Comparação da atividade eletromiográfica de músculos do core no exercício prancha ventral com bosu / Comparación de la actividad eletromiográfica de músculos del core en el ejercicio de plancha ventral con bosu / Comparison of electromyographic activity of core muscles in the bridge exercise with bosu

OBJETIVO: Analisar e comparar a atividade eletromiográfica (domínio temporal e espectral) dos músculos reto do abdome, oblíquo externo do abdome, oblíquo interno do abdome, eretor da espinha e multífido no exercício prancha ventral em superfície instável: bosu normal e invertido, durante 45 segundos de contração isométrica. MÉTODO: Quinze voluntários, adultos jovens, saudáveis e fisicamente ativos (21.73 ± 1.31 anos, estatura 177.10 ± 3.90 cm; 74.27 ± 5.38 kg, e 10.97 ± 1.60 % gordura corporal), sem histórico de lombalgia. O sinal eletromiográfica foi analisado no domínio temporal e espectral em três etapas distintas em cada exercício: Início (ETAPA A: 5 a 10 segundos), meio (ETAPA B: 20 a 25 segundos) e fim (ETAPA C: 40 a 45 segundos) e normalizado pela contração isométrica voluntária máxima. Utilizou eletrodos de superfície diferenciais simples com ganho de 20 vezes. No tratamento estatístico foi aplicado teste ANOVA two-way, com post hoc de Sidak (p < 0.05). RESULTADOS: Foi demonstrada similaridade na atividade eletromiográfica no domínio temporal de todos os músculos comparando bosu normal e invertido. Além disso, os resultados exibiram aumento da atividade eletromiográfica e redução da frequência mediana (slope negativo) durante as diferentes etapas em ambos os exercícios. CONCLUSÃO: Devido à similaridade de atividade eletromiográfica, a escolha da utilização da bosu normal ou invertido não se difere para indivíduos treinados, entretanto, a escolha do tempo de 45 segundos é uma estratégia interessante para aumentar a atividade eletromiográfica dos músculos do core e trabalhar a resistência à fadiga muscular, fatores imprescindíveis para prevenção de lombalgia

OBJETIVO: El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la relación entre la actividad electromiográfica de los músculos Reto del Abdomen, Oblicuo Externo, Oblicuo Interno, Eretor de la Espina y Multífido en el ejercicio tabla ventral en superficie inestable: bosu normal e invertido, durante 45 segundos de contracción isométrica. MÉTODO: Quince voluntarios, adultos jóvenes, sanos y físicamente activos (21.73 + 1.31 años, estatura 177.10 + 3.90 cm, 74.27 + 5.38 kg, y 10.97 + 1.60% Grasa Corporal), sin antecedentes de lumbalgia. La señal electromiográfica se analizó, en el dominio temporal y espectral, en tres etapas distintas en cada ejercicio: inicio (ETAPA A: 5 y 10 segundos), medio (ETAPA B: 20 y 25 segundos) y fin (ETAPA C: 40 y 45 segundos). Se utilizaron electrodos de superficie diferenciales simples con una ganancia de 20 veces, y la señal fue analizada en el dominio temporal y normalizada por la máxima contracción isométrica voluntaria. En el tratamiento estadístico se aplicó la prueba de Shapiro Wilk y ANOVA bidireccional, con post hoc de Sidak (p <0.05) para la señal electromiográfica de cada músculo. RESULTADOS: Hubo diferencias significativas entre las fases para todos los músculos, con énfasis en el recto del abdomen y oblicuo externo en las fases B y C e interacción significativa entre el ejercicio y la fase para todos los músculos. El bosu normal e invertido demostraron semejanza en la actividad electromiográfica para todos los músculos, pero en etapas diferentes (C y B / C, respectivamente). CONCLUSIÓN: Debido a la semejanza de actividad electromiográfica, la elección de la utilización de bosu normal e invertido es similar para individuos entrenados, sin embargo, la elección del tiempo de 45 segundos es una estrategia interesante para aumentar la actividad electrromiográfica de los músculos del core y trabajar la resistencia a la fatiga muscular, factores imprescindibles para la prevención de la lumbalgia

