Zearalenone adsorption capacity of lactic acid bacteria isolated from pigs

ABSTRACT The ability to adsorb zearalenone by five strain of lactic acid bacteria was evaluated: four strains of Lactobacillus spp. isolated from pig rectal swabs and one commercial strain (Lactobacillus rhamnosus). Several factors affecting the adsorption capacity were evaluated in order to improve the adsorption of the mycotoxin by bacteria. The stability of the zearalenone-bacteria complex was analyzed. In every case, bacterial adsorption capacity was higher than 40.0%. The strain showing the highest adsorption (68.2%) was selected for the following steps of this research. The adsorption percentages obtained after processing 6.5 and 7.5 mL MRS broth were 57.40% + 3.53 and 64.46% + 0.76, respectively. The stability of zearalenone-bacteria complex was evaluated by successively rinsing. In the first rinsing step 42.26% + 0.414 was still bound. In the second rinsing step 25.12% + 0.664 was still bound, whereas 15.82% + 0.675 remained in the pellet after the third rinse. Results obtained demonstrated that Lactic Acid Bacteria has capacity to adsorb zearalenone. Finally adsorption was increased using a higher volume of initial broth. These results could be used to design a new lyophilized powder for detoxification, using lactic acid bacteria as potential zearalenone adsorbents.

Zearalenone adsorption capacity of lactic acid bacteria isolated from pigs.

The ability to adsorb zearalenone by five strain of lactic acid bacteria was evaluated: four strains of Lactobacillus spp. isolated from pig rectal swabs and one commercial strain (Lactobacillus rhamnosus). Several factors affecting the adsorption capacity were evaluated in order to improve the adsorption of the mycotoxin by bacteria. The stability of the zearalenone-bacteria complex was analyzed. In every case, bacterial adsorption capacity was higher than 40.0%. The strain showing the highest adsorption (68.2%) was selected for the following steps of this research. The adsorption percentages obtained after processing 6.5 and 7.5mL MRS broth were 57.40%+3.53 and 64.46%+0.76, respectively. The stability of zearalenone-bacteria complex was evaluated by successively rinsing. In the first rinsing step 42.26%+0.414 was still bound. In the second rinsing step 25.12%+0.664 was still bound, whereas 15.82%+0.675 remained in the pellet after the third rinse. Results obtained demonstrated that Lactic Acid Bacteria has capacity to adsorb zearalenone. Finally adsorption was increased using a higher volume of initial broth. These results could be used to design a new lyophilized powder for detoxification, using lactic acid bacteria as potential zearalenone adsorbents.

Effect of the combination of crude extracts of Penicillium griseofulvum and Fusarium graminearum containing patulin and zearalenone on rumen microbial fermentation and on their metabolism in continuous culture fermenters.

Six single-flow continuous cultures were used to study the effects of the mycotoxins patulin (PAT) and zearalenone (ZEN) alone or in combination on rumen microbial fermentation. In each of the four 7-d periods, the fermenters were supplemented in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement with two levels of PAT (0 and 20 mg/l) and three levels of ZEN (0, 5 and 10 mg/l). The treatments did not affect the apparent and true digestibility of organic matter. PAT alone decreased the digestibility of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) (p < 0.01), but in the presence of 5 or 10 mg/l of ZEN, there were no effects of PAT. In contrast, the digestibility of NDF and ADF was decreased at 10 mg/l of ZEN in the absence of PAT (p < 0.05). The pH of the fermenters increased after 2 and 3 d of PAT treatment (p < 0.01). PAT decreased the concentration of total volatile acids (VFA), the molar proportion of acetate and the acetate:proportionate ratio (p < 0.01). The molar concentrations of other VFA were unchanged. Ammonia N (NH3-N) flow increased (p < 0.05) and there was a tendency to a higher NH3-N concentration (p < 0.1) in fermenters with PAT. Total N, non-ammonia N and bacterial N as well as efficiency of microbial protein synthesis and efficiency of N utilisation were not affected by treatments. PAT was nearly completely degraded during incubation. The mean recovery of ZEN, α-zearalenol and ß-zearalenol expressed as a proportion of administered ZEN was less than 50% in effluents from fermenters receiving only ZEN and ZEN plus PAT, respectively. With exception of fibre digestion, the co-administration of PAT and ZEN did not elicit interaction effects on most measured parameters of rumen metabolism.

