Factores de riesgo asociados con embarazos no deseados en mujeres estudiantes de medicina.

INTRODUCTION: Most pregnancies in adolescents and young adults are unwanted and many are the consequence of inconsistent contraception use. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the risk factors that may influence on female adolescents with unwanted pregnancies. METHOD: Cross-sectional, descriptive study in Ecuadorian female medical students, where the 2013 National Sexual and Reproductive Health Survey, the family APGAR scale, and the Graffar-Méndez Castellanos socio-economic scale were used. RESULTS: There was statistically significant difference in the age of active sexual life initiation between those who became pregnant (18.11 ± 1.45) and those who did not (19.22 ± 2.28). Average age at pregnancy was 20.41 ± 2.18; 59.3 % of those who had a pregnancy and 32% of those without pregnancy did not use protection in their first intercourse. Pregnancy was more common in city residents (100%), Catholic females (85.2%), who belonged to middle-high (55.6%) and middle-high socioeconomic strata (29.6%) and to families with moderate dysfunction (40.7%). CONCLUSIONS: A significant percentage of adolescents in our study had an unwanted pregnancy at an early age despite being young undergraduate medical students, coming from moderately dysfunctional families and belonging to a middle-high socioeconomic status.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La mayoría de los embarazos en adolescentes y adultos jóvenes son involuntarios y muchos son consecuencia del uso inconsistente de los métodos anticonceptivos. OBJETIVO: Analizar los factores de riesgo que pueden influir en las adolescentes que presentan embarazos no deseados. MÉTODO: Estudio descriptivo transversal en estudiantes de medicina de Ecuador, para el cual se utilizó la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Sexual y Reproductiva 2013, escala APGAR familia y escala socioeconómica de Graffar-Méndez Castellanos. RESULTADOS: Existió diferencia estadísticamente significativa en la edad de inicio de la vida sexual activa (18.11 ± 1.45) de las estudiantes que se embarazaron en comparación con las que no se embarazaron (19.22 ± 2.28). La edad promedio al embarazo fue de 20.41 ± 2.18); no usaron protección en su primera relación sexual, 59.3 % de las que tuvieron embarazo y 32 % de las que no lo tuvieron. El embarazo fue más frecuente en las residentes de ciudades (100 %), católicas (85.2 %), pertenecientes a estrato socioeconómico medio alto (55.6 %) y a familias con disfunción moderada (40.7 %). CONCLUSIONES: Un porcentaje importante de estudiantes de medicina tuvo algún embarazo no deseado a temprana edad; la mayoría procedía de familias con disfunción moderada y de un nivel socioeconómico medio alto.

Factores de riesgo asociados con embarazos no deseados en mujeres estudiantes de medicina / Risk factors associated with unwanted pregnancies in female medical students

Resumen Introducción: La mayoría de los embarazos en adolescentes y adultos jóvenes son involuntarios y muchos son consecuencia del uso inconsistente de los métodos anticonceptivos. Objetivo: Analizar los factores de riesgo que pueden influir en las adolescentes que presentan embarazos no deseados. Método: Estudio descriptivo transversal en estudiantes de medicina de Ecuador, para el cual se utilizó la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Sexual y Reproductiva 2013, escala APGAR familia y escala socioeconómica de Graffar-Méndez Castellanos. Resultados: Existió diferencia estadísticamente significativa en la edad de inicio de la vida sexual activa (18.11 ± 1.45) de las estudiantes que se embarazaron en comparación con las que no se embarazaron (19.22 ± 2.28). La edad promedio al embarazo fue de 20.41 ± 2.18); no usaron protección en su primera relación sexual, 59.3 % de las que tuvieron embarazo y 32 % de las que no lo tuvieron. El embarazo fue más frecuente en las residentes de ciudades (100 %), católicas (85.2 %), pertenecientes a estrato socioeconómico medio alto (55.6 %) y a familias con disfunción moderada (40.7 %). Conclusiones: Un porcentaje importante de estudiantes de medicina tuvo algún embarazo no deseado a temprana edad; la mayoría procedía de familias con disfunción moderada y de un nivel socioeconómico medio alto.