OBJECTIVE: To analyze and compare the electromyographic activity of the rectus abdominus, external oblique, internal oblique, erector spinae and multífido muscles in the bridge exercise with an unstable surface: normal and inverted bosu, for 45 seconds of isometric contraction. METHOD: Fifteen volunteers, young, healthy and physically active adults (21.73 ± 1.31 years, height 177.10 ± 3.90 cm, 74.27 ± 5.38 kg, and 10.97 ± 1.60% Body Fat), with no history of low back pain. The electromyographic signal was analyzed in three different steps in each exercise: start (STAGE A: 5 and 10 seconds), middle (STAGE B: 20 and 25 seconds) and end (STAGE C: 40 and 45 seconds). Simple differential surface electrodes with 20-fold gain were used and the signal was analyzed in the temporal domain and normalized by the maximum voluntary isometric contraction. In the statistical treatment, the Shapiro Wilk test and two-way ANOVA, with Sidak post hoc test (p <0.05) were applied to the electromyographic signal of each muscle. RESULTS: There were significant differences between phases for all muscles, with emphasis on rectus abdominus and external oblique in phases B and C and a significant interaction between exercise and phase for all muscles. normal and inverted bosu demonstrated similarity in electromyographic activity for all muscles, but at different stages (C and B / C, respectively). CONCLUSION: Due to the similarity of electromyographic activity, the choice of using normal or inverted bosu does not differ for trained individuals, however, choosing a 45-second time is an interesting strategy to increase the electromyographic activity of core muscles and to work resistance to muscle fatigue, essential factors for the prevention of low back pain

Analysis of co-contraction of the trunk muscles in the side bridge stabilization exercise w ith different unstable surfaces / Análise da cocontração dos músculos do tronco no exercício de estabilização prancha lateral com diferentes superfícies instáveis

The muscle co-contraction is a phenomenon characterized by the simultaneous contraction of two or more muscles around a joint. The objective of this study was to compare the antagonist co-contraction of the local and global trunk muscles during side bridge exercise, in four situations: (a) stable; (b) instability in the upper limbs with bosu; (c) instability in the upper limbs with disc and (d) double instability. The sample consisted of 20 male volunteers and data collection was performed with simple differential surface electrodes. The electromyographic activity was collected from the Rectus Abdominis (RA), Internal Oblique Abdominis (IO), Multifidus (MF) and Erector Spinae (ES). Were utilized specific routines developed in the Matlab program (Mathworks Natick, USA) to calculate the percentage of antagonist co-contraction between local (IO/MF) and global muscles (RA/ES). The collected data were submitted to parametric statistical analysis (repeated measures ANOVA) or non-parametric (Friedman). The results demonstrated that no significant differences were observed in the pattern of global and local co-contraction in the different side bridge exercises with and without unstable surface. It is concluded that the use of unstable surface in the side bridge stabilization exercise does not increase the level of co-contraction of the trunk flexor and extensor muscles compared to normal stability. However, future studies should use a longer time ofisometric contraction in trunk stabilization exercises to optimize the understanding of the effects of different unstable equipment on global and local levels of co-contraction of the trunk muscles

A cocontração muscular é um fenômeno caracterizado pela contração simultânea de dois ou mais músculos em torno de uma articulação. Objetivou-se comparar a cocontração antagonista da musculatura local e global do tronco durante o exercício prancha lateral, em quatro situações: (a) estável; (b) instabilidade no membro superior com bosu; (c) instabilidade no membro superior com disco e (d) instabilidade dupla. A amostra foi composta por 20 voluntários do gênero masculino e a coleta de dados foi realizada com eletrodos de superfície diferenciais simples. A atividade eletromiográfica foi coletada dos músculos Reto do Abdome (RA), Oblíquo Interno do Abdome (OI), Multifido (MU) e Eretor da Espinha (EE). Foram utilizadasrotinas específicas desenvolvidas no programa Matlab (Mathworks Natick, EUA) para calcular a porcentagem de cocontração antagonista entre os músculos locais (OI / MU) e globais (RA / ES). Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise estatística paramétrica (ANOVA medidas repetidas) ou não paramétrica (Friedman). Os resultados demonstraram que não foram observadas diferenças significativas no padrão de cocontração global e local nos distintos exercícios de prancha lateral com e sem superfície instável. Conclui-se que a utilização de superfície instável no exercício de estabilização de prancha lateral não aumenta o nível de cocontração dos músculos flexores e extensores do tronco em comparação a estabilidade normal. Todavia, futuros estudosdevem utilizar um tempo maior de contração isométrica nos exercícios de estabilização do tronco para otimizar a compreensão dos efeitos dos diferentes equipamentos instáveis sobre os níveis de cocontração global e local dos músculos do tronco.

Physical exercise, IGF-1 and cognition A systematic review of experimental studies in the elderly.

