mean total cholesterol levels of 227+/-41 mg/dl with a high prevalence of hypercholesterolaemia (34.2%) among hypertensive patients, and the percentage of those patients with "desirable" total cholesterol levels (<200 mg/dl) was <25%. The treated hypertensive patients presented both significantly higher mean cholesterol levels and greater hypercholesterolaemia prevalence than the untreated hypertensive patients. It appears that total cholesterol levels are scarcely related to the presence or non-presence of obesity, diabetes or smoking. Regarding treatment, only 14.6% of the hypercholesterolaemic hypertensive patients received hypolipaemic treatment with statins. These results support the need to introduce measures for better diagnostic and therapeutic management of hypercholesterolaemic hypertensive patients that will lead to a much higher reduction in cardiovascular risk for these patients.

The phase behavior of aqueous dispersions of unsaturated mixtures of diacylglycerols and phospholipids.

The phase behavior of mixtures of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerol (1,2-POG) with 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoserine (POPS) was studied by using DSC, small-angle X-ray diffraction and 31P-NMR. The results have been used to construct phase diagrams for both type of mixtures, in the 0-45 degreesC range. It is concluded that 1, 2-POG form complexes in the gel phases with both POPC and POPS. In the case of POPC, two complexes are postulated, the first one at a 1, 2-POG/POPC molar ratio of 40:60, and the second one at 70:30, defining three different regions in the phase diagram. Two eutectic points are proposed to occur: one at a very low 1,2-POG concentration and the other at a 1,2-POG concentration slightly lower than 70%. In the case of the 1,2-POG/POPS mixtures, the pattern was similar, but the first complex was seen to happen at a higher concentration, about 50 mol% of 1,2-POG, whereas the second was found at 80 mol% of 1,2-POG. This indicated a bigger presence of 1,2-POG in the complexes with POPS than with POPC. In the first region of the phase diagram, i.e. at concentrations of 1,2-POG lower than that required for the formation of the first complex, and at temperatures above the phase transition, lamellar phases were seen in all the cases. In region 2 of the phase diagram, i.e. at concentrations where the first and the second complexes coexist, a mixture of lamellar and non-lamellar phases was observed. Finally, at high concentrations of 1,2-POG, non-lamellar phases were detected as predominant, these phases being of an isotropic nature, according to 31P-NMR. An important conclusion of this study is that, using unsaturated lipids, similar to those found in biological membranes, it has been shown that diacylglycerols are found separated in domains, and that this process starts at very low concentrations of diacylglycerols. The formation of separated domains enriched in diacylglycerol is biologically relevant as it will allow them to have important effects on the membrane structure besides the fact that their concentration in the biomembrane is relatively low.

The interaction of abietic acid with phospholipid membranes.

Abietic acid is a major component of the oleoresin synthesized by many conifers and constitutes a major class of environmental toxic compounds with potential health hazard to animal, including human, and plant life. Being an amphipathic molecule, the study of the influence of abietic acid on the structure of membranes would be important to get insight into the mechanism of toxic action of the molecule. The interaction of abietic acid with model membranes of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DEPE) has been studied by differential scanning calorimetry and 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. It has been found that abietic acid greatly affects the phase transition of DPPC, shifting the transition temperature to lower values, giving rise to the appearance of two peaks in the thermogram and to the presence of fluid immiscible phases. In a similar way, the phase transition of DEPE, in the presence of abietic acid, was shifted to lower temperatures, and two peaks appeared in the thermograms. The temperature of the lamellar to hexagonal H(II) phase transition was also decreased by the presence of abietic acid, but phase immiscibilities were not detected. The possible implications of these effects on the action of abietic acid on biological membranes are discussed.

Use and adverse reactions of antihypertensive drugs in Spain. Part I of the RAAE Study.

A nationwide survey, consisting of personal interviews with a representative sample of 2800 physicians, pharmacists, nurses, and hypertensive patients, was conducted to evaluate the current therapeutic management of hypertension in Spain. The most widely used antihypertensive drugs were angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitors (36.8%), followed by calcium channel blockers (28.1%), diuretics (24.8%), beta-blockers (16.1%), alpha-blockers (5.2%), and alpha/beta-blockers (4.5%). Combination drug therapy was prescribed for about 40% of hypertensive patients. The characteristics most highly valued by the different groups when selecting an antihypertensive agent are presented, as are the antihypertensive drugs preferred for treating high blood pressure associated with various pathological conditions. More than a quarter of the hypertensive patients surveyed (27.6%) indicated that they experienced some side effects with their antihypertensive medication. This, together with the failure to adequately control blood pressure, was the main reason that physicians cited for switching therapy. Approximately three-quarters of the patient respondents reported good compliance with their antihypertensive regimen. Physicians, however, reported total compliance for only 6% of their patients. Factors contributing to noncompliance were analysed. The implications of these results for the treatment of hypertension in Spain are discussed.