Pectus carinatum em felino / Pectus carinatum in a cat

Background: Pectus are congenital sternal deformities considered rare in small animals, and they are divided into twotypes. Pectus excavatum causes a concave aspect in the ventral portion of the animals thorax, which is known as “funnelchest,” while pectus carinatum produces a convex appearance and is therefore called “pigeon chest.” The etiology of theseanomalies has not yet been fully elucidated, but it is assumed that there is genetic involvement. The diagnosis is basedon clinical examination and is confirmed by thoracic radiography. This report describes a case of pectus carinatum in aone-month-old domestic cat.Case: An unspayed female domestic cat, about one month old, weighing 0.1 kg, was admitted to the Veterinary Hospital ofthe Federal University of Piauí (UFPI). When her history was taken, her owner reported that he had rescued the animal theprevious day and noticed that showed difficulty breathing, so naturally worming and vaccination were not reported. Uponphysical examination, the patient showed an abdominal breathing pattern, severe dyspnea, pale mucosa, nasal discharge,apathy, poor nutritional status (body score 1), signs of apparent dehydration and a temperature of 38.5ºC. Palpation revealedincreased volume in the thoracic region. X-rays were ordered due to suspicion of diaphragmatic injury. The chest X-rayreport indicated ventral segment displacement of the 4th to the 8th sternebra, with accommodation of the cardiac silhouettein the right lateral, left lateral and dorsoventral projections, suggesting pectus carinatum. Pulmonary radiodensity wasalso augmented, with greater intensity in the right middle lobe, an alveolar pattern, radiographic signs suggestive of aninfectious process (pneumonia), and pulmonary hyperinflation. A qualitative analysis revealed cardiac silhouette whosedimensions showed no radiographic evidence of alterations at the moment of the examination. The diaphragmatic domewas intact...(AU)

Pectus carinatum em felino / Pectus carinatum in a cat

Background: Pectus are congenital sternal deformities considered rare in small animals, and they are divided into twotypes. Pectus excavatum causes a concave aspect in the ventral portion of the animal’s thorax, which is known as “funnelchest,” while pectus carinatum produces a convex appearance and is therefore called “pigeon chest.” The etiology of theseanomalies has not yet been fully elucidated, but it is assumed that there is genetic involvement. The diagnosis is basedon clinical examination and is confirmed by thoracic radiography. This report describes a case of pectus carinatum in aone-month-old domestic cat.Case: An unspayed female domestic cat, about one month old, weighing 0.1 kg, was admitted to the Veterinary Hospital ofthe Federal University of Piauí (UFPI). When her history was taken, her owner reported that he had rescued the animal theprevious day and noticed that showed difficulty breathing, so naturally worming and vaccination were not reported. Uponphysical examination, the patient showed an abdominal breathing pattern, severe dyspnea, pale mucosa, nasal discharge,apathy, poor nutritional status (body score 1), signs of apparent dehydration and a temperature of 38.5ºC. Palpation revealedincreased volume in the thoracic region. X-rays were ordered due to suspicion of diaphragmatic injury. The chest X-rayreport indicated ventral segment displacement of the 4th to the 8th sternebra, with accommodation of the cardiac silhouettein the right lateral, left lateral and dorsoventral projections, suggesting pectus carinatum. Pulmonary radiodensity wasalso augmented, with greater intensity in the right middle lobe, an alveolar pattern, radiographic signs suggestive of aninfectious process (pneumonia), and pulmonary hyperinflation. A qualitative analysis revealed cardiac silhouette whosedimensions showed no radiographic evidence of alterations at the moment of the examination. The diaphragmatic domewas intact...

Standard strain and strain rate by two-dimensional speckle tracking in agoutis (Dasyprocta prymnolopha) anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine

Background: The agouti (Dasyprocta prymnolopha, Wagler, 1831) is a wild rodent widely found throughout America which has stood out as a good animal model for scientific investigations. The aim of this study was to study the cardiovascular function of chemically contained agoutis, by performing echocardiographic examinations and measuring Strain and Strain Rate by Speckle Tracking to obtain reference values for the species and verify the applicability of these animals as models for the study of cardiovascular changes in humans.Materials, Methods & Results: It was selected 16 animals, sedated by the combination of ketamine hydrochloride and xylazine and submitted to transthoracic echocardiography. To obtain the standard measurements, B, M and Doppler mode images were taken. The analysis of the radial and longitudinal myocardial deformation of the left ventricle was carried out. The right parasternal window was used for access to the short cardiac axis and the left for access to the long axis. Six radial profiles of strain (ST) and Strain rate (SR) values were obtained, corresponding to the mean of the values for each segment. A total of 18 myocardial segments were analyzed for each specimen and the mean values were used to compose the statistical analysis. The comparison of the means between the genders did not show statistical difference, being the other statistical treatments based on the total sample of 16 animals. The variables that showed statistically significant correlation coefficients in relation to weight were: LA, LA/AO, HR, AVmax, E’ wave, E/IVRT (P > 0.05). HR showed a positive correlation with IVSd (r = 0.51), EPSS (r = 0.55) and E’ wave (r = 0.68); negative with IVRT (r = - 0.41), A wave (r = - 0.54), AVmax (r = - 0.53) and Pmax (r = - 0.65).[...]