Factores de riesgo para enfermedad cardiovascular en aspirantes a una empresa de obras civiles en Yopal - Casanare, 2010 / Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in applicants to a civil works company in Yopal-Casanare, 2010

Introducción: en Colombia, según estadísticas recientes, las enfermedades cardiovasculares representan la segunda causa de mortalidad. En tal sentido, para Casanare, en 2009, la mortalidad fue de 54,3%. Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular y establecer el riesgo coronario a diez años, en aspirantes a ingresar a una empresa de obras civiles atendidos por salud ocupacional/laboral en una Institución Prestadora de Servicios de Salud en Yopal-Casanare, durante 2010. Métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal a partir del total de historias clínicas de personal masculino con exámenes de laboratorio. Análisis con Epi-Info-3.3.2® y SPSS-15.0® mediante medidas de frecuencia-dispersión-tendencia central, asociación: Χ2, razón de verosimilitudes, odds ratio (OR) y riesgo coronario según tabla de Framingham. Resultados: se revisaron 142 historias clínicas, con edad promedio de 34,7 (rango= 19-66) años; factores de riesgo cardiovascular 98,6%, sobrepeso/obesidad 48,6%, hipercolesterolemia 43,7%, hipertrigliceridemia 57,0%, colesterol-HDL 17,6%, hiperglucemia 7,0%, dislipidemia 28,9%, hipertensión 8,5%. Prevalencia de hábito de fumar 9,9%, consumo de alcohol 31,7%, sedentarismo 81,7%. Antecedentes familiares: hipertensión 7,7%, diabetes 5,6%, enfermedad coronaria 1,4%. Relación entre fumar/hipercolesterolemia-OR=3,77 (IC 95%=1,01-15,22), actividad-física/colesterol-HDL-OR=0,3 (IC 95%=0,1-0,88), fumar/riesgo-cardiovascular-OR=34,64 (IC 95%=2,79-947,4). Estimación según Framingham, bajo riesgo coronario <1 5%= 97,2%. Conclusiones: pocos individuos manifestaron no fumar, consumir alcohol y practicar actividad física lo cual podría representar el "efecto de trabajador sano". Se evidenció bajo riesgo coronario, fuerte relación entre fumar/hipercolesterolemia así como en protección de la actividad física versus niveles de riesgo en el colesterol-HDL. Recomendaciones: fortalecer acciones de información-educación-comunicación para prevenir factores de riesgo cardiovascular, generar programas laborales en estilos de vida saludables y realizar estudios de cohorte para hacer más exacto el pronóstico de riesgo del evento a diez años en el país.

Introduction: according to recent statistics, in Colombia cardiovascular diseases represent the second cause of mortality. In Casanare, mortality in 2009 due to cardiovascular disease was 54.3%. Objective: to determine the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and establish coronary risk at ten years in applicants aspiring to join a civil works company cared by an occupational health service institution in Yopal (Casanare) in 2010 . Methods: cross-sectional study from medical records of male personnel with laboratory tests. Analysis with Epi-Info-3.3.2-15.0® and SPSS® by measures of frequency, central trend and dispersion. Bivariate analysis was checked by Χ2, likelihood ratio, odds ratio (OR) and 10-year coronary risk according to Framingham table. Results: we reviewed 142 medical records; mean age was 34.7 years (range 19-66). 98.6% had cardiovascular risk factors, 48.6% presented overweight / obesity, 43.7% had hypercholesterolemia, 57.0% hypertriglyceridemia ,17.6% HDL cholesterol, 7.0% hyperglycemia, 28.9% dyslipidemia, and 8.5% hypertension. Smoking prevalence was 9.9%, alcohol consumption 31.7%, and 81.7% had a sedentary life. Family history: hypertension 7.7%, 5.6% diabetes, coronary heart disease 1.4%. Relationship between smoking / hypercholesterolemia, OR = 3.77 (95% CI = 1.01-15.22), physical activity/HDL cholesterol OR = 0.3 (95% CI = 0.1-0.88 ), smoking / cardiovascular risk OR = 34.64 (95% CI = 2.79-947.4). Estimate according to Framingham, low coronary risk <1 5% = 97.2%. Conclusions: few individuals reported not smoking, drinking alcohol and doing physical activity, which could present the "healthy worker effect". Low coronary risk was revealed, as well as strong relationship between smoking / hypercholesterolemia and protection of the physical activity versus HDL cholesterol risk levels.

