ABSTRACT
Introducción. Se ha contemplado la idea de que el esqueleto humano posee cierto número de huesos, asignando siempre la misma cantidad de 206 estructuras; en este conteo no se tienen en cuenta sus clasificaciones, las sinostosis ni si se presentan o no variaciones anatómicas. Objetivos. Proponer un nuevo conteo de los huesos del esqueleto humano a partir de la clasificación habitual y renovar la terminología ósea tradicional. Materiales y métodos. Se estudiaron textos de Anatomía empleados en la enseñanza y aprendizaje de las ciencias para la salud, se exploró en diferentes bases de datos enfocadas en el campo de la medicina y, fundamentalmente, se adoptó la terminología apropiada del texto Terminologia Anatomica: International Anatomical Terminology del Comité Internacional Federativo de Terminología Anatómica. Resultados. Se expone la clasificación tradicional del esqueleto humano en axial y apendicular contando cada uno de sus componentes. Conclusión. Se obtiene un nuevo conteo óseo donde se desagrupan el esternón en manubrio, cuerpo y proceso xifoides; en el sacro y el cóccix se cuentan sus vértebras independientes y el coxal se desagrupa contándose independientemente el ilion, el isquion y el pubis. No se tienen en cuenta huesos sesamoideos ni intersuturales.
Background. It has been stated that the human skeleton has a number of bones by always assigning the amount of 206 structures; somehow, this count does not consider their classifications, synostosis and whether anatomical variations are presented or not. Objective. To propose a new count of the human skeleton bones from the usual classification and to renew traditional bone terminology. Material and methods. Anatomy texts specialized in the teaching and learning of Health Sciences were studied. Different databases focused on Medicine were explored and the appropriate vocabulary from the Terminologia Anatomica, published by the Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology (FCAT) was adopted. Results. Traditional classification of the human skeleton in Axial and Appendicular counting each of their components is exposed in this work. Discussion. From the results of this study, a new bone counting is obtained, where the sternum manubrium, body and the xiphoid process are separated, while in the the sacrum and the coccyx their vertebrae are independently counted and the coxal is divided, adding theilium, ischium and pubis to count. This count does not take into account sesamoid and intersuturals bones.
ABSTRACT
The effect of the inoculation of a microalgae-bacteria system on the removal of nutrients and organic matter using municipal, piggery and digestate wastewaters was evaluated. Three conditions for each substrate were evaluated: (1) inoculation with activated sludge and illumination, (2) inoculation with activated sludge without illumination, and (3) inoculation with activated sludge plus a native microalgae consortium under illumination. The illuminated reactors that were inoculated only with activated sludge developed microalgae after 12 operation days. In these reactors, the formation of flocs was observed affecting the sedimentation of the biomass positively. The removal of chemical oxygen demand, ammonium and phosphorous reached 84%, 65% and 77%, respectively.
