Yodurias y consumo de lácteos en preescolares del Área Suroccidental de Asturias / Urinary iodine levels and dairy consumption in pre-school children in Southwest Asturias (Spain)

Introducción: Hace décadas que los lácteos son una fuente principal de yodo. El fin del estudio fue conocer la situación nutricional de yodo y su relación con el consumo de lácteos, en preescolares de 2-5 años de una zona rural con 27.847 habitantes. Pacientes y métodos: Se planificó estudiar a 200, seleccionados por muestreo aleatorio proporcional al tamaño del municipio, edad y sexo. Los progenitores aportaron muestras de orina para analizar yoduria e información nutricional a través de entrevista. Equivalencia de un vaso de leche y una porción de queso a una ración, y la unidad de otros derivados a media ración. El estado nutricional del yodo se interpretó con la mediana (P[percentil]50) de las yodurias y se estimó la ingesta de yodo con la media de raciones/día de leche y derivados, pescado y huevos. Resultados: Participaron 198. De 193 se analizaron yodurias. Media ± desviación estándar de raciones de lácteos/día de 3,8 ± 1,4. El 69,9% tomaba ≥ 2 vasos de leche/día y el 88,1% una ración de otros lácteos. Mediana de yodurias de 184μg/l, dependiente de los vasos de leche/día (282,5 μg/l en ≥ 4 vasos) y/o del tipo de leche (233,0μg/l en semidesnatada). Se estimó una ingesta de 115,1-170,2μg/día de yodo, y la leche el alimento que más yodo proporcionaría (89,9 μg/día). Conclusiones: La ingesta de yodo resultó adecuada, aunque superior a la necesaria cuando bebían 4 o más vasos de leche y/o cuando la leche era semidesnatada. Se debe vigilar el consumo de lácteos para prevenir tanto excesos como déficits en la ingesta de yodo (AU)

Introduction: For decades dairy products have been a major source of iodine for decades. The purpose of this study was to determine the iodine nutritional status and its relationship with dairy consumption in pre-schooler children between 2 to 5 years old in a rural area with 27,847 inhabitants. Patients and methods: It was planned to study 200 participants, selected by random sampling, proportional to the size of the municipality, age, and sex. Parents provided urine samples to analyse urinary iodine, as well as the nutritional information through an interview. A glass of milk or a slice of cheese was considered as a ration, and a portion of other milk derivatives were considered as half rations. The nutritional status of iodine was interpreted with the median (P[percentile]50) of the urinary iodine levels, and iodine intake was estimated using the mean of ration/day of milk and dairy products, fish, and eggs. Results: Of the total of 198 subjects that took part, 193 provide urine specimens for the determination of iodine levels. The mean dairy ration/day was 3.8 (SD:1.4). More than two-thirds (69.9%) drank ≥ 2 glasses of milk/day, and 88.1% consumed a dairy ration of another dairy product. The median urinary iodine level was 184 μg/l, but was dependent on glasses of milk/day (282.5 μg/l ≥ 4 glasses) and/or the type of milk (233.0 μg/l in semi-skimmed). An intake of 115.1 μg/day to 170.2 μg/day of iodine was estimated, and that milk was the food which provided more iodine (89.9 μg/day). Conclusions: Iodine intake was adequate, although higher than necessary when four or more glasses of milk were consumed, and/or when the milk was skimmed. The consumption of dairy products should be monitored to prevent both excessive and deficient intake of iodine (AU)

[Urinary iodine levels and dairy consumption in pre-school children in Southwest Asturias (Spain)]. / Yodurias y consumo de lácteos en preescolares del Área Suroccidental de Asturias.

INTRODUCTION: For decades dairy products have been a major source of iodine for decades. The purpose of this study was to determine the iodine nutritional status and its relationship with dairy consumption in pre-schooler children between 2 to 5 years old in a rural area with 27,847 inhabitants. PATIENTS AND METHODS: It was planned to study 200 participants, selected by random sampling, proportional to the size of the municipality, age, and sex. Parents provided urine samples to analyse urinary iodine, as well as the nutritional information through an interview. A glass of milk or a slice of cheese was considered as a ration, and a portion of other milk derivatives were considered as half rations. The nutritional status of iodine was interpreted with the median (P[percentile]50) of the urinary iodine levels, and iodine intake was estimated using the mean of ration/day of milk and dairy products, fish, and eggs. RESULTS: Of the total of 198 subjects that took part, 193 provide urine specimens for the determination of iodine levels. The mean dairy ration/day was 3.8 (SD:1.4). More than two-thirds (69.9%) drank ≥ 2 glasses of milk/day, and 88.1% consumed a dairy ration of another dairy product. The median urinary iodine level was 184 µg/l, but was dependent on glasses of milk/day (282.5 µg/l ≥ 4 glasses) and/or the type of milk (233.0 µg/l in semi-skimmed). An intake of 115.1 µg/day to 170.2 µg/day of iodine was estimated, and that milk was the food which provided more iodine (89.9 µg/day). CONCLUSIONS: Iodine intake was adequate, although higher than necessary when four or more glasses of milk were consumed, and/or when the milk was skimmed. The consumption of dairy products should be monitored to prevent both excessive and deficient intake of iodine.

