Vasopressin in Sepsis and Other Shock States: State of the Art.

This review of the use of vasopressin aims to be comprehensive and highly practical, based on the available scientific evidence and our extensive clinical experience with the drug. It summarizes controversies about vasopressin use in septic shock and other vasodilatory states. Vasopressin is a natural hormone with powerful vasoconstrictive effects and is responsible for the regulation of plasma osmolality by maintaining fluid homeostasis. Septic shock is defined by the need for vasopressors to correct hypotension and lactic acidosis secondary to infection, with a high mortality rate. The Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines recommend vasopressin as a second-line vasopressor, added to norepinephrine. However, these guidelines do not address specific debates surrounding the use of vasopressin in real-world clinical practice.

Removal of a Knotted Pulmonary Artery Catheter Using a Percutaneous Tracheostomy Set.

Placement of a pulmonary artery catheter is not a risk-free technique. Related incidents include ventricular arrhythmias, air embolisms, pulmonary artery perforation, infections, or catheter thrombosis. Herein the authors report a rare complication-the intracardiac knotting and its successful extraction using a percutaneous tracheostomy set in a hemodynamically compromised patient after a heart transplant.

Anesthesia for Percutaneous Pulmonary Valve Implantation: A Case Series.

BACKGROUND: Twenty percent of patients born with congenital heart disease present with right ventricular outflow tract abnormalities. These patients require multiple surgical procedures in their lifetime. Transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement (TPVR) has become a viable alternative to conventional pulmonary valve and right ventricular outflow tract surgery in pediatric and adult populations. In this retrospective review, we analyze the perioperative management of adult patients who underwent TPVR in our center. METHODS: The study consisted of a chart review of patients who underwent TPVR at Toronto General Hospital between 2006 and 2015. Information about preoperative assessment, intraoperative anesthetic management, and intra- and postprocedural complications was collected. Two types of percutaneous valves have been used for a conduit or valve size between 16 and 28 mm. These procedures are done via the femoral, jugular, or subclavian vein under general anesthesia. RESULTS: Seventy-nine adults (17-68 years of age) who underwent elective TPVR procedures were included. General anesthesia was used in all cases. Defibrillation was necessary in 1 case, and bradycardia was spontaneously resolved in another 1. Eighty-five percent were successfully extubated at the end of the procedure. Five patients required intraoperative inotropic support. Three patients presented self-resolved hemoptysis. Mechanical ventilation for >24 hours was necessary in 3 cases, 2 of which also required concomitant inotropic support. Four failed deployments and 1 case of persistent conduit stenosis were reported. Three patients required reintubation. All patients were discharged home. CONCLUSIONS: Patients undergoing TPVR represent a complex and heterogeneous population. General anesthesia with endotracheal intubation is preferred. Setup for urgent lung isolation and cardiac defibrillation should be considered. Postoperative monitoring and intensive care setting are required. Anesthesiologists with cardiac anesthesia training are probably better suited to manage these patients.