Predicting the future of our oceans-Evaluating genomic forecasting approaches in marine species.

Climate change is restructuring biodiversity on multiple scales and there is a pressing need to understand the downstream ecological and genomic consequences of this change. Recent advancements in the field of eco-evolutionary genomics have sought to include evolutionary processes in forecasting species' responses to climate change (e.g., genomic offset), but to date, much of this work has focused on terrestrial species. Coastal and offshore species, and the fisheries they support, may be even more vulnerable to climate change than their terrestrial counterparts, warranting a critical appraisal of these approaches in marine systems. First, we synthesize knowledge about the genomic basis of adaptation in marine species, and then we discuss the few examples where genomic forecasting has been applied in marine systems. Next, we identify the key challenges in validating genomic offset estimates in marine species, and we advocate for the inclusion of historical sampling data and hindcasting in the validation phase. Lastly, we describe a workflow to guide marine managers in incorporating these predictions into the decision-making process.

Effect of heat stress on the serum concentrations of free amino acids and some of their metabolites in growing pigs.

Exposure to heat stress (HS) may affect the intestinal epithelia of pigs, resulting in impaired digestive and absorptive capacity. The serum concentration (SC) of free AA in pigs can be used as indicators of their availability. This study was conducted with 12 crossbred (Landrace × Hampshire × Duroc) pigs (29.0 ± 2.8 kg initial BW) distributed into 2 groups to analyze the SC of free AA and some AA metabolites in pigs exposed to HS conditions. The treatments were pigs housed under natural HS conditions in a room with no ambient temperature control (23.6 to 37.6°C, HS) and pigs housed at thermoneutral conditions (24 ± 2°C), feed restricted to a level similar to that of their HS counterparts. All pigs received a wheat-soybean meal diet. Blood samples were collected at both the absorptive (2.5 h after a meal) and postabsorptive (10.0 h after a meal) phase. At the absorptive phase, the SC of free Arg, Leu, Lys, Phe, Thr, and Trp were lower ( < 0.05) and the SC of His, Val, Ala, Pro, Ser, and Tyr tended to be lower ( < 0.10) in HS pigs. At the postabsorptive phase, the SC of free Arg, His, Met, Asn, Gln, and Tyr were higher ( < 0.05) but the SC of Ala was lower ( < 0.01) and the SC of Pro tended to be lower ( < 0.10) in HS pigs. The absorptive SC of carnosine, ornithine (Orn), and Tau were lower ( < 0.05) and of citrulline (Cit), cystathionine, and urea tended to be lower ( < 0.10) in HS pigs. The postabsorptive SC of 3-methyl-His, homo-Cys, OH-Lys, and OH-Pro increased ( = 0.05) and of Cit tended to increase ( = 0.10) but that of carnosine and sarcosine ( < 0.05) decreased in HS pigs. The results of this study show a marked and differential effect of HS on the SC of AA. These data indicate that HS negatively affects the digestive and absorptive capacity of pigs and that the metabolism of some AA is modified in pigs to counteract the negative effects of the HS.

Effect of dietary excess of branched-chain amino acids on performance and serum concentrations of amino acids in growing pigs.

Depressed performance and availability of some amino acids (AA) in pigs fed excess Leu diets appear to be related to lower feed intake. Surplus Ile and Val may help to overcome this effect. An experiment was conducted with 24 pigs (31.8 ± 1.2 kg initial BW) to evaluate the effect of dietary excess of either Leu alone or with surplus Ile and Val on performance and serum concentration (SC) of essential AA. Treatments were as follows: T1, basal diet; T2, basal plus 0.43% L-Leu (excess Leu); T3, basal added with 0.43% L-Leu, plus 0.20% L-Ile and 0.25% L-Val (excess LIV). The basal diet was formulated to contain 0.90% standardized ileal digestible Lys and added with crystalline L-Lys, L-Thr, DL-Met, L-Trp, L-Leu, L-Ile, L-His and L-Val to create essential AA:Lys ratios close to an ideal protein for growing pigs. All pigs were fed the same amount of feed twice a day (average, 3.42× the requirement of NEm). Blood samples were collected at 2.5 (absorptive) and 11.0 h (post-absorptive) post-prandial to analyse SC of AA. Excess of either Leu or LIV did not affect growth rate nor feed conversion. Excess Leu increased Leu SC and decreased Ile and Val SC (p < 0.05) at both absorptive and post-absorptive phases, but excess LIV restored the SC of Ile and Val. The SC of other essential AA was not affected by excess of either Leu or LIV. The SC of all AA during absorptive, on average, was about two times higher than that of post-absorptive phase. These results suggest that the reduced availability (SC) of Ile and Val in pigs consuming excess Leu diets is attributed to a reduced absorption and increased cellular degradation rates of them.