Abstract Introduction: Most pregnancies in adolescents and young adults are unwanted and many are the consequence of inconsistent contraception use. Objective: To analyze the risk factors that may influence on female adolescents with unwanted pregnancies. Method: Cross-sectional, descriptive study in Ecuadorian female medical students, where the 2013 National Sexual and Reproductive Health Survey, the family APGAR scale, and the Graffar-Méndez Castellanos socio-economic scale were used. Results: There was statistically significant difference in the age of active sexual life initiation between those who became pregnant (18.11 ± 1.45) and those who did not (19.22 ± 2.28). Average age at pregnancy was 20.41 ± 2.18; 59.3 % of those who had a pregnancy and 32% of those without pregnancy did not use protection in their first intercourse. Pregnancy was more common in city residents (100%), Catholic females (85.2%), who belonged to middle-high (55.6%) and middle-high socioeconomic strata (29.6%) and to families with moderate dysfunction (40.7%). Conclusions: A significant percentage of adolescents in our study had an unwanted pregnancy at an early age despite being young undergraduate medical students, coming from moderately dysfunctional families and belonging to a middle-high socioeconomic status.

Characterization, conservation and loss of dignity at the end-of- life in the emergency department. A qualitative protocol.

AIMS: To explore and understand the experiences of terminally ill patients and their relatives regarding dignity during end-of-life care in the emergency department. BACKGROUND: The respect given to the concept of dignity is significantly modifying the clinical relationship and the care framework involving the end-of-life patient in palliative care units, critical care units, hospices and their own homes. This situation is applicable to in-hospital emergency departments, where there is a lack of research which takes the experiences of end-of-life patients and their relatives into account. DESIGN: A phenomenological qualitative study. METHODS: The protocol was approved in December 2016 and will be carried out from December 2016-December 2020. The Gadamer's philosophical underpinnings will be used in the design and development of the study. The data collection will include participant observation techniques in the emergency department, in-depth interviews with terminally ill patients and focus groups with their relatives. For the data analysis, the field notes and verbatim transcriptions will be read and codified using ATLAS.ti software to search for emerging themes. DISCUSSION: Emerging themes that contribute to comprehending the phenomenon of dignity in end-of-life care in the emergency department are expected to be found. This study's results could have important implications in the implementation of new interventions in emergency departments. These interventions would be focused on improving: the social acceptance of death, environmental conditions, promotion of autonomy and accompaniment and assumption (takeover) of dignified actions and attitudes (respect for human rights).

Fundamental care and knowledge interests: Implications for nursing science.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To characterise the intratheoretical interests of knowledge in nursing science as an epistemological framework for fundamental care. BACKGROUND: For Jürgen Habermas, theory does not separate knowledge interests from life. All knowledge, understanding and human research is always interested. Habermas formulated the knowledge interests in empirical-analytical, historical-hermeneutic and critical social sciences; but said nothing about health sciences and nursing science. DESIGN: Discursive paper. RESULTS: The article is organised into five sections that develop our argument about the implications of the Habermasian intratheoretical interests in nursing science and fundamental care: the persistence of a technical interest, the predominance of a practical interest, the importance of an emancipatory interest, "being there" to understand individuals' experience and an "existential crisis" that uncovers the individual's subjectivity. CONCLUSIONS: The nursing discipline can take on practical and emancipatory interests (together with a technical interest) as its fundamental knowledge interests. Nurses' privileged position in the delivery of fundamental care gives them the opportunity to gain a deep understanding of the patient's experience and illness process through physical contact and empathic communication. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE AND NURSING RESEARCH: In clinical, academic and research environments, nurses should highlight the importance of fundamental care, showcasing the value of practical and emancipatory knowledge. This process could help to improve nursing science's leadership, social visibility and idiosyncrasy.

Habermasian knowledge interests: epistemological implications for health sciences.

The Habermasian concept of 'interest' has had a profound effect on the characterization of scientific disciplines. Going beyond issues unrelated to the theory itself, intra-theoretical interest characterizes the specific ways of approaching any science-related discipline, defining research topics and methodologies. This approach was developed by Jürgen Habermas in relation to empirical-analytical sciences, historical-hermeneutics sciences, and critical sciences; however, he did not make any specific references to health sciences. This article aims to contribute to shaping a general epistemological framework for health sciences, as well as its specific implications for the medical and nursing areas, via an analysis of the basic knowledge interests developed by Habermas.