One of hypothetical mechanisms related to cognition is exercise-induced IGF-1. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of exercise on IGF-1 levels and cognition in the elderly. METHODS: The article searches were conducted on Pubmed, Web of Science, PsycINFO and Scielo databases and reviewed according to PRISMA guidelines. The inclusion criteria were: [1] original articles published up to 2017; [2] samples including elderly; [3] protocols including physical exercise; [4] longitudinal studies having exercise as main outcome; [5] assessment of IGF-1; [6] cognition assessment. RESULTS: Seven studies were included in this review. Three of the studies showed an exercise-induced increase in IGF-1; three found stable IGF-1 levels and one found a reduction in IGF-1; with and without improvement in cognition. CONCLUSION: Disparities in the type of physical exercise, protocols and samples under different conditions hinder the establishment of a consensus on IGF-1, cognition and physical exercise.

Um dos mecanismos hipotéticos relacionados a cognição é o IGF-1 induzido pelo exercício. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os efeitos do exercício físico nos níveis de IGF-1 e na cognição de idosos. MÉTODOS: A busca de artigos foi conduzida nas bases de dados Pubmed, Web of Science, PsycINFO e Scielo, revisada de acordo com as recomendações do PRISMA. O critério de inclusão adotado foi: [1] artigos originais publicados até 2017; [2] amostras incluindo idosos; [3] protocolos que incluíssem exercício físico; [4] ensaios randomizados, não randomizados, controlados e não controlados; [5] avaliação dos níveis de IGF-1; [6] avaliação cognitive. RESULTADOS: Sete estudos foram incluídos nesta revisão. Três deles mostraram aumento de IGF-1 por meio do exercício; três verificaram manutenção nos níveis de IGF-1 e um, verificou redução de IGF-1; com e sem melhora cognitive. CONCLUSÃO: Diferenças nos tipos de exercício, protocolos, amostras em diferentes condições dificultam o estabelecimento de um consenso em relação ao IGF-1, cognição e exercício físico.

Physical exercise, IGF-1 and cognition: a systematic review of experimental studies in the elderly / Exercício físico, IGF11 e cognição: uma revisão sistemática de estudos experimentais em idosos

ABSTRACT One of hypothetical mechanisms related to cognition is exercise-induced IGF-1. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of exercise on IGF-1 levels and cognition in the elderly. Methods: The article searches were conducted on Pubmed, Web of Science, PsycINFO and Scielo databases and reviewed according to PRISMA guidelines. The inclusion criteria were: [1] original articles published up to 2017; [2] samples including elderly; [3] protocols including physical exercise; [4] longitudinal studies having exercise as main outcome; [5] assessment of IGF-1; [6] cognition assessment. Results: Seven studies were included in this review. Three of the studies showed an exercise-induced increase in IGF-1; three found stable IGF-1 levels and one found a reduction in IGF-1; with and without improvement in cognition. Conclusion: Disparities in the type of physical exercise, protocols and samples under different conditions hinder the establishment of a consensus on IGF-1, cognition and physical exercise.

RESUMO. Um dos mecanismos hipotéticos relacionados a cognição é o IGF-1 induzido pelo exercício. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os efeitos do exercício físico nos níveis de IGF-1 e na cognição de idosos. Métodos: A busca de artigos foi conduzida nas bases de dados Pubmed, Web of Science, PsycINFO e Scielo, revisada de acordo com as recomendações do PRISMA. O critério de inclusão adotado foi: [1] artigos originais publicados até 2017; [2] amostras incluindo idosos; [3] protocolos que incluíssem exercício físico; [4] ensaios randomizados, não randomizados, controlados e não controlados; [5] avaliação dos níveis de IGF-1; [6] avaliação cognitive. Resultados: Sete estudos foram incluídos nesta revisão. Três deles mostraram aumento de IGF-1 por meio do exercício; três verificaram manutenção nos níveis de IGF-1 e um, verificou redução de IGF-1; com e sem melhora cognitive. Conclusão: Diferenças nos tipos de exercício, protocolos, amostras em diferentes condições dificultam o estabelecimento de um consenso em relação ao IGF-1, cognição e exercício físico.