[Evaluation of a schoolbased intervention to promote smokefree areas]. / Evaluación de una intervención de promoción de espacios sin humo en el ámbito educativo.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of an intervention in secondary schools on visible tobacco use, the prevalence and intensity of smoking, and the attitudes and behaviors of teachers and students. METHODS: We performed a quasiexperimental study in 18 public secondary schools that carried out the program and in 18 that did not (control group). Information was obtained on visible tobacco use and the number of ashtrays and smokefree posters through direct observation. Data were collected on tobacco use, the number of heavy smokers, smoking in schools, opinions on smokefree schools, smoking in front of the students, and attempts to quit smoking through questionnaires to teachers and students in the third year of compulsory secondary education (15-year-olds) and in the final year of secondary school (18-year-olds). RESULTS: Visible tobacco use was lower in the intervention group (27.9 vs. 45.6%) and twice as many posters were displayed. No differences were found in the prevalence of daily tobacco use, but the percentage of heavy smokers was lower in teachers and students in the intervention group. Smoking was lower in students in the third year of compulsory secondary education in schools carrying out the program. Opinions about smokefree schools were favorable in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: The program contributed to reducing visible tobacco use and in decreasing the number of heavy smokers among teachers and students.

Evaluación de una intervención de promoción de espacios sin humo en el ámbito educativo / Evaluation of a schoolbased intervention to promote smokefree areas

Objetivo: Conocer el efecto de un programa sobre el consumo visible de tabaco en los institutos de enseñanza secundaria (IES), la prevalencia y la intensidad del consumo del alumnado y el profesorado, y sus actitudes y conductas respecto al consumo en el centro. Métodos: Estudio casi experimental en 18 IES que realizaron el programa y en 18 que no lo realizaron (grupo control). Por observación directa se registró el consumo visible, la existencia de ceniceros y de carteles de «espacio libre de humo». Por encuesta al profesorado y al alumnado de 3.o de ESO y 2.o de Bachillerato, se recogieron datos de consumo de tabaco, grandes fumadores, consumo en el recinto escolar y opinión sobre la prohibición de fumar; a los profesores también se les preguntó sobre el consumo delante de los alumnos y sobre los intentos de dejar de fumar. Resultados: En el grupo de intervención había menor consumo en las zonas observadas (el 27,9 frente al 45,6%) y el doble de carteles. No hubo diferencias en la prevalencia de consumo diario, pero sí en el porcentaje de grandes fumadores, que fue menor en el profesorado y el alumnado del grupo de intervención; también eran menos los alumnos de 3.o de ESO que fumaban en el centro. La opinión sobre la prohibición de fumar en el centro era favorable en los dos grupos. Conclusiones: El programa contribuyó a la reducción del consumo visible y del número de cigarrillos/día consumidos por profesorado y alumnado(AU)

Objective: To determine the effect of an intervention in secondary schools on visible tobacco use, the prevalence and intensity of smoking, and the attitudes and behaviors of teachers and students. Methods: We performed a quasiexperimental study in 18 public secondary schools that carried out the program and in 18 that did not (control group). Information was obtained on visible tobacco use and the number of ashtrays and smokefree posters through direct observation. Data were collected on tobacco use, the number of heavy smokers, smoking in schools, opinions on smokefree schools, smoking in front of the students, and attempts to quit smoking through questionnaires to teachers and students in the third year of compulsory secondary education (15-year-olds) and in the final year of secondary school (18-year-olds). Results: Visible tobacco use was lower in the intervention group (27.9 vs. 45.6%) and twice as many posters were displayed. No differences were found in the prevalence of daily tobacco use, but the percentage of heavy smokers was lower in teachers and students in the intervention group. Smoking was lower in students in the third year of compulsory secondary education in schools carrying out the program. Opinions about smokefree schools were favorable in both groups. Conclusions: The program contributed to reducing visible tobacco use and in decreasing the number of heavy smokers among teachers and students(AU)