Expression of genes coding for selected amino acid transporters in small intestine, liver, and skeletal muscle of pigs fed excess branched-chain amino acids.

Excess Leu reduces the availability of Ile and Val in pigs likely by reducing absorption of the latter amino acids (AA). Twenty-four crossbred pigs were used to evaluate the effect of excess Leu alone or with surplus Ile and Val on the expression of cationic (b(0),(+)AT and CAT1) and neutral (B(0)AT1) AA transporters in the small intestine, liver, and skeletal muscle. Dietary treatments included: 1) basal diet; 2) basal plus 0.43% L-Leu (excess Leu); 3) basal plus 0.43% Leu, 0.20% L-Ile, and 0.25% L-Val (excess Leu, Ile, and Val). The basal diet contained 0.90% standardized ileal digestible Lys, as well as crystalline L-Lys, L-Thr, DL-Met, L-Trp, L-Leu, L-Ile, L-His, and L-Val. Diets 2 and 3 contained 52% more Leu and diet 3 contained 42% more Ile and Val compared with the basal diet. Excess Leu or excess Leu, Ile, and Val reduced b(0),(+)AT expression in the jejunum (P < 0.05) but had no effect in the ileum and liver. Excess Leu increased CAT1 expression in the ileum but reduced expression in the liver (P < 0.05). Excess Leu, Ile, and Val increased (P < 0.05) B(0)AT1 expression in the jejunum and tended to increase (P = 0.10) expression in the ileum. In general, b(0),(+)AT expression was higher but CAT1 expression was lower in the jejunum than in the ileum; B0AT1 was similarly expressed in the jejunum and ileum. Excess Leu or any branched-chain AA affects AA transporter expression, which may affect the absorption and availability of AA for animal growth.

Low-protein amino acid-supplemented diets for growing pigs: effect on expression of amino acid transporters, serum concentration, performance, and carcass composition.

Pigs fed protein-bound AA appear to have a higher abundance of AA transporters for their absorption in the jejunum compared with the duodenum. However, there is limited data about the effect of dietary free AA, readily available in the duodenum, on the duodenal abundance of AA transporters and its impact on pig performance. Forty-eight pigs (24.3 kg initial BW) distributed in 4 treatments were used to evaluate the effect of the CP level and form (free vs. protein bound) in which AA are added to diets on the expression of AA transporters in the 3 small intestine segments, serum concentration of AA, and performance. Dietary treatments based on wheat and soybean meal (SBM) were 1) low-CP (14%) diet supplemented with L-Lys, L-Thr, DL-Met, L-Leu, L-Ile, L-Val, L-His, L-Trp, and L-Phe (LPAA); 2) as in the LPAA but with added L-Gly as a N source (LPAA+N); 3) intermediate CP content (16%) supplemented with L-Lys HCl, L-Thr, and DL-Met (MPAA); and 4) high-CP (22%) diet (HP) without free AA. At the end of the experiment, 8 pigs from LPAA and HP were sacrificed to collect intestinal mucosa and blood samples and to dissect the carcasses. There were no differences in ADG, ADFI, G:F, and weights of carcass components and some visceral organs between treatments. Weights of the large intestine and kidney were higher in HP pigs (P < 0.01). Expression of b(0,+) in the duodenum was higher in pigs fed the LPAA compared with the HP diet (P= 0.036) but there was no difference in the jejunum and ileum. In the ileum, y+ L expression tended to be higher in pigs fed the LPAA diet (P = 0.098). Expression of b(0,+) in LPAA pigs did not differ between the duodenum and the jejunum, but in HP pigs, the expression of all AA transporters was higher in the jejunum than in the duodenum or ileum (P < 0.05). The serum concentration of Arg, His, Ile, Leu, Phe, and Val was higher but serum Lys and Met were lower in pigs fed the HP diet (P < 0.05). These results indicate that LPAA can substitute up to 8 percentage units of protein in HP wheat-SBM diets without affecting pig performance; nonessential N does not seem to be limiting in very low-protein wheat-SBM diets for growing pigs. Also, the inclusion of free AA in the diet appears to affect their serum concentration and the expression of the AA transporter b0,+ in the duodenum of pigs.

Effect of L-lysine on expression of selected genes, serum concentration of amino acids, muscle growth and performance of growing pigs.

Lysine (Lys) is the first limiting amino acid (AA) in most feed formulations for pigs and most abundant, along with leucine, in muscle proteins. An experiment was conducted with 17 pigs (17.7 ± 0.05 kg initial BW) to identify a role of dietary Lys in the control of protein synthesis in pigs. Fourteen pigs were randomly assigned to one of the two wheat-based dietary treatments: Lys-deficient, 3.0 g/kg (DEF) and Lys-adequate, 10.8 g/kg (ADE). Samples from jejunum mucosa, liver, Longissumus and Semitendinosus muscles, and blood were collected. The other three pigs were sacrificed at the beginning of the trial to measure basal carcass composition. Weight gain, gain:feed ratio, Lys intake and loin eye area were greater in ADE than in DEF pigs (p < 0.01). Muscle-related carcass characteristics were better, and myosin heavy chain IIb expression (MyHC IIb) in Semitendinosus was higher in ADE than in DEF pigs. Expression of AA transporters CAT-1 was lower (p < 0.05), serum Lys was higher and serum Val was lower in pigs fed the ADE diet. The higher muscularity, MyHC IIb expression in Semitendinosus muscle and Lys serum of pigs fed the ADE diet suggest that Lys increases growth rate not only by functioning as protein construction unit but also as potential control of the protein synthesis process.

Performance, serum amino acid concentrations and expression of selected genes in pair-fed growing pigs exposed to high ambient temperatures.

Heat stress (HS) depresses pig performance mainly because of appetite reduction, although other factors involved in the cellular availability of nutrients may also contribute to that depression. An experiment was conducted with twelve pair-fed pigs (30.3 ± 2.7 kg BW) to examine the effect of severe HS (up to 45 °C) on the expression of genes coding for two cationic amino acid (AA) transporters (b(0,+) AT and CAT-1), leptin, heat-shock protein (Hsp-90) and myosin in several tissues; serum concentrations (SC) of AA; and performance. There were two treatments: Comfort, pigs housed at an average temperature of 22 (±2) °C; and HS, pigs housed in a similar room with no climate control, where temperature was raised up to 45 °C. All pigs received the same wheat-soybean meal diet and had similar daily feed intake. Comfort pigs had a higher daily gain and better gain/feed ratio than HS pigs (p < 0.05). The expression of b(0,+) AT in jejunum and liver, that of myosin in the Semitendinosus muscle, and leptin in adipose tissue was lower, but CAT-1 in jejunum and liver, and Hsp-90 in liver was higher in HS pigs. The SC of Lys and Met in HS pigs were around 55% and 20%, respectively, of that in Comfort pigs (p < 0.05). In conclusion, HS affects the expression of cationic AA transporters, myosin, Hsp-90, leptin; the SC of Lys and Met; and the performance of pair-fed pigs. These results suggest that HS-related changes in gene expression affect the performance of pigs beyond the effect caused by the reduction in voluntary feed intake.

Effect of L-valine supplementation to a wheat-based diet with leucine excess on performance, gene expression, and serum concentration of amino acids.

Excess Leu in the diet reduces the expression of the cationic AA transporter b(0,+), absorption of Lys and Arg, feed intake, and ADG of pigs. Because Val competes with Leu for absorption, surplus Val may correct some of these effects. An experiment was conducted to analyze the effect of surplus Val in a basal wheat (Triticum aestivum) diet fortified with free Lys, Thr, and Met and containing excess Leu and Ile on performance, expression of genes encoding b(0,+), and serum concentrations of AA. Sixteen pigs (30.3 ± 2.1 kg BW) were used. Treatments were wheat based with excess Leu and Ile (T1) and T1 plus 0.44% L-Val (T2). At the end of the 21-d study, 12 pigs were euthanized; jugular blood was collected to analyze serum AA and jejunal mucosa to measure expression of b(0,+). Surplus Val increased (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F and serum Val, Lys, and Arg but did not affect (P > 0.10) b(0,+) expression. Although analyzed Val content in the basal diet was lower than calculated, the increased serum Lys and improved pig performance may suggest that excess Leu limits Val availability and that surplus Val could correct some of the negative effects of excess Leu.

Hernia diafragmática traumática tardía complicada en vólvulo de colon intratorácico / Traumatic diaphragmatic hernia complicated with colon volvulus

La hernia diafragmática traumática es una complicación que puede aparecer en traumatismos torácicos cerrados. Son más frecuentes en el lado izquierdo y en varones. Su diagnóstico suele realizarse de forma precoz. Describimos un caso de hernia postraumática derecha tardía, cuyo síntoma inicial fue un cuadro de oclusión intestinal, producida por volvulación de colon en hemitórax derecho, después de 20 meses de producirse el traumatismo torácico cerrado (AU)

Traumatic diaphragmatic hernia is an uncommon complication that may occur in blunt thoracoabdominal trauma. They are more frequent in males and left side. The diagnosis can be missed in the initial evaluation. We present a case with a delayed right diaphragmatic hernia, which first symptom was an intestinal obstruction, due to colon volvulus in right hemithorax twenty months after blunt thoracoabdominal trauma (AU)