Eletromyography of abdominal muscles in different physical exercises: An update protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The abdominal muscles are extremely important because they are directly involved in the functions of support, containment of viscera, and help in the process of expiration, defecation, urination, vomiting, and also at the time of childbirth. Many exercises and equipment are used to strengthen the abdominal muscles, and the workouts are proposed for a variety of purposes, such as preventing and rehabilitating low back pain, improving sports performance, achieving aesthetic standards, among others. Exercises that potentiate the electromyographic activity promote a greater recruitment of muscle fibers and are more effective to improve or maintain of the force. The electromyographic activity analysis allows us to reflect on the quality of the exercises proposed, consequently, to choose and order the exercises properly in a training session. METHODS: Our systematic review protocol will developed following the reporting items for the systematic review. To identify relevant studies, we sought articles on the following bases: MEDLINE, PubMed, Europubmed, SciELO, Physiotherapy Evidences Data Base (PEDro), Cochrane, and Google Scholar. The methodological quality of the studies included in the review will evaluated using a checklist and quality assessment. For intervention studies, risk of bias will estimated using the Cochrane Collaboration tool. RESULTS: The results of this study will show the electromyographic activation of the abdomen in the different types of exercises. CONCLUSION: Ethics approval was not required for this study because it was based on published studies. The results and findings of this study will be submitted and published in a scientific peer-reviewed journal. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42018086172.

Effects of combined and resistance training on the inflammatory profile in breast cancer survivors: A systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: The present systematic review aimed to verify the effect of resistance and combined training on the inflammatory profile of breast cancer survivors. DESIGN: The searches were made on the platforms PsycINFO, PubMed, Cochrane, Science Direct and Scopus, from 1996 to 2017, using the keywords: cancer survivors, cancer treatment, cancer patients, breast cancer, inflammation, inflammatory profile, immune function, resistance training, strength training, weight training, physical activity, concurrent training and combined training. References of selected articles were also considered. Seven studies fulfilled the criteria adopted for analysis. RESULTS: None of these studies have shown reduced inflammatory markers in breast cancer survivors undergoing combined or isolated resistance training. CONCLUSIONS: It is not yet possible to conclude which resistance and/or combination training protocol is capable of improving the short-term inflammatory profile in this population. Future studies should seek to establish how structural training variables (intensity, volume, density, intra- and inter-series recovery, among others) act on anti-inflammatory processes in breast cancer survivors.

Physical exercise and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in elderly: A systematic review.

UNLABELLED: The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review of studies that verified the effects of physical exercise on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in elderly. METHODOLOGY: The bibliographic search was conducted in five database, from 1990 to 2013, with the following keywords and boolean operators: physical exercise OR physical exercise OR physical therapy OR exercise OR training AND VEGF OR vascular endothelial growth factor AND aged OR older OR elderly. The inclusion criteria were: (1) sample including elderly with average age of 60; (2) studies that verified the effects of acute exercise; (3) studies that verified the effects of chronic physical exercise; (4) studies with humans; (5) randomized controlled trials, randomized non-controlled trials, non-randomized controlled trials, non-randomized and non-controlled trials; (6) assessment of VEGF peripheral concentrations. RESULTS: Ten studies were selected, and that four of them verified an increase of VEGF concentrations after practicing physical exercise and six studies did not verify any change on VEGF concentrations. CONCLUSION: Different populations found in this study and the different exercise protocols applied in the studies of this review make it difficult to establish parameters of what would be the best type of exercise to promote an increase on the concentrations of VEGF in the elderly. Therefore, we suggest that further studies can be performed, so that we can establish some recommendations for this population.

Acute aerobic exercise increases brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in elderly with Alzheimer's disease.

Studies indicate the involvement of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Decreased BDNF levels may constitute a lack of trophic support and contribute to cognitive impairment in AD. The benefits of acute and chronic physical exercise on BDNF levels are well-documented in humans, however, exercise effects on BDNF levels have not been analyzed in older adults with AD. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of acute aerobic exercise on BDNF levels in older adults with AD and to verify associations among BDNF levels, aerobic fitness, and level of physical activity. Using a controlled design, twenty-one patients with AD (76.3 ± 6.2 years) and eighteen healthy older adults (74.6 ± 4.7 years) completed an acute aerobic exercise. The outcomes included measures of BDNF plasma levels, aerobic fitness (treadmill grade, time to exhaustion, VO2, and maximal lactate) and level of physical activity (Baecke Questionnaire Modified for the Elderly). The independent t-test shows differences between groups with respect to the BDNF plasma levels at baseline (p = 0.04; t = 4.53; df = 37). In two-way ANOVA, a significant effect of time was found (p = 0.001; F = 13.63; df = 37), the aerobic exercise significantly increased BDNF plasma levels in AD patients and healthy controls. A significant correlation (p = 0.04; r = 0.33) was found between BDNF levels and the level of physical activity. The results of our study suggest that aerobic exercise increases BDNF plasma levels in patients with AD and healthy controls. In addition to that, BDNF levels had association with level of physical activity.