Determination of Quality Criteria that Allow Differentiation Between Honey Adulterated with Sugar and Pure Honey.

This study used various parameters of honey to develop a potentially more robust approach to the detection of adulterated honey. For this purpose, 25 multifloral, natural honey samples and 20 samples of adulterated honey produced by bees that had been fed supplementary sucrose syrup were analysed. The mean total phenolic content of the natural honeys was considerably higher than in the adulterated honeys at 157 ± 13 and 35.2 ± 7.3 mg GAE/100 g, respectively. Similarly, considerable variation was determined between natural and adulterated honeys in terms of total flavonoids (3.3 ± 0.3 and 2.1 ± 0.4 mg QE/100 g, respectively), antiradical activity (87.9 ± 12 and 163 ± 11 mg/mL, respectively) and proline content (202 ± 26 and 71.1 ± 21.6 mg/kg, respectively.) The potassium, phosphorus, calcium and magnesium contents of natural honeys were also higher than in adulterated honeys (P < 0.01). In conclusion, the determination of the proline level, phenolic content, antioxidant activity and mineral profile may collectively provide a more holistic method approach to the differentiation of natural and adulterated honey, and also for comparing their food values.

Full scale horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands to treat domestic wastewater by Juncus acutus and Cortaderia selloana.

In the present study, a full scale horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland was designed, constructed and operated to treat domestic wastewater of Kizilcaören village in Samsun city of Turkey. The total surface area of HSFCW was divided into equal parts. The effects of Juncus acutus L. and Cortaderia selloana (Schult.Schult.f.)Asch.&Graebn. on pollutants removal in HSFCWs were evaluated with the meteorological factors. The average removal efficiencies of J. acutus and C. selloana were determined as 60.3-57.7% for BOD; 24.2-38.9% for TN; 31.4-49.8% for OM; 35.4-43.3% for TP; 18.9-27.1% for orthophosphate; 24.4-28.7% for NH4-N; 29.5-37.2% for TSS; and 35.3-44.3% for TSM. Two-way ANOVA was applied to determine any difference for the removal of all parameters between the plant types and months on the mean values of contaminant removal. A correlation matrix of all parameters was determined. Subsurface flow constructed wetland was found quite efficient for the treatment of domestic wastewater in rural settlements. HSFCW is also more economical to install and maintain than a conventional wastewater treatment system while enhancing ecosystem services.

(E)-3-chloro-N-((5-nitrothiophen-2-yl)methylene)aniline: a combined crystallographic, theoretical and antimicrobial activity investigation.

The title molecule, (E)-3-chloro-N-((5-nitrothiophen-2-yl)methylene)aniline, (C(11)H(7)ClN(2)O(2)S), was synthesized and characterized by IR and single-crystal X-ray structure determination. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2(1)/c. In addition, the molecular geometry, vibrational frequencies and frontier molecular orbitals analysis of the title compound in the ground state have been calculated by using the PM3 semi-empirical, HF/6-31G(d) and B3LYP/6-31G(d) ab initio methods. The results of the optimized molecular structure are exhibited and compared with the experimental X-ray diffraction and the calculated results are show that the optimized geometry can well reproduce the crystal structure. The Schiff base compounds are very important in medicinal and pharmaceutical fields because of their wide spectrum of biological activities. Most of them show biological activities such as antimicrobial, antifungal as well as antitumor activity. Therefore, (C(11)H(7)ClN(2)O(2)S) was investigated for their antimicrobial activities, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.