Estudio observacional de la analgesia epidural para trabajo de parto. Complicaciones de la técnica en 5.895 embarazadas / Observational study of epidural analgesia used in labour. Complications of this technique in 5.895 pregnant women

Objetivos:a) Conocer la incidencia de las complicaciones relacionadas con la técnica de analgesia regional durante la realización de la técnica, durante la dilatación y en el postparto; y b) conocer si las complicaciones del postparto relacionadas con la técnica analgésica son más frecuentes cuandose realiza la técnica combinada epidural-subaracnoidea (CES) en comparación con la analgesia epidural. Material y método: Hemos realizado un estudio observacional descriptivo yanalítico. Como sujetos del estudio hemos incluido a todas las mujeres que solicitaron la administración de analgesia regional a la Unidad de Analgesia Epidural de nuestro hospital(5.895 embarazadas) y cumplían los criterios de inclusión, en un periodo de tiempo que empieza en el 1 de enero del año 2002 y termina el 1 de enero del año 2003. Las técnicas empleadas para el control del dolor del trabajo del parto fueron la analgesia epidural y la técnica combinadaepidural-subaracnoidea. Resultados: La complicación que más frecuentemente apareció durantela realización de la técnica fueron las parestesias (43,5%) seguido de la punción hemática (5,9%). La punción no intencionada de la duramadre ha ocurrido en el 0,6%. Las complicaciones que más frecuentemente aparecieron durante el periodo de dilatación fue el prurito (11,4%) y la analgesia lateralizada (9%). La complicación más frecuente del periodo postparto fue el dolor de espalda(9,8%) y la cefalea (2%). Las complicaciones en general han sido significativamente más frecuentes en las embarazadas a las que se les aplicó la técnica CES, en comparacióncon la analgesia epidural convencional. Conclusiones: Las complicaciones que pueden aparecer debido a este modo de analgesia van desde unas poco frecuentes y potencialmentepeligrosas si pasan desapercibidas (como la inyección intravascular de anestésicos locales o el bloqueo espinal total) a otras más frecuentes como las parestesias, con una repercusión a largo plazo todavía desconocida. Otras complicaciones como el dolor de espalda o la retención urinaria,necesitan de estudios prospectivos controlados y aleatorizados con gran número de pacientes para aclarar la posible relación con la analgesia epidural. La cefalea postpunción dural aparece en la mitad de los casos de punciones durales inadvertidas, que suele ocurrir en el 1,5% de las gestantes a las que se les realiza la técnica de analgesia epidural, aunque en nuestro estudio ha ocurrido con una frecuencia menor a la esperada a pesar de ser un hospital docente en Anestesiología. También se necesitan estudios con muchos pacientes para conocer la incidencia real de complicaciones como el hematoma epidural o el absceso epidural

Objectives: a) To determine the incidence of complications related to regional analgesia technique during the procedure, during dilatation and after delivery; and b) to ascertain whether post-delivery complications related to the analgesic technique are more frequent when the combined epidural-subarachnoid (CES) technique is used, compared to epidural analgesia. Material and method:We conducted a descriptive and analytical observational study. The study population included all women that demanded regional analgesia at the Epidural Analgesia Unit of our Hospital (5,895 pregnant women) and fulfilled all the inclusion criteria, from January 1, 2002 to January 1,2003. Techniques used for the management of labour pain were epidural analgesia and combined epidural-subarachnoid technique. Results: The most frequent complication associated to the technique was paresthesia (43.5%) followed by hematic puncture (5.9%). Unintentional dura mater puncture occurred in 0.6%. The most frequent complications during the dilatation period were itching (11.4%) and lateralized analgesia (9%). The most frequent complications during the post-delivery period were back pain (9.8%) and headache (2%). Complications were, in general, more frequent among pregnant women undergoing the CES technique compared to the standard epidural analgesia. Conclusions: Complications that can appear due to this type of analgesiarange from rare but potentially dangerous complications if they go unnoticed (such as intravascular injection of local anesthetics or total spine blockade) to more common complications such as paresthesia with still unknown long-term effects. Other complications, such as back pain or urinaryretention, require controlled and randomized prospective studies on a high number of patients in order to clarify their potential association with epidural analgesia. Post-dural puncture headache appears in half the cases of unnoticed dural puncture, this usually occurring in 1.5% of pregnantwomen undergoing epidural analgesia technique. In our study, however, it occurred with a less-than-expected frequency, despite being a teaching hospital in Anesthesiology. Further extensive studies are also required in order to determine the actual incidence of complications, such as epidural hematoma or epidural abscess