Mycobiota and mycotoxins in fermented feed, wheat grains and corn grains in Southeastern Buenos Aires Province, Argentina

El trigo (como afrechillo) y el maíz (como grano seco o alimento fermentado) son ingredientes empleados como alimento para el ganado bovino y porcino en la zona sur de la provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina). Determinar la micobiota y las micotoxinas presentes en estos alimentos es de suma importancia para establecer técnicas de control de los mismos, optimizar la producción animal y minimizar su toxicidad. Por ende, en el sudeste de la provincia de Buenos Aires se llevó a cabo un estudio para identificar la micobiota y las principales micotoxinas presentes en dichos tipos de alimento. Las muestras fueron sembradas para realizar el recuento, el aislamiento y la identificación de los principales géneros de hongos presentes, y analizadas para detectar las micotoxinas de mayor importancia toxicológica: desoxinivalenol (DON), zearalenona (ZEA), toxina T-2 y aflatoxinas (AFLA). Penicillium (74%), Aspergillus (32%) y Scopulariopsis (21%) fueron los géneros más frecuentes en alimentos fermentados. En muestras de maíz, los géneros más relevantes fueron Penicillium (70%), Fusarium (47%) y Aspergillus (34%), mientras que Penicillium (42%), Fusarium (27%) y Alternaria (25%) fueron los más aislados en el caso del afrechillo de trigo. DON fue detectado en el 59% de las muestras de maíz, en el 45% de las muestras de trigo y en el 38% de las muestras de alimento fermentado. ZEA fue detectada en un 36% de las muestras de maíz, en un 49% de las muestras de trigo y en un 16% de las muestras de alimento fermentado. Las toxinas T-2 y aflatoxina B1 fueron detectadas en un 4% de las muestras de maíz. El 18% de las muestras de alimentos fermentados mostraron contaminación con T-2. Las muestras de alimentos fermentados y de trigo fueron negativas para AFLA(AU)

Wheat (as bran) and corn (as dry grain or fermented feed) are main ingredients of feedstuffs used in local cattle and pig farms in the South of the Buenos Aires Province (Argentina). Therefore, determining mycobiota and mycotoxins in wheat and corn is of prime importance for developing feed management techniques to optimise animal production and to minimize toxicity. Then, a mycological survey was carried out in the Southeastern part of the Buenos Aires Province, in order to identify the mycobiota and the main mycotoxins present in fermented feed, wheat grain and corn grain samples. Samples were cultured for fungal quantification, isolation and identification, and analysed for deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA), T-2 toxin and aflatoxins (AFLA). Penicillium (74%), Aspergillus (32%) and Scopulariopsis (21%) were the prevalent genera in fermented feed. Penicillium (70%), Fusarium (47%) and Aspergillus (34%) were the most frequent fungi isolated from corn. Penicillium (42%), Fusarium (27%) and Alternaria (25%) were the most frequently recovered genera from wheat. DON was detected in 59% of the corn samples, in 45% of the wheat samples and in 38% of the silage samples. ZEA was detected in 36% of the corn samples, in 49% of the wheat samples and in 16% of the silage samples. T-2 toxin and aflatoxin B1 were each detected in 4% of the corn samples. Eighteen percent of the fermented feed samples showed T-2 contamination. Fermented feed and wheat samples were negative for AFLA(AU)

Mycobiota and mycotoxins in fermented feed, wheat grains and corn grains in Southeastern Buenos Aires Province, Argentina.

Wheat (as bran) and corn (as dry grain or fermented feed) are main ingredients of feedstuffs used in local cattle and pig farms in the South of the Buenos Aires Province (Argentina). Therefore, determining mycobiota and mycotoxins in wheat and corn is of prime importance for developing feed management techniques to optimise animal production and to minimize toxicity. Then, a mycological survey was carried out in the Southeastern part of the Buenos Aires Province, in order to identify the mycobiota and the main mycotoxins present in fermented feed, wheat grain and corn grain samples. Samples were cultured for fungal quantification, isolation and identification, and analysed for deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA), T-2 toxin and aflatoxins (AFLA). Penicillium (74%), Aspergillus (32%) and Scopulariopsis (21%) were the prevalent genera in fermented feed. Penicillium (70%), Fusarium (47%) and Aspergillus (34%) were the most frequent fungi isolated from corn. Penicillium (42%), Fusarium (27%) and Alternaria (25%) were the most frequently recovered genera from wheat. DON was detected in 59% of the corn samples, in 45% of the wheat samples and in 38% of the silage samples. ZEA was detected in 36% of the corn samples, in 49% of the wheat samples and in 16% of the silage samples. T-2 toxin and aflatoxin B1 were each detected in 4% of the corn samples. Eighteen percent of the fermented feed samples showed T-2 contamination. Fermented feed and wheat samples were negative for AFLA.