Standard strain and strain rate by two-dimensional speckle tracking in agoutis (Dasyprocta prymnolopha) anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine

Background: The agouti (Dasyprocta prymnolopha, Wagler, 1831) is a wild rodent widely found throughout America which has stood out as a good animal model for scientific investigations. The aim of this study was to study the cardiovascular function of chemically contained agoutis, by performing echocardiographic examinations and measuring Strain and Strain Rate by Speckle Tracking to obtain reference values for the species and verify the applicability of these animals as models for the study of cardiovascular changes in humans.Materials, Methods & Results: It was selected 16 animals, sedated by the combination of ketamine hydrochloride and xylazine and submitted to transthoracic echocardiography. To obtain the standard measurements, B, M and Doppler mode images were taken. The analysis of the radial and longitudinal myocardial deformation of the left ventricle was carried out. The right parasternal window was used for access to the short cardiac axis and the left for access to the long axis. Six radial profiles of strain (ST) and Strain rate (SR) values were obtained, corresponding to the mean of the values for each segment. A total of 18 myocardial segments were analyzed for each specimen and the mean values were used to compose the statistical analysis. The comparison of the means between the genders did not show statistical difference, being the other statistical treatments based on the total sample of 16 animals. The variables that showed statistically significant correlation coefficients in relation to weight were: LA, LA/AO, HR, AVmax, E wave, E/IVRT (P > 0.05). HR showed a positive correlation with IVSd (r = 0.51), EPSS (r = 0.55) and E wave (r = 0.68); negative with IVRT (r = - 0.41), A wave (r = - 0.54), AVmax (r = - 0.53) and Pmax (r = - 0.65).[...](AU)

Joint ultrasonography of goats infected by the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus

Background: The most important form of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus in the goat is the arthritic, generally observed in animals over eight months of age. Differently in sheep, there is less arthritis incidence, affecting 2-3-year-old animals. The clinical alterations frequently affect goat joints, and an increase in the joint consistency and size is observed. The objective of the present study was to standardize the ultrasound technique to access joints in animals infected with the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV), so that it can be a complimentary support tool for diagnosis and animal management. Materials, Methods & Results: Animals were examined from farms located in the municipality of Teresina, state of Piauí, Brazil. For this, the M-Turbo, Sonosite Fujifilm ultrasonography apparatus was used, attached to a linear transducer with 10-13 MHz frequency. The ultrasound examination analyzed three regions: patella-humerus joint, carpal and tarsal joints. The patella-humerus joint was characterized by its concave convex surface. The surface of the head humerus was a fine hyperechoic line composed by the junction between the joint cartilage and the subcontinent bone. The sub patella muscle was visible and its fibers present a parallel and hypoechogenic pattern compared to bone tissue. A discreet muscle edge with echogenicity was observed separating the [...](AU)

Joint ultrasonography of goats infected by the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus

Background: The most important form of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus in the goat is the arthritic, generally observed in animals over eight months of age. Differently in sheep, there is less arthritis incidence, affecting 2-3-year-old animals. The clinical alterations frequently affect goat joints, and an increase in the joint consistency and size is observed. The objective of the present study was to standardize the ultrasound technique to access joints in animals infected with the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV), so that it can be a complimentary support tool for diagnosis and animal management. Materials, Methods & Results: Animals were examined from farms located in the municipality of Teresina, state of Piauí, Brazil. For this, the M-Turbo, Sonosite Fujifilm ultrasonography apparatus was used, attached to a linear transducer with 10-13 MHz frequency. The ultrasound examination analyzed three regions: patella-humerus joint, carpal and tarsal joints. The patella-humerus joint was characterized by its concave convex surface. The surface of the head humerus was a fine hyperechoic line composed by the junction between the joint cartilage and the subcontinent bone. The sub patella muscle was visible and its fibers present a parallel and hypoechogenic pattern compared to bone tissue. A discreet muscle edge with echogenicity was observed separating the [...]