ABSTRACT
Women have less influence than men in a variety of settings. Does this result from stereotypes that depict women as less capable, or biased interpretations of gender differences in behavior? We present a field experiment that-unbeknownst to the participants-randomized the gender of avatars assigned to Democrats using a social media platform we created to facilitate discussion about the 2020 Primary Election. We find that misrepresenting a man as a woman undermines his influence, but misrepresenting a woman as a man does not increase hers. We demonstrate that men's higher resistance to being influenced-and gendered word use patterns-both contribute to this outcome. These findings challenge prevailing wisdom that women simply need to behave more like men to overcome gender discrimination and suggest that narrowing the gap will require simultaneous attention to the behavior of people who identify as women and as men.
Subject(s)
Social Media , Stereotypic Movement Disorder , Female , Humans , Male , Persuasive Communication , SexismABSTRACT
Introducción: la neuritis óptica requiere un diagnóstico y manejo desafiante, se puede presentar de forma aislada o asociada con trastornos inflamatorios, siendo hasta 25% de la clínica de los síndromes desmielinizantes agudos pediátricos. La incidencia anual estimada de neuritis óptica pediátrica es 0.2 por 100.000 niños, con una preponderancia femenina y una edad media de presentación de 9 a 11 años. Presentación del caso: paciente de 12 años con cuadro agudo de diplopía, dolor ocular izquierdo sin antecedentes relevantes, en quien se encontró parálisis del VI par izquierdo y resonancia magnética cerebral (RMc) con realce en nervio óptico, iniciándose tratamiento con corticoterapia endovenosa, previo descarte de patologías infecciosas, con evolución satisfactoria. Conclusiones: en el espectro de la neuritis óptica es importante el conocimiento de sus diferentes etiologías, debido a que el tratamiento y pronóstico dependen de la causa.
Introduction: optic neuritis (ON) requires a challenging diagnosis and management. It can appear as an isolated condition or in association with inflammatory disorders, being 25% of the clinical manifestations of pediatric acute demyelinating syndromes. The estimated annual incidence of pediatric ON is of 0.2 per 100.000, with a female preponderance and a mean age at onset of 9 to 11 years. Case report: a 12-year-old patient presenting with acute diplopia and left ocular pain, referring no relevant past history. Left sixth nerve palsy and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showing optic nerve enhancement, were evidenced. Therapy with intravenous corticosteroids was started, once an infectious etiology had been ruled out, with satisfactory progression. Conclusions: in the optic neuritis spectrum disorders, knowledge regarding other potential etiologies is key to treatment and prognosis, which depend on the cause.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Child , Optic Neuritis , Myelitis , Antibodies , Multiple SclerosisABSTRACT
The objective of the present study was to evaluate emotional responses to emoji faces through physiological and self-report measures, and evaluate possible differences between men and women. One hundred participants (50 women) observed pictures of happy, neutral, and angry emoji faces, while activity of the zygomatic and corrugator muscles, skin conductance, and heart rate were measured. Self-report measures of emotional experience were also recorded. The results showed an increase in zygomatic muscle activity toward happy emoji faces. An increasing trend in corrugator muscle activity toward angry emoji faces was observed; however, this trend was only marginally significant. Happy emoji faces generated an increase in the skin conductance response. The emotional experience of the participants was also consistent with the emotions that were expressed by the emoji faces. No differences were found between sexes. Overall, the results suggest that emoji faces can especially induce pleasant affective states.
Subject(s)
Facial Expression , Facial Muscles , Electromyography , Emotions , Female , Heart Rate , Humans , Male , Self ReportABSTRACT
Las distrofinopatías son un grupo de enfermedades ligadas al cromosoma X que abarcan diferentes entidades, siendo las más importantes la distrofia muscular de Duchenne (DMD) y la de Becker (DMB). Están causadas por mutaciones en el gen de la distrofina (gen DMD) localizado en el cromosoma X, locus Xp21.1. En relación con el tipo de mutaciones reportadas en el gen DMD, las delecciones y las mutaciones puntuales son las más comunes, mientras que las duplicaciones corresponden a 10-12%. Aunque las duplicaciones que abarcan el exón 5 ya han sido reportadas en la literatura, a la fecha no existen informes de casos que establezcan una relación genotipo fenotipo clara. Presentamos el caso de un paciente con distrofia muscular de Becker con un fenotipo no tan severo, en quien se encontró una duplicación en el exón 5. Con este caso pretendemos profundizar en la relación genotipo-fenotipo de la DMB, reportando las características clínicas en relación con la duplicación del exón 5 encontrada.
The dystrophinopathies are a group of X-linked genetic disorders. The most important forms of dystrophinopathies are Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD). They are caused by mutations of the dystrophin-encoding DMD gene located on the X chromosome at Xp21.1. Among the type of gene DMD mutations reported, deletions and point mutations are the most common, while duplications occur in 10-12% of cases. Although duplications of exon 5 are already reported in the literature, to date there are no cases reported which establish a clear genotype-phenotype correlation. Here we present the case of a patient with Becker muscular dystrophy with a slightly milder phenotype, in whom exon 5 duplication was found. With this case report, we intend to highlight BMD genotype-phenotype correlation by describing BMD clinical features in relation with exon 5 duplication.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Muscular Dystrophies , Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne , X-Linked Emery-Dreifuss Muscular DystrophyABSTRACT
Most studies of emotional responses have used unimodal stimuli (e.g., pictures or sounds) or congruent bimodal stimuli (e.g., video clips with sound), but little is known about the emotional response to incongruent bimodal stimuli. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of congruence between auditory and visual bimodal stimuli on heart rate and self-reported measures of emotional dimension, valence and arousal. Subjects listened to pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant sounds, accompanied by videos with and without content congruence, and heart rate was recorded. Dimensions of valence and arousal of each bimodal stimulus were then self-reported. The results showed that heart rate depends of the valence of the sounds but not of the congruence of the bimodal stimuli. The valence and arousal scores changed depending on the congruence of the bimodal stimuli. These results suggest that the congruence of bimodal stimuli affects the subjective perception of emotion.
ABSTRACT
Con el propósito de determinar los procesos mórbidos en delincuentes juveniles recluidos en la Penitenciaría Nacional de La Victoria, se realizó una investigación prospectiva descrictiva, observacional de corte transversal, de marzo a julio de 1994, mediante un cuestionario elaborado para estos fines. Encontramos 76 reclusos entre la edad de 13 a 19 años, todos de sexo masculino. Las patologías más frecuentemente encontradas estuvieron relacionadas con el aparato digestivo y la piel: cólicos abdominales y dolor en el epigastrio con ardor, así como escabiasis y pitiriasis versicolor. El 50//de los adolescentes había perdido peso en la prisión. Ninguno de ellos tenía educación secundaria, 23.9//eran analfabetos y el 93.1//tenían menos de un año